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Comments on the literary works of famous playwright William Shakespeare in London, England. Development on the theory of bad quartos; Distinctions between the authorial good texts and the derivative bad ones; Details on the theory about the transmission of theatrical texts.

This article presents an overview of this issue in relation to the periodical's twentieth anniversary. The author discusses the organization of a anniversary panel in London, England to mark the occasion, and to review articles from the history of the periodical focusing on economic-policy development during these 20 years. The article also provides an introduction to other articles presented in this issue, including one concerning the evolution of exchange-rate management, the effects of government debts on interest rates, and higher education reform in Europe.

This article presents the author's reply to Edwin B. Parker on his observations regarding the study conducted by the author towards the effects of television on magazine and newspaper reading in London, England. According to the author, while the process of matching in terms of the correlates of both dependent and independent variables has been used before, Parker has suggested, under the term "covariance procedure," a more formal and systematic use of the technique, a distinct contribution, practical development of which is more than likely. In addition to this, Parker is quite right in reminding a basic weakness in the use of matching as a means of isolating effects. One can and must build checks into the matching process but in the end some degree of doubt must remain about the efficiency of the matching achieved. If Parker had argued from this position in presenting his covariance method as a means of reducing uncertainty, there would have been no point of difference between him and the author.

This article focuses on a study designed to determine effects of television on the reading of newspapers and magazines in London, England. According to the author, the methodological problem involved in this and similar studies of the effects of mass communication is that there was no available alternative to an ex post facto "experimental" design in which respondents themselves selected whether they were to be viewers or non-viewers. Moreover, since respondents could not be randomly assigned to the two conditions by the investigator, differences between the two groups on the dependent variable, frequency of newspaper reading, could be attributed either to the effects of television or to initial differences between the two groups. With regard to all these observations, it can be concluded that television may have had the effect of increasing the reading and buying of papers of popular press with their lighter, shorter material and of decreasing the reading and buying of the more serious papers.

Drawn from an ethnographic investigation of Central London's contemporary nightclub scene, this paper seeks to map previously obscure elements of the private governance of 'security' and the wider network of 'nodes' which govern Britain's night-time economy (NTE). Attention to the constitution and operation of nodes and the interfaces between them provide insight into the co-production of particular forms of social order and situated meanings of the term 'security'. The paper identifies a criminogenic NTE influx, driven by entrepreneurial zeal a stratified consumer culture and forms of regulatory closure that conspire to exacerbate underlying tendencies toward social exclusion in the night-time city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental impact of the UK building stock has increased the pressure on architects, engineers and building operators to reduce the use of air conditioning in favour of more passive cooling solutions. Good progress has been made in this direction but many passive solutions are limited to new-build projects. For existing buildings, and those for which mechanical air conditioning cannot be avoided, low energy cooling capability can be incorporated to improve significantly overall efficiency. This paper focuses on one such example – cooling using groundwater, which has gained popularity in recent years in the London area. Among the reasons for this are the excellent energy efficiency and the increasing viability of water abstraction systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This symposium comprises an abridged transcript of an event held to mark the retirement of Professor Philip Allott from his chair at the University of Cambridge on 30 September 2004. On 28-29 May 2004, a small gathering of his colleagues from several universities and various disciplines attended the one and a half day event in Cambridge. The focus of the workshop was on Professor Allott's work and the central theme, 'this cannot be how the world was meant to be'. The event commenced with an outline by Professor Allott of his recent work and thoughts on the state of the world, summarized in his Seven Theses. Papers were then delivered by four leading jurists in international law, Professor Iain Scobbie (University of London), Professor Karen Knop (University of Toronto), Professor Martti Koskenniemi (University of Helsinki) and Professor Tom Franck (NYU). Dame Roslyn Higgins concluded the event with final remarks. Each of the speakers analysed and critiqued Philip's work, particularly Eunomia (1990, 2nd ed., 2001) and The Health of Nations (2002). Much time was devoted during the workshop to discussion which followed each presentation. Extracts of this discussion, along with the papers delivered, are published in this symposium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper on the "Tate Thames Dig" by Mark Dion is presented. The author discusses the design of the wooden cabinet by Mark Dion which was exhibited at the Tate Gallery in London. She comments on the history of the cabinet and its implications for art installations. An overview of the cabinet is presented.

This paper presents an account of a pilot project to design and implement an innovative, sex-worker-driven approach to peer education in London. A 28-mm, double-sided tape cassette containing extracts of sex workers talking candidly about their work was compiled from oral history recordings. The aims were to pilot process issues in compiling the collaborative resource, and to stimulate discussion of health and safety issues, exploring whether the resource could potentially enhance positive changes in sex workers' knowledge and awareness, self-esteem, and lifeskills. In a limited pilot distribution, 15 sex workers and seven outreach workers in London listened to the tape and completed short evaluation questionnaires. The paper sets out strengths and weaknesses of the pilot method, linking these to broader critical reflections on issues raised about peer education to, for and by sex workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the public art collections, particularly historic wallpaper, housed at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London, Manchester City Art Gallery, and the University of Manchester's Whitworth Art Gallery in England. According to the author, the arts relationship is close because the two owe to their existence and the other much of its substance which one had its originas in the publication of "The History of English Wallpaper 1509-1914," co-authored by A. V. Sugden and J. L. Edmondson. However, the book "Historic Wall-Papers," by Nancy McClelland revealed that there had never been a serious and scholarly attempt to make a study of the subject from original documents.

Focuses on the characterization of criminal law for forgery in the eighteenth-century in London, England. Origin of forgery statute of 1729; Account of a forgery case involving William Hales, a descendant from a Baron of the Exchequer under Henry VIII; Transition from pillory to gallows statute.

The present paper summarizes highlights in the field of glomerular diseases presented at the 2015 European Renal Association congress in London. Topics covered include a European survey on renal biopsy practice and indications, the STOP-IgAN randomized controlled trial in patients with IgA-nephropathy, B-celltargeting therapies in minimal change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), novel insights into the action of glucocorticosteroids in glomerular crescent and scar (FSGS) formation, the immunoproteasome in IgA-nephropathy, socio-economic factors and glomerular disease progression, glomerular CD80 (B7-1) expression in FSGS patients and aldosterone- antagonism in proteinuric renal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article profiles the life and works of researcher and plant physiologist Daphne J. Osborne. It notes that Osborne is a Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London in London, England supervised by R. L. Wain which marks the beginning of her research career. It mentions that her thesis titled "Studies on Plant Growth Regulators" is published in 1950 and she continues to work in this field for a lifetime. It also cites that she remains focused on research throughout her productive life.

Dental age estimation has its application in various subdisciplines of medicine and dentistry. New methods of dental age (DA) estimation are emerging and it is important that we compare different methods to determine which one is more closely related to the chronological age. Demirjian's method is one of the most widely used techniques and has been tested in various ethnic populations globally. In 2016, another approach to DA estimation is the London atlas of human tooth development and eruption. No study has compared Demirjian's comprehensive chart and London atlas method in the Indian population. Hence, in the current study, we estimated DA using Demirjian's comprehensive chart and London atlas method for association with the known chronologic age in children and adolescent population. The study also attempted to determine if sexual dimorphism existed in DA estimated by the two methods. Estimation was performed for both methods on 100 orthopantomogram records (50 males and 50 females, aged 6–16 years) of orthodontic patients. The data were compared and analysed using paired t -tests. There was an overestimation of DA by Demirjian's comprehensive chart on an average of +1.3 years in males and +0.5 years in females, whereas using London atlas, it was +1.4 years in males and +0.5 years in females. The mean of underestimation was −0.6 years in males and −0.8 years in females using Demirjian's comprehensive chart, whereas it was −0.8 years in males and −0.5 years in females. A statistically significant difference (P  < 0.0001) was found when mean chronological age (11.6 ± 2.6) years of the participants was compared with DA estimated using either Demirjian's comprehensive chart (12.3 ± 2.8) years or London atlas (11.8 ± 2.9) years. The trends in this pilot study point towards more accuracy of London atlas over Demirjian's method when done using comprehensive chart for estimating DA. In summary, the results of the current pilot study indicates greater accuracy of London atlas method over Demirjian's comprehensive chart method for estimating DA in Indian population. This finding should be validated by conducting similar studies using larger sample, on diverse Indian ethnic populations, for applicability in pedodontic, orthodontic, and forensic domains. Key points No study has compared Demirjian's comprehensive chart and London atlas method in the Indian population. The dental age estimated by London method was closer to chronological age as compared to Demirjian's method in our study sample. Significant difference was found in chronological age and estimated age using London atlas method in both males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across low- and middle-income countries on the one hand, and high-income countries on the other, there is confusion in the terminology relating to the study of health services and health systems. This commentary discusses health policy and systems research (HPSR) methods, drawing on the health services research literature and on recent work on HPSR. An earlier version of the text was written to contribute to discussions at a meeting organized by the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, an agency set up in 1998 to promote and support such research in low- and middle-income countries. The paper comments on the field of HPSR methods, suggests priorities and identifies challenges facing the field of HPSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new definition of fear of crime that integrates two conceptual developments in this enduring field of criminological enquiry. Our measurement strategy differentiates first between specific worries and diffuse anxieties in emotional responses to crime, and second between productive and counterproductive effects on subjective well-being and precautionary activities. Drawing on data from a representative survey of seven London neighbourhoods, these distinctions are combined into an ordinal scale that moves from the ‘unworried’, to low-level motivating emotions, to frequent and dysfunctional worry about crime. We demonstrate that different categories of ‘fear’ have different correlates and explain different levels of variation in public confidence in policing. We conclude with a call for more longitudinal research to uncover the dynamic nature of fear of crime over the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There is growing emphasis on prevention, personalisation and self-care or active citizenship in England. This paper reports on the Smarter Working in Social care & Health (SWISH) study of the development of an information technology system that allows older people to assess their own health and to receive personalised feedback and considers the implications for social work practice and commissioning. The study took place in two London areas (2005–7). Its objectives were 1) to refine a method to improve access to information and services, and to identify older people at risk, and 2) to examine the potential of the method to enrich public sector information and to profile local populations to inform local commissioners. A multi-method approach consolidated findings from focus groups and interviews with older people and professionals. Under the first objective, views were mixed. The existing health risk assessment tool was seen as comprehensive, with the capacity to identify low-level risks to well-being, although possibly burdensome. Under the second objective, social workers and managers were uncertain how to make use of local population data and to the capacity of local resources to meet information needs. Messages for practitioners and managers are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The strategies and self-presentation of art dealers, critics, and exhibiting societies in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century London has been the subject of important new research in recent years. Studies have attended to the shifting geographies and networks within the London art market which catered to an ever more fragmented art public through new spaces and technologies of display as well as the selection and marketing of artists. Such activities shaped the crucible decades of modernism and, in particular, perceptions regarding the need to assert professional specialisation and redefine exclusivity. This paper contributes to these studies by focusing on the changing fortunes of the Chenil Gallery (later the New Chenil Galleries) founded by Jack Knewstub in a Georgian house on Chelsea’s King’s Road - a distinctive geographic location within the context of the larger London art market. As art-dealer, colour-man, frame-maker and co-founder of the short-lived Chelsea Art School, Knewstub intended his gallery to form a crucial focal point for London’s bohemian artists’ set. Alongside consistent promotion of the work of Augustus John, Knewstub facilitated shows of many of the most celebrated British modern artists of the period, including Spencer Gore, David Bomberg and William Roberts and attempted to negotiate both the changing practices of progressive artists and the evolving conditions of commodity culture. This paper examines what we might term the cultivated amateurism of this effectively artists’-led art gallery and assesses reasons for its decline and closure in the mid-1920s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the befriending of severely excluded families, particularly Bangladeshi and Somali families, in Tower Hamlets, East London by Family Support Workers (FSWs). Tower Hamlets is one of the most deprived boroughs in the UK. The study is derived from an evaluation of the Family Welfare Association's (FWA's) Tower Hamlets Family Support Services (FSSs) conducted by South Bank University. A key finding is that engaging the emotions of families enables high-quality and effective support in the family home. FSWs win trust and elicit narratives from families, particularly from mothers and children. The narratives of families are a rich source of informing better practice. In line with government objectives, the participatory work of FSWs helps to balance understanding on family support, health and child protection. The early identification of child protection issues is particularly important in mitigating their worst effects. FSWs gain trust and early disclosure on child protection cases. This prevents child-care problems from deteriorating into child protection issues. FSWs also act as informal advocates and help to balance social service assessments with the views of families. FSWs take a proactive, non-stigmatizing, non-intrusive approach to families. FSWs are sensitive and responsive to the emotions, ethnicity, gender and specific needs of families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most American and English cancer patients prefer to die at home. Factors associated with greater likelihood of dying at home have been contradictory in many studies and no studies have compared the effects of factors in different countries. The objective of this paper is to compare the factors affecting place of cancer death in two major cities, New York and London. Methods: We use data on all individuals aged ≥40 dying of cancer in London (59604) and New York City (51 668) in the years 1995 through 1998. The probability of death at home is examined in each city as a function of gender, age group (40-55, 56-64, 65-74, 75+), year, type of cancer, and area socioeconomic status, using multiple logistic regression. Results: Although the probability of death at home is the same in the two cities (∼1 in 5), being female lowers the odds of death at home by ∼7% in London, and raises it by ∼22% in New York. Older age is associated with increased odds of dying at home in New York but decreased odds of dying at home in London. Being in the lowest tercile of socioeconomic status (relative to the highest) lowers the odds of death at home by 22% in London and 39% in New York. Conclusion: Site of death varies significantly by patient and area characteristics in both cities, an understanding, which should be taken account of in future planning of end-of-life care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban woodlands and green spaces provide a range of benefits to people in densely populated areas: as places to use, view and enjoy. There is increasing interest in green spaces and their impacts on people's quality of life. The work described in this paper involved a partnership between Peabody Trust, a social housing association; the Forestry Commission and Trees for Cities, an environmental charity. The aim of the project was to involve residents in the use and enjoyment of their local woodland. The research gained an understanding of how the residents of two housing estates in South London view and experience their local woodland, called Peabody Hill Wood. Three focus groups and a questionnaire were undertaken with residents. Observations were also made at a community activity day and walk through the wood with local residents. From the analysis of the data, there was a complex mix of attitudes towards Peabody Hill Wood that related to not only the management of the wood but also the management of the buildings by Peabody Trust. This research highlights, as a number of other studies have, that woodlands near to where people live are valuable spaces and play a significant role by providing opportunity for contact with nature. Key implications of the research suggest that housing associations can have an important role to play in green space management. Partnership working with the environmental sector can help bring about much needed improvements to the environment. Working with communities and sustaining long-term commitment are also advocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road pricing LESSONS FROM LONDON This paper assesses the original London Congestion Charging Scheme (LCCS) and its impacts, and it simulates the proposed extension which will include most of Kensington and Chelsea. It also touches upon the political economy of the congestion charge and the increase of the charge from £5 to £8 per day. The possibility of transferring the experience to Paris, Rome and New York is also discussed. The LCCS has had positive impacts. This was despite the considerable political influences on the charge level and location. It is difficult to assess the impacts of the increase of the charge from £5 to £8, which took place in July 2005, because no data have yet been released by Transport for London. The proposed extension of the charging zone does not seem to be an efficient change on economic grounds, at least for the specific boundaries, method of charging and level of charging that is currently planned. Our benefit cost ratios computed under different assumptions of costs and benefits are all below unity. Overall, the experience shows that simple methods of congestion charging, though in no way resembling first-best Pigouvian taxes, can do a remarkably good job of creating benefits from the reduction of congestion. Nevertheless, the magnitude of these benefits can be highly sensitive to the details of the scheme, which therefore need to be developed with great care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Book reviewed:Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds.The American Colonial State in the Philippines, Global Perspectives. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2003. 312 pp. Index. $79.95 (cloth), $22.95 (paper). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal screening for HIV in early pregnancy is strongly promoted policy in the United Kingdom with a target of 90 per cent uptake. We identified characteristics of women declining screening by conducting an audit at three hospitals in inner north London. In early 2002 midwives were asked to complete an audit form following first antenatal appointment. Of 2,710 women attending 401 (15 per cent) declined an HIV test. Of women who declined 38 per cent reported they had been tested for HIV in the past; 65 per cent accepted every other antenatal test. In multivariable analysis parity (OR: 1.19; 95 per cent CI 1.10–1.29 per additional child), declining other tests (OR: 3.10; 95 per cent CI 2.44–3.93 per test declined) and previous HIV testing (OR: 1.70; 95 per cent CI 1.30–2.23) were predictors of declining an HIV test. Women declining screening were not obviously from high-risk demographic groups: women from sub-Saharan Africa were not at greater risk of declining an HIV test than women from other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper estimates the impact of recorded domestic property crime on property prices in the London area. Crimes in the Criminal Damage category have a significant negative impact on prices. A one-tenth standard deviation decrease in the local density of criminal damage adds 1% to the price of an average Inner London property. Burglaries have no measurable impact on prices, even after allowing for the potential dependence of burglary rates on unobserved property characteristics. One explanation we offer here is that vandalism, graffiti and other forms of criminal damage motivate fear of crime in the community and may be taken as signals or symptoms of community instability and neighbourhood deterioration in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I provide an in-depth analysis of a dispute that broke out in 1900 over the proposal to construct a women's public lavatory in Camden Town, using the often conflicting evidence provided by the St. Pancras Vestry Minutes, the St. Pancras Gazette and the Vestryman, George Bernard Shaw. The aim of this paper is not to reconstruct one true version of the controversy; rather, it is to provide a detailed account of how the decision to build an everyday object such as a public lavatory for women was implicated in producing, maintaining and contesting the patriarchal power structure of late Victorian London. Consequently, this paper considers the following two points: first, how the design and siting of a women's lavatory is not a neutral act but one that is shaped by historically and culturally specific notions; and second, how an everyday space such as a public lavatory actively positions (and re-positions) its users in relation to the existing power structure, providing an opportunity for small resistances to the status quo to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at a joint symposium held in London, England on October 19, 1998 is presented. Topics include the different factors that influence the induction of mutations in somatic and germ cells, the metabolic metamorphisms in biotransformation of mutagens and carcinogens and breast cancer. The event was attended by delegates from various Government Departments in Great Britain and representatives from the National Radiological Protection Board.

Presents an account of young criminals and the criminal `underworld' in London, England in the early nineteenth century. Stereotypical and mythological characterizations of criminality; Young offenders' understanding of the networks and structures of criminal enterprise in London; Role of receivers and fences; Allegations about the operations and corruption of the police.

The article discusses the history of Victoria & Albert Museum (V & A) in London England. In 1852, the V & A was founded by Henry Cole in the wake of the Great Exhibition. According to the author, the central purpose of the museum was to serve the Schools of Design at South Kensington and in the country to enhance and to evaluate the art collections. In 1857, the museum moved to a prefabricated building at Kensington, where it found itself impudence by jowl with a number of other collections. Moreover, it mentions that the museum houses the National Art Library (NAL) that possesses a number of special collections, which include the papers of Cole and the works of artist Charles Dickens.

This paper is an overview of the work and perspective of the Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit at the University of North London between 1987 and 1997. It has involved much summarizing and selection, and inevitably means some areas have been neglected, others emphasised. Rather than offer a bland outline of the work we have done, we have chosen to use this opportunity to reflect on and analyse the contribution of CWASU to feminist approaches to violence against women and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a study of elder abuse among clients of an outer London community psychogeriatric service. Staff reported elder abuse in their caseloads over a period of one year. Reported cases were linked with referrals. Rates of abuse for different staff and for different age and ethnic groups were calculated. Women were very much more likely to be abused than men and were less likely to be abusers. Clients were frequently reported as abusing their carets. Staff reporting rates varied widely. Training and the time available to win the trust of clients appeared to be important variables. The staff response was limited by lack of managerial support and by lack of developed strategies for dealing with abusive situations. Separation was the most common response to physical violence in the home. Financial abuse was mainly dealt with by social services. Staff abuse was largely ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines crimes of violence between working-class men and women in London, England from 1840 to 1875. Declining status of working-class women in 19th-century England; Issues and actions which provoked people to the most extreme resolution of conflict; Common sources of tension between the sexes; Attitudes and expectations which shaped their relationships; Summaries of assault and wife-beating trials.

STUDY QUESTION Does shared biological motherhood, in which a woman gives birth to the genetic child of her female partner, result in more positive mother–child relationships than donor insemination, in which only one mother is biologically related to the child? SUMMARY ANSWER Mothers in both family types showed high levels of bonding with their children and viewed their relationship with their child positively. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY There is some evidence of feelings of inequality regarding their relationship with their child between biological and non-biological mothers in lesbian mother families formed by donor insemination, with a qualitative longitudinal study showing a tendency for children to form stronger bonds with their biological than their non-biological mother. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Thirty lesbian mother families created through shared biological motherhood were compared with 30 lesbian mother families formed by donor-IVF. All families had two mothers who both participated in the study, and the children were aged from infancy up to 8 years old. Data collection took place over 20 months beginning in December 2019. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Each mother in the family was interviewed separately using the Parent Development Interview (PDI), a reliable and valid measure of the nature of the parent's emotional bond with their child. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded separately by one of two trained researchers who were unaware of the child's family type. The interview produces 13 variables that relate to the parent's representations of themselves as a parent, 5 variables that relate to the parent's representations of the child, and a global variable that assesses the extent to which the parent can reflect on the child and their relationship. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Families formed through shared biological parenthood did not differ from families created by donor-IVF in terms of the quality of mothers' relationships with their children as assessed by the PDI. Neither were differences identified between birth mothers and non-birth mothers across the entire sample, or between gestational and genetic mothers within the families formed by shared biological parenthood. Multivariate analyses were conducted to minimize the role of chance. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Ideally, larger samples of families and a narrower age range of children would have been studied, but this was not possible as we were reliant on the small number of families formed through shared biological motherhood in the UK when the study began. To maintain the anonymity of the families, it was not possible to request information from the clinic that may have shed light on differences between those who responded to the request to participate and those who did not. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The findings show that shared biological motherhood is a positive option for lesbian couples who wish to have a more equal biological relationship to their children. One type of biological connection does not appear to have a greater influence on the quality of parent–child relationships than the other. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) grant ES/S001611/1. KA is Director, and NM is Medical Director, of the London Women's Clinic. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marc quickly pointed out that there are 3 reasons why a surgeon should never agree to have their name attached to an operation: (i) Someone is likely to have performed this operation before you did. Marc always felt Belgian and tasked himself to train every single paediatric cardiac surgeon from his native country for a whole generation, including me. I talked with Marc about my difficulties, and the next morning, Marc, strangely talkative, told me to 'find a small apartment, I'll pay half of it ... and from today your pay is 60 pounds per intervention ... see if you can bring your wife and your son here ..'. At that time, we were operating 10 cases a week, so I could now afford a small apartment. Marc was an outstanding human being without arrogance, an elegant technical surgeon without vanity and a confident leader without egotism. [Extracted from the article]

Highlights the 'Rewriting the Past' conference to celebrate Past and Present's fiftieth anniversary in London, England. Features of the event; Participants; Topics discussed on the conference.

The article focuses on the vital role played by English engineer Joseph Bazalgette in construction of London's Victorian sewers. Bazalgette had no medical background and was of small stature and somewhat delicate health. He hailed from French Huguenot ancestry. He did more for the health of Londoners in the mid-19th century, than anyone before or since. Bazalgette designed and engineered the north Thames embankment; the southern component involved the construction of the new Saint Thomas Hospital.

I show that a disruption to the financial sector can reshape the patterns of global trade for decades. I study the first modern global banking crisis originating in London in 1866 and collect archival loan records that link multinational banks headquartered there to their lending abroad. Countries exposed to bank failures in London immediately exported significantly less and did not recover their lost growth relative to unexposed places. Their market shares within each destination also remained significantly lower for four decades. Decomposing the persistent market-share losses shows that they primarily stem from lack of extensive-margin growth, as the financing shock caused importers to source more from new trade partnerships. Exporters producing more substitutable goods, those with little access to alternative forms of credit, and those trading with more distant partners experienced more persistent losses, consistent with the existence of sunk costs and the importance of finance for intermediating trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information about the research paper presented at the Center for Economic Performance/Center for Economic Policy Research Conference titled "Growth, Trade and the Labour Market" which was held at the London School of Economics in England from July 11-12, 1997.

The article offers information on several conferences which include "Knowledge and Scepticism," to be held on May 20-21, 1993 at the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, the first European Congress of Analytic Philosophy on April 23-26, 1993 in Aix-en-Provence, France, and Conference on Evolution and the Human Sciences on June 24-26, 1993 at the London School of School of Economics in London, England.

Most of the papers in this symposium were presented at a conference on the economics of information held at Stanford in April 1975, under the auspices of the National Science Foundation—National Bureau of Economic Research (four of the papers, those by Heal, Salop, Spence and Stiglitz, had been submitted to the Review earlier, but because of the similarity of topic, are published with the conference papers). The papers, though all related to the problems arising from costly information, are diverse both with respect to the question addressed, the techniques of analysis employed and the particular markets investigated. A basic theme running through most of the papers is that imperfect information alters, in a fundamental way, the conventional notion of a market, with buyers and sellers coming together to trade; in a full information equilibrium there is a single price, markets clear and all individuals and firms view themselves as price takers. The price charged is independent of the quantity purchased. Although the notion of the market-place is often thought of as an idealization, even when there is not a single market-place at which all transactions occur, the economy behaves as if there were a single market-place; this will be true so long as there are some arbitrageurs to make sure that the "law of single price" prevails. Finally, conventional theory has shown that under fairly weak conditions such a competitive equilibrium exists and is Pareto Optimal. Recent developments in the economics of information, including the papers presented here, have shown that ail of these statements are questionable. In the papers presented here, there is not a single price in equilibrium; firms do not act as price takers; prices do more than just clear markets—they convey information; prices charged may depend on the quantity purchased; competitive equilibrium may not exist and may not be Pareto Optimal. The basic character of how we ought to view the competitive economy is altered if we take seriously imperfections of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Introduction of digital animations to explain medical procedures before consent to treatment (animation-supported consent) has been shown to improve patient-reported understanding of a procedure's benefits, risks and alternatives. Aim We examined whether introduction of animation-supported consent is associated with a change in the incidence of complaints and serious incidents due to failure to inform. Methods Multi-language animations explaining 10 cardiac procedures, in coronary intervention, electrophysiology and cardiac surgery, (www.explainmyprocedure.com) were introduced at a London cardiac centre from April 2019. Complaints and serious incidents due to failure to inform were identified from the hospital Datix database for the two years before introducing animation-supported consent (no animation group) and the two years afterwards (animation group), together with the total number of procedures and major complications recorded during these periods. We compared the incidence of complaints and serious incidents, expressed as a proportion of the number of major complications, recorded during each period. Results There were 580 complications among 21 855 procedures performed in the no animation group and 411 complications among 18 254 procedures in the animation group. There were 14 complaints or serious incidents due to failure to inform in the no animation group and 3 in the animation group; rates of 2.41% (14/580) and 0.73% (3/411), respectively (P  < 0.001 for difference). Conclusion In this observational comparison, introduction of animation-supported consent was associated with a 70% reduction in complaints or serious incidents due to failure to inform before consent. This has significant quality and cost implications for improving consent pathways in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the Standing Conference for Cultural, Communication and Media Studies in Higher Education (SCCCMSHE) in London, England on January 7, 1994. Topics include the gloomy outlook for the disciplines represented by the interdisciplinary field of cultural, communications and media studies. The conference features Howard Newby of the University of Southhampton, offering a more positive view of the White Paper that did not concern the Humanities and Social Sciences.

This study aims to identify factors contributing to price fluctuations in artworks after an artist's death. With access to information on seller characteristics from a historical dataset of all art auctions that took place in London between 1741 and 1913, we investigate how trading patterns and network effects at auctions affect art sales prices. Following an artist's death, we capture dynamic effects in sales patterns and find that prices decline by 7%. We attribute this decline on the confluence of non-strategic and strategic effects, first on a frequent lack of access to professional consultation and secondly on changes in trading patterns of art dealers posthumously. Our results highlight the long-term influence of those factors on high valued art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This paper uses the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) to estimate disease burden at a local level and relates this to programme budget (PB) data. Methods We estimated DALY using the global burden of disease (GBD) template. For years of life lost, local mortality data were used and for years of life with disability, the GBD estimates from World Health Organization EURO A region (including the UK) were used. We used PB data to analyse how healthcare expenditure matched disease burden. Results In 2005 the burden of disease in Lambeth was estimated at 36 368 DALYs (13 515 DALYs lost per 100 000) and in Southwark was 34 196 DALYs (13 244 DALYs lost per 100 000). There were gender and area differences. The ranking is different when mortality and morbidity are combined compared with mortality alone. We estimated that the average spend per DALY lost in 2005 was £11 066 in Lambeth and £9390 in Southwark. Conclusions We used a pragmatic approach to estimate overall disease burden providing a local, more comprehensive picture with important differences in spend by disease and health authority area. However, a more detailed approach to support decisions about prioritization based on modelling interventions that impact on avoidable burden of disease is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Evidence suggests that general practitioners (GPs) find fitness for work certification and work- related consultations challenging. The Royal College of General Practitioners was commissioned in 2009 to develop and roll out a National Education Programme (NEP) funded by the Department for Work and Pensions for a period of 2 years.Aims To develop and evaluate a face-to-face educational programme that shifts GPs’ attitudes to the management of the consultation about work and health.Methods A 3 hour interactive programme that addressed both knowledge and skills for the management of the health and work consultation using behaviour-change principles was developed. Evaluation focused on delegates’ confidence in managing the work and health consultation and the importance (priority) they gave to the subject. Questionnaires at three time points were constructed: pre, immediately post and 3 months post training.Results A total of 152 workshops were evaluated across the UK between July 2009 and March 2011. A total of 2865 GPs attended the workshops. Questionnaire response rates were 78% pre workshop, 80% post workshop and 14% 3 months post workshop. Evaluation showed a significant increase in GPs’ confidence in managing the consultation regarding work and health, and GPs gave higher priority to these types of consultations after the training.Conclusions The NEP has brought the training about health and work to prominence in general practice, and has also influenced policy and practice in other medical specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Described by the architectural historian Simon Thurley as ‘the most lavish ecclesiastical building built by an English monarch since the Reformation’, the Catholic chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren for King James II and constructed at Whitehall between 1685 and 1687 was destroyed by fire, along with most of the adjoining palace, in 1698. The physical removal of the chapel and its environs (viewed as something of an embarrassment by King William III and Queen Mary II) from the centre of government in London, and dispersal of many of its associated cultural artefacts, symbolized the passing into oblivion of the last, brief, period of open Catholic worship by royalty in England. This article sets in context the careers of musicians, clergy, artists and craftsmen involved with the daily life of the chapel, shedding new light on polychoral music composed by its Italian maestro di cappella Innocenzo Fede, and demonstrating that, as an outpost of Counter-Reformation Europe built in the heart of Protestant London, the chapel and its religious infrastructure acted as an important centre for the generation and circulation of printed and manuscript Catholic liturgical music. The article suggests that, as a specifically Catholic cultural and religious nucleus supported by the king, around which English Catholic recusant networks revolved, the Catholic chapel of James II, in its day, was very far from being a peripheral phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air quality indicators summarize overall concentrations of pollution for an urban area and are calculated from routine monitoring data comprising numerous pollutants measured at many locations. The indicator is constructed by aggregating these data over space and pollutants, typically using the sample mean, median or maximum. We propose an alternative approach based on geostatistical modelling, which allows intervals of uncertainty to be calculated for the spatial aggregation stage, and hence for the final indicator. We then extend our geostatistical model by allowing for the fact that the locations that are chosen for the pollution monitors may depend on the hypothesized concentrations at these locations, a phenomenon which is known as preferential sampling. We assess the effectiveness of our methods by simulation and use them to construct an air quality indicator for Greater London, England, for the month of August 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]