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Forest management inventories assisted by airborne laser scanning (ALS) can be used to predict different forest attributes. These predictions are utilized in practical forestry, but in the case of timber assortment-specific volumes, the ALS-based predictions can be inaccurate. This causes uncertainty in harvest planning. However, ALS-based predictions can be calibrated to achieve greater accuracy with local measurements. In this study, we used ALS data and accurately positioned cut-to-length harvester measurements from Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) dominated clear-cuts. We fitted linear mixed-effects (LME) models with exponential correlation structure for merchantable volume and sawlog volume for 225 m2 cells. Our aim was to study the effect of local harvester measurements on the accuracy of stand level merchantable and sawlog volumes. LME-based predictions were calibrated repeatedly up to 40 times as the cutting progressed. ALS data and harvester measurements were used to predict both the random effects and residual errors for each validation unit. At best, relative root mean square error (RMSE%) of initial predictions of 15.4 per cent for merchantable volume and 22.1 per cent for sawlog volume were reduced to 4.1 and 5.3 per cent, respectively, when measurements from 40 harvested cells of size 225 m2 were used. These results suggest that spatially accurate harvester data could be utilized during harvesting to increase the accuracy of volume and timber assortment predictions.

Music can induce strong subjective experience of emotions, but it is debated whether these responses engage the same neural circuits as emotions elicited by biologically significant events. We examined the functional neural basis of music-induced emotions in a large sample (n = 102) of subjects who listened to emotionally engaging (happy, sad, fearful, and tender) pieces of instrumental music while their hemodynamic brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Ratings of the four categorical emotions and liking were used to predict hemodynamic responses in general linear model (GLM) analysis of the fMRI data. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) was used to reveal discrete neural signatures of the four categories of music-induced emotions. To map neural circuits governing non-musical emotions, the subjects were scanned while viewing short emotionally evocative film clips. The GLM revealed that most emotions were associated with activity in the auditory, somatosensory, and motor cortices, cingulate gyrus, insula, and precuneus. Fear and liking also engaged the amygdala. In contrast, the film clips strongly activated limbic and cortical regions implicated in emotional processing. MVPA revealed that activity in the auditory cortex and primary motor cortices reliably discriminated the emotion categories. Our results indicate that different music-induced basic emotions have distinct representations in regions supporting auditory processing, motor control, and interoception but do not strongly rely on limbic and medial prefrontal regions critical for emotions with survival value.

Psychopathy is characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy, and egotistical traits. These traits vary also in normally functioning individuals. Here, we tested whether such antisocial personalities are associated with similar structural and neural alterations as those observed in criminal psychopathy. Subjects were 100 non-convicted well-functioning individuals, 19 violent male offenders, and 19 matched controls. Subjects underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and viewed movie clips with varying violent content during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychopathic traits were evaluated with Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (controls) and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (offenders). Psychopathic offenders had lower gray matter density (GMD) in orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula. In the community sample, affective psychopathy traits were associated with lower GMD in the same areas. Viewing violence increased brain activity in periaqueductal grey matter, thalamus, somatosensory, premotor, and temporal cortices. Psychopathic offenders had increased responses to violence in thalamus and orbitofrontal, insular, and cingulate cortices. In the community sample, impulsivity-related psychopathy traits were positively associated with violence-elicited responses in similar areas. We conclude that brain characteristics underlying psychopathic spectrum in violent psychopathy are related to those observed in well-functioning individuals with asocial personality features.