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Purpose: We tried to find out if inflammation was related to the thrombosis of left auricle in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: 158 Consecutive inward patients with persistent non-valvular AF undergoing catheter ablation (RFCA) during 2009 were enrolled. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), echocardiography and blood sample collecting for hsCRP and TNF-αtesting had been carried out. Patients were separated into thrombosis or control group according to the result of TEE. 10 patients with persistent AF and left atrial appendage thrombus undergoing cardiac surgery were enrolled too. Tissue of left and right atrial appendages was cut intraoperation for western blot, real time PCR (RT-PCR) and inmunohistochemistry (ICH) analysis of TNF-α. Result: 31 patients (21.3%) were found thrombus in left auricle while 3 (1.9%) in right auricle and 2 (1.3%) in both. Totally 36 patients were enrolled into study group. The Left atrial diameter (LAD) and right atrial diameter (RAD) were greater in the study group (46.42±6.05 vs. 39.68±5.77mm, P=0.000; 56.08±8.04 vs. 51.92±6.80mm, P=0.002). Serum concentration of hsCRP and TNF-αincreased in the study group too (4.80±2.23 vs. 2.36±1.03 (mg/L), P=0.000; 9.87±3.33 vs. 5.23±2.14 (ng/ml), P=0.000). Levels of hsCRP and TNF-α were positively correlate to LAD (r=0.618 and r=0.596 separately, P