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This section presents a bibliography of books on sociology.

This article presents a list of books related to sociology, political and economics. Some of the books are "An Introduction to Anthropology," 3rd ed., by Ralph L. Beals and Harry Hoijer; "Social Foundations of Human Behavior: Introduction to the Study of Sociology," by Earl H. Bell and John Sirjamaki; "The Role of Trade Associations and Professional Business Societies in America," by Joseph F. Bradley; "Public Opinion: Nature, Formation, and Role," by Harwood L. Childs; "The Prehistory of East Africa," by Sonia Cole; "Men of Ideas: A Sociologist's View," by Lewis A. Coser; "Problems in Social and Political Thought: A Philosophical Introduction," by Whitaker T. Deininger; "The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956," by Dwight D. Eisenhower; "Hostages of Fortune: Child Labor Problems in New York State," by Jeremy P. Felt; "Psychology in Scientific Thinking," by Ernst Friedlander; "A Comparative Study of the White and the Negro High School Students' Use of Alcohol in Two Mississippi Communities," by Gerald Globetti and Margaret McReynolds; "Magna Carta: Text and Commentary," by A. E. Dick Howard; "Farewell to Eden," by Matthew Huxley and Cornell Capa and "Steaming: An Education System in Miniature," by Brian Jackson.

The article presents a list of various books related to sociology received by the editorial department of the journal. Various books included in this list are "The Mind of Africa," by W.E. Abraham, "Piritim A. Sorokin in Review," edited by Philip J. Allen, "Economic Development: Objectives and Methods," by Paul Alpert, "Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, 1962," "Eichmann in Jerusalem," by Hannah Arendt, "On Revolution," by Hannah Arendt, "I Giovani Nella Societa Industriale," Guido Baglioni, "Expanding Population in a Shrinking World," by Marston Bates, "Leadership and Dynamic Group Action," by George M. Beal, Joe M. Bohlen and J. Neil Raudabaugh, "The Structure and Dynamics of Organizations and Groups," by Eric Berne, "Learning Your Way Through College," by Elton S. Carter and Iline Fife, "Homes, School and Work: A Study of the Education and Employment of Young People in Britain," by M.P. Carter, "Conflict and Conformity: A Probability Model and Its Application," by Bernard P. Cohen, "The Cutteslowe Walls: A Study in Social Class," by Peter Collison, etc.

This article presents abstracts of several studies related to sociology. Irving Crespi presented an analysis concerning the relations between anomie, alienation, and privatization. Joel Fuerst discussed the business of satisfying the unsatisfied demands of Europe. Daniel Lerner examined a shift from the earlier revolution of rising expectations, via a long sequence of unachieved ambitions and disappointed hopes, in the direction of what may be becoming a revolution of rising frustrations. Marjorie Fiske Lowenthal summarized several studies dealing with normal and abnormal adjustment in the aging process, based on panel studies of 1,200 mentally well and mentally impaired persons sixty years and older interviewed at three points in time. John T. Lanzetta reported data from a number of studies that explore direct and indirect procedures for measuring subjective uncertainty. Clark Leavitt presented the relation between a measure of information transmission called meaningfulness and day-after recall scores from field tests. Wallace H. Wallace presented methods to evaluate consumer behavior in the laboratory. Stanley Peterfreund examined a study in 1961 about the barriers to achieving a superior level of customer service.

The paper deals with the changing relationship between economics and sociology in Pareto's thought and suggests a new interpretation of this relationship. Pareto's opus magnum in the field, the Trattato di Sociologia Generale (1916, French ed. 1917), is usually considered the result of the abandonment of economics by the late Pareto in favour of another field of interest, sociology—the realm of the analysis of non-rational actions—and on the basis of this interpretation it has been largely neglected by economists. This paper maintains that the sociology of the Trattato has to be considered not as an abandonment of interest in economics, but rather as a programme for the reconstruction and transformation of economics in a perspective that today could be called 'behaviourist'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundations are one of the oldest organizational forms globally; their number and resources, as well as their socio-political and economic importance, have steadily continued to grow. Yet, foundations' attributes, activities, and actual achievements remain underexplored and poorly understood. This is particularly noticeable in the context of global policy and transnational administration, an area where foundations tend to be subliminal players, acting as a widely unrecognized socio-political undercurrent. Addressing the resulting need for better and alternative conceptualizations of foundations, our paper uses French pragmatic sociology of critique (FPSC), a non-structuralist, post-Bourdesian, approach to sociology, to theorize philanthropic foundations within the policy agora. Through FPSC, we present foundations as a composite setup of activity, where critically reflexive actors bring normative ideologies and knowledge to policy, providing a new avenue for how scholarship can interpret and critique foundations and their influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of new books on sociology. Some of the books are: "A New Sex Ethics and Marriage Structure," by Marion Bassett; " Population, Manpower, and Economic Development of Eastern Europe," by Samuel Baum; "The Sociology of Education: A Sourcebook," by Robert R. Bell; "The Planning of Change: Readings in the Applied Behavioral Sciences," edited by Warren G. Bennis and Kenneth D. Benne and Robert Chin and "Clinical Process: The Assessment of Data in Childhood Personality Disorders," by E. Kono Beller.

Public health is about policy, power, and the public and as such might be thought necessarily political. That does not mean, however, that the place of political analysis and engagement in public health is uncontroversial, and there have been longstanding arguments that to discuss politics sullies the scientific nature of public health. This article, introducing a special issue on political science in public health, argues that rigorous use of middle-range theory can inform our analysis of public health problems and avoid the risks of politicization, excessive abstraction or excessive concreteness. It summarizes key political science concepts discussed in the papers: epistemic communities, interest groups, advocacy coalitions, political parties, institutions, legalism, discourse and the political economy of labour. We hope that the series will provide the public health community with some tools and methods for how to integrate public health knowledge into the sphere of decision making in an appropriate way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of books on sociology. Some of the books included in the list are: "The Genetic Code," by Isaac Asimov; "The Super-Americans," by John Bainbridge; "Social Deviancy and Adolescent Personality," by John C. Ball; "Leadership and Dynamic Group Action," by George M. Beal, Joe M. Bohlen, and J. Neil Raudabaugh; "Almost White: A Study of Certain Racial Hybrids in the Eastern United States," by Brewton Berry; "Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance," by Jack W. Brehm and Arthur R. Cohen.

Background The relationship between HIV and poverty is complex and recent studies reveal an urban--rural divide that is not well understood. This paper examines the urban--rural disparity in the relationship between poverty and HIV infection in Kenya, with particular reference to possible explanations relating to social cohesion/capital and other moderating factors. Methods Multilevel logistic regression models are applied to nationally-representative samples of 13 094 men and women of reproductive age from recent Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys. Results The results confirm a disproportionate higher risk of HIV infection among the urban poor, despite a general negative association between poverty and HIV infection among rural residents. Estimates of intra-community correlations suggest lower social cohesion in urban than rural communities. This, combined with marked socio-economic inequalities in urban areas is likely to result in the urban poor being particularly vulnerable. The results further reveal interesting cultural variations and trends. In particular, recent declines in HIV prevalence among urban residents in Kenya have been predominantly confined to those of higher socio-economic status. Conclusion With current rapid urbanization patterns and increasing urban poverty, these trends have important implications for the future of the HIV epidemic in Kenya and similar settings across the sub-Saharan Africa region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of a request from the City Club of Denver in September, 1924, a study of the newsboys of the city was made by the department of sociology of the University of Denver. The object of the survey was to find the facts, without any preconceived notions, in regard to the newsboys, their ages, nationalities, schools records, incomes, their hours of work, home conditions, delinquencies; the occupations of their parents, their parents attitudes toward their work. The results, while by no means startling, were of sufficient value to warrant their preservation and passing on to other cities. In order to have some basis for study, a schedule was prepared which covered the items mentioned above and several others besides. The work was done by seven students from the department of sociology. Four sources of information were available and the workers were distributed according to the size of the tasks. First, there was the street survey. This included all newsboys under eighteen who sold papers on the streets of Denver. Of course, a few newsboys were missed, but this survey includes all of the regular downtown newsboys who sell in daytime and most of those who sell at night. The next source of information was the homes of the boys. The home visit was prepared for by telling the boy in advance of the workers visit.

Although overtly concerned with overseas cultural groups, this paper considers social systems in terms of ethnic boundaries, structures, variables and policies. Systems of ethnic status structuralization are outlined; a classification of historic ethnic status systems is proposed; correlates of ethnic identity are formulated; types of boundary patterns are associated with types of ethnic orientation; and the pressures toward ethnic solidarity are associated with degrees of societal specialization and division of labor. The orientation of the paper is historical, cross-cultural and structural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some years, there has been a growing realization among social scientists that the culture concept needs a careful reexamination. Any doubt about this need should have been removed by the recent analytical survey "Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions." The present paper is such a reexamination and is a sequel and clarification of an earlier analysis by the writer. The central analytical concept of this paper is indicated by the term symbolic ideas. The advantage of this concept is that it permits the solution of problems regarding the nature of culture which cannot be discovered, stated, or solved by means of any other concept. One of the principal reasons why many basic problems about the nature of culture have not been solved long ago is that analyzers have not been using the proper conceptual tools with which to state clearly the issues. This paper shows that the concept of symbolic ideas should be welcomed as a long-needed tool with which to do this important job.

The article presents information on several books. Some of the books are "The Sociology of the Family," by Dwight Sanderson and Robert G. Foster; "Problems for Parent Educators," edited by Eduard C. Lindeman and Flora M. Thurston; "Studies in Child Welfare"; "Medical Facilities in the United States," by Allon Peebles; "Marriage," by Oliver M. Butterfield; "A Sociological Case Study of a Foster Child," by Walter C. Reckless; "Suggestions for the Sociological Study of Problem Children," by Walter C. Reckless; "The Extent of Illness and of Physical and Mental Defects Prevailing in the United States," by Alden B. Mills; "Conditions of Work in Spin Rooms," by Ethel L. Best; "The Standard of Living at the Professional Level, 1816-17 and 1926-27," by Chase Going Woodhouse; "Habit Training for Children"; "Studies in Child Welfare."

This is a critique of a European Sociological Review paper by Bonke and Esping-Andersen on determinants of parental investment in childcare. The critique demonstrates that the data the authors cite do not provide evidence for the conclusions they draw. This is largely because the authors misread interaction effects, but also because they disattend to substantively simpler but formally equivalent accounts of their variables. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper argues that Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Sozialwissenschaften (The Past and Future of the Social Sciences), a contribution not always well understood in the literature, is important to an understanding of Schumpeter's concept of development as applied to the field of the social sciences. To this end, it addresses three key questions. First, can the book be taken as a starting point to reconstruct a Schumpeterian theory of scientific development? Second, is Vergangenheit und Zukunft merely 'a brief outline of what first became the Epochen [ der Dogmen- und Methodengeschichte ] and finally the History of Economic Analysis ', as Elizabeth Boody Schumpeter wrote in her Editor's Introduction (July 1952) to the latter work (p. XXXII), or should it be read as a complement to Epochen and perhaps the History ? Third, is the eminent Japanese scholar Shionoya right to claim that Schumpeter's work pursued the ambitious goal of developing a 'comprehensive sociology'? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges proceduralized, rule-bound approaches to ethics and considers how social workers and teams can develop an attitude of compassionate concern and become more effective in dealing with ethical problems in their day-to-day practice. It introduces the work of Humberto Maturana, a widely respected theorist, whose work has received little attention in social work. The paper argues that Maturana's biology of cognition provides an approach to ethics that takes into account the spontaneous nature of everyday work in which social workers undertake their ethical actions. It stresses the importance of emotions, particularly love, and considers the way in which ethical action is shaped by culture. It emphasizes the importance of engaging in reflection on professional practices and team, professional and organizational culture in order for social workers to improve their awareness of ethical dilemmas and promote ethical practice. For those teaching ethics, this paper suggests an alternative to the rational consideration of moral dilemmas and proposes approaches to training that can help social workers become more attuned and responsive to ethical conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of discourses about participation on child protection practice. The paper critiques the prevalent conceptualizations of participation on the grounds that, often, these ideals have been imported from other disciplines without due regard for the specificities of child protection practice. Initially, the critique is focused on how participatory discourses have resisted adaption to the child protection field. For example, participation and paternalism are often paired dualistically, with the consequence that participation is seen as an unquestionable good, whilst practices that do not conform to this ideal are associated with patemalism and considered to be antithetical to just child protection practice. By examining some of the typical responses, within the child protection literature and amongst child protection professionals, to the prevalent discourses about participation it is argued that these discourses have actually thwarted the development of participatory processes in child protection work. This is because these discourses do not engage with the expectations associated with child protection work, particularly the use of statutory power that such practice demands. The final part of the paper identifies how post-structural theory, particularly the work of Foucault, can highlight and dismantle some of the assumptions about power on which participatory models have rested and allow for the development of a participatory ethos which is receptive to the specificities of child protection work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we respond to the critiques of our work undertaken under the auspices of the CASMIN project that are presented by Hout and Hauser and by Sørensen in preceding papers in this number, We treat in turn issues concerning data comparability and the class schema that we use as the basis for our analyses of mobility; our model of `core social fluidity'; and empirical results relevant to the evaluation of the FJH-hypothesis. In conclusion we point to certain conceptual presuppositions and related research interests which we would see as deeply rooted in the American tradition of work in the field of social stratification and mobility and which, we suggest, throw light on the nature of the reaction that our work has provoked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper three logit models of school continuation are presented. The Italian school system was divided into three separate school transitions: from primary education to lower secondary school, from lower to higher secondary school, and from higher secondary education to university. Data derive from the Italian Social Mobility Survey, carried out in 1985 on a sample of over 5,000 people, both male and female, employed and unemployed. They are used in this paper for a cohort analysis of trends over time of educational inequalities due to social origin and sex. The main conclusion of this study is that, apart from minor changes in the rapidly contracting sector of agriculture, there is no consistent sign of reduction of educational inequalities by social origin in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the hypothesized inverse relationship between socioeconomic status and conservatism on a wide range of so-called social issues. This relationship is important in itself as well as in some theories that link political dealignment to features of postindustrial society. We examine this relationship by looking at the net effects of education, occupation, income, and class (owner, supervisor, or worker) on nine issues. Our results suggest that the hypothesized relationship is absent for most dimensions of socioeconomic status and most social issues. The most consistent exception to this is that liberalism on social issues tends to increase with education, but even here the relationship varies considerably from issue to issue. The lack of a consistent relationship reflects both the diversity of the social issues and the fuzziness of the social/economic distinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents list of new books received by the journal "Social Forces." Some of the books are "Return From Enlightenment," by Forest K. Davis, "Demographic Technique of Fertility Analysis," by Donald J. Bogue, "The Fertility Complaints and Contraceptive History. Techniques for Measuring Contraceptive Use-Effectiveness," by Donald J. Bogue and James Nelson, "Sociology of Social Research," by Jack F. Kinton, "Politics and Punishment: A History of the Louisiana State Penal System," by Mark T. Carleton, "The Biological Imperatives: Health, Politics and Human Survival," by Allan Chase, "American Labor Since the New Deal," edited by Melvyn Dubofsky, "A Mosaic of America's Ethnic Minorities," by Donald Keith Fellows, "The State of the Cities: Report of the Commission on the Cities in the '70s," by Fred R. Harris and John V. Lindsay, "Soviet Communism and the Socialist Vision," by edited by Julius Jacoson, and "The Political Economy of the New Left: An Outsider's View," by Assas Lindbeck.

This article focuses on the direct influence of newspapers on public opinion on certain specific public issues. The aim is to discover to what extent a person's attitude on public questions, on which the press is assumed to be so influential, correlates with the attitude on these questions of the newspaper to which he is most frequently exposed. For this purpose 940 of the residents of the city of Seattle were selected at random. 590 men and 350 women were interviewed and schedules filled out with their answers. For the purpose of this inquiry, four public questions which had been prominently before the electorate within the last eight months preceding the investigation were selected and each person asked his position on these questions. In a different connection the person was asked what newspaper he read most frequently. The results of this part of the inquiry indicates the degree of relationship, or lack of relationship, between the readers' attitude on a public question and the attitude of the newspaper which each group read most frequently.

This is an exceptional study of the ways in which those attending a social science convention acquire and use the information obtained there. The authors also pinpoint the information most interesting and useful to the ample of convention attendants, and the impact of this information on scholarly productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers some sociological aspects of aging within contemporary society and is concerned most specifically with the process by which the aging male assumes and maintains appropriate statuses and roles in his social world. This study is based on two assumptions. First, a person, as a member of society, must progress during his life through a series of more or less sequentially compatible and harmonious social statuses. The second assumption which must be stated is that in a rapidly changing society, the role requirements of the status series are not static. This has been an attempt to approach the phenomenon of aging in contemporary society through theories of socialization, decision making, prestige age groups, and social roles. This research paper applies the concept of socialization to later life stages, and the exploration of the significance of self-other role-reversal of socializing agent and object (parent and child) in terms of necessary revisions in the oldster's self-definitions, concepts, and evaluations of his status.

This paper describes an exploratory field study carried out to ascertain the pattern of assimilation among East Indian immigrants in California. It was found that the Hindustani immigrants, because of their small numbers and their pattern of living in individual isolation, are prevented from forming their own ethnic communities. In this paper, the term Hindustani refers to immigrants from India and includes Hindu, Sikh, and Moslem immigrants. They constitute one of the smallest Oriental groups in the U.S.— 2,405 in 1940— and are the least known of all ethnic groups in this country. Of the total Hindustani population in the U.S. in 1940, 61.4 percent resided in California. Many have lived there for over thirty years. The majority of California Hindustanis are emigrants from rural villages in the Punjab, with a handful from Gujarat, Bengal, Oudh, and Madras. This study focused on four aspects of Hindustani life— residential pattern, occupational interactions, community life, family and home life.

The object of the present paper is to explore the implications of the two statements cited above by means of an analysis of selected aspects of both the infant discipline and the post-infant experience of a sample of third grade children in the village of Pelpola, Raiygam Koralle. The selection has been made so as to focus on four subjects which, on the basis of current theories, should be of crucial importance for an understanding of Sinhalese personality. The vast majority of the population of Ceylon are villagers and the village chosen is reasonably representative of a large block of this population. It has been under continuous study, both formal and informal, for a period of over three years. The data reported in this paper are based on interviews with the mothers of all children who were or should have been attending the third standard in the village school. There were 48 children in this universe. There were no refusals in interviewing the mothers, but complete child training data could not be obtained for three children due to a case each of desertion, mental illness, and death.

The articles included in the December 2004 issue of the journal "Sociology of Religion" are all based on papers given at the 2003 meeting of the Association for the Sociology of Religion in Atlanta, Georgia. Each of the article explores the increasing emphasis on culture in sociology as a whole and more specially in the sociology of religion. Also, the papers also deal with new ideas and approaches. In this issue, the different trajectories within the sociology of religion is demonstrated. These are not random differences, but can be mapped in relation to institutional, philosophical and linguistic constraints within the same profession.

The article focuses on the impact the paper "The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology," written by Judith Stacey and Barrie Thorne in 1985, had on the study and teaching of sociology. The paper argued that sociology, in contrast to other social sciences, had warded off attempts by feminist scholars to transform the field's theoretical and conceptual frameworks. A discussion of a study of the paper, which took place at the 2005 meeting of the American Sociological Association is presented.

In the last decade, a new sociology of childhood has made important contributions to our understanding of children as social agents shaping their daily lives in various contexts and situations. Although social difference and diverse childhood experiences hold a central place in these new paradigms, several researchers have noted the neglect of blacks children in mainstream research agendas, with little attention paid to their lived experiences in social institutions. This conceptual paper begins with a brief discussion exploring the intersections between black children, marginalization and childhood studies. The following section reviews ongoing concerns implicated in the high presence of black children in public care. By applying theories about childhood to children in public care generally and specifically to black children, this paper advocates participatory approaches to incorporate new initiatives in working with black children in public care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successive legislation has underscored the importance of assessments that are sensitive to the needs of carers and take into account their ability and willingness to continue caring. This paper synthesizes qualitative and quantitative findings from a continuing programme of carer-related research that began in 1993 and has continued in parallel with legislative changes. It considers the process and characteristics of carer assessment from the perspectives of carers for individuals with a range of health and social care needs, and practitioners. This paper explores the assessment of carer need over time and highlights the considerable and enduring gap between policy and practice. It considers practitioners' reluctance to offer separate carer assessments, identifies confusion relating to the interpretation of eligibility criteria and documents the limited contribution of health service staff. The need for an evidence-based frame-work for good practice, that distinguishes between carer needs, service provision and carer outcomes, is highlighted. The paper concludes by identifying key changes that are necessary to promote future good practice, such as staff training and information strategies and the need for practitioners to engage with carers as partners in the care process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper models interactions between a party with anticipatory emotions and a party who responds strategically to those emotions, a situation that is common in many health, political, employment, and personal settings. An "agent" has information with both decision-making value and emotional implications for an uninformed "principal" whose utility she wants to maximize. If she cannot directly reveal her information, to increase the principal's anticipatory utility she distorts instrumental decisions toward the action associated with good news. But because anticipatory utility derives from beliefs about instrumental outcomes, undistorted actions would yield higher ex ante total and anticipatory utility. If the agent can certifiably convey her information, she does so for good news, but unless this leads the principal to make a very costly mistake, to shelter his feelings she pretends to be uninformed when the news is bad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do those who can participate in more inclusive congregations instead choose to turn to those that draw strong ethnic boundaries? This article addresses this question through a little studied but growing phenomenon — Asian American college students' participation in separate ethnic evangelical organizations. Using data gathered from field research in a variety of ethnically diverse campus ministries, this paper examines why second-generation Korean Americans who can participate in pan-ethnic, multiracial, or predominately white campus ministries instead participate in separate ethnic campus ministries. In so doing, it contributes to the emerging literature on the religious participation of the children of today's post-1965 immigrants; it addresses the largely unformed debate regarding the prevalence of racialization versus ethnicization explanations for ethnic religious group formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the key normative issues raised by empirical research into social mobility and meritocracy. Typically, sociologists working in this area are motivated by a concern with matters of social justice and equality of opportunity, but that concern tends to be rather vague and diffuse, which makes it difficult to assess the normative relevance of their findings. Surveying, in an accessible manner, five issues familiar to political philosophers that clarify the significance of sociologists' results, this paper explains why a regime of `perfect mobility' is not an appropriate benchmark for evaluating the extent to which a society offers its members social justice or equality of opportunity. Some of the mechanisms that produce an association between the social position of parents and children are unobjectionable and would exist even in an altogether just society. Sociologists do not endorse perfect mobility. But neither are they clear about the variety, and normative significance, of the various mechanisms that tend to generate inequalities in mobility chances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the independent religious communities that began their activity with the liberal reforms and antireligious policy of Nikita Khrushchev. The paper confines itself to the near- Orthodox independent religious communities that existed in Leningrad from the 1960s to the 1970s. A specific characteristic of those communities was their doseness to various lands of Russian nationalistic groups and to the dissent movement. Through an analysis of interviews with former participants in the religious communities, auto-biographical texts and various documents, an attempt is made to reconstruct the significance of individual religious searches by the young intellectuals of Leningrad who took part in the religious communities, and their values and ideology during the 1960s and '70s. Criticism and disillusionment with communism preceded conversion of these soviet intellectuals to Orthodoxy. The specific context of atheistic government resulted not only in a particular combination of the elements of restored religious tradition, but also in special techniques of validation of their religious faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines causality in social science in the context of the question whether children are adversely affected in the long term by parental divorce. The paper identifies first what precise question is at issue. The data and methodology required to examine the question are specified. Studies approaching these requirements are examined and it is found that the largely causal conclusions drawn are not justified. The finding of the paper is, rather, that the evidence is insufficient to allow the inference that divorce causes long-term adverse effects to the children. More than this, it appears that the sociological and demographic literature has not, by and large, addressed seriously the difficulties of establishing causal effects in this area. Correlational data are routinely interpreted as causal in other areas of social science also. Causal interpretation is a source of difficulty in general in the social sciences and increasingly this is being recognized and discussed. Some reasons for the difficulties involved are suggested and some interim pragmatic approaches to resolving them are proposed.

This article presents a list of books related to sociology. Various books that are included in the list are, "The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes," by Amitai Etzioni, "Philosophy Today," by Jerry H. Gill, "Models of Economic Growth," by Daniel Hamberg, "The Legacy of Max Weber," by L.M. Lachman, "Sociology in Its Place and Other Essays," by W.G. Runciman, "Looking for America: Essays on Youth, Suburbia, and Other American Obsessions," by Bennett M. Berger, "Student Violence," by Edward Bloomberg, "Dimensions of Urban Social Structure: The Social Areas of Melbourne, Australia," by F. Lancaster Jones, "The Lutheran Ethic: The Impact of Religion on Laymen and Clergy," by Lawrence L. Kersten, "Student Activism," by Paul D. Knott, "The Contexts of Social Mobility: Ideology and Theory," by Anselm L. Strauss, "The Democratic Citizen: Social Science and Democratic Theory in the Twentieth Century," by Dennis F. Thompson and "Functionaries: Problems of American Society," by F. William Howton.

This article presents a photograph of sociologist Howard W. Odum. The photograph is published in the December 1954 issue of the periodical "Social Forces."

The paper analyses occupational matching as a process of status allocation and a mechanism which maintains or changes the structure of social stratification. By examining the occupational matching process in two political regimes (East and West Germany between 1945 and 1989), we address the following question: is occupational matching based on educational credentials a general allocation mechanism in all meritocratic societies, irrespective of their ideological goals? The empirical analyses are based on the German Life History Study conducted at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. The male and female respondents belong to four birth cohorts (1929-31, 1939-41, 1949-51/1951-53, and 1959-61). The descriptive analyses and logistic regressions presented in the paper reveal astonishing similarities, but also remarkable differences between the two regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of studies related to social work, sociology and social policy. They include "Explaining Health Inequalities: Beyond Black and Barker," "Death in the News: The Public Investigation of Private Emotion," and "Rethinking Childhood Dependency: Children's Contributions to the Domestic Economy."

Social work education is subject to further changes partly in response to media and governmental scrutiny and pressure, with particular criticism being levelled at anti-racist social work theory and practice. This paper questions whether this is due only to the dominance of a particular ideology in Britain, or if it is also a consequence of the failure of social work education to adequately address the complexity of the issues involved. The authors suggest that much of the anti-racist social work literature is theoretically inadequate, being informed by neither sociological, political nor economic theory or research on racism in Britain. This has made it vulnerable in a climate which is hostile to struggles for racial and other forms of social equality. The authors conclude that a radical, yet realistic, way forward is to move away from the current narrow focus on anti-racism to a broader anti-oppressive framework. This recognizes the need to continue the fight against racial, alongside class, gender and other forms of oppression, whilst setting achievable objectives within the social work process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a set of seven tables that show the intergenerational social mobility of Norwegian men with respect to trends in relative mobility. The seven tables are constructed from the Norwegian Election Studies, a unique set of data covering a time-span of more than 30 years from 1957 to 1989. These tables are analysed by means of log-multiplicative and log-linear models in which relative social mobility is represented by parameters for class-specific immobility and scaled association. The model selection process ends with slight preference for the best trend model over a model of stability in relative mobility. The former model displays stable immobility parameters, and shows a linear downward trend in the scaled association since 1965, with a deviant low value for 1957, whereas in the stability model, both the immobility and the scaled association parameters are stable in the time-period covered by the study. The observed trend in the scaled association parameters could also be seen as a part of a cyclical pattern, which may result if the scaled association should increase in the future. If the hypothesis of a trend towards greater openness is correct, it should be observed first among young people. Re-estimating the models for men 40 years or younger separately does suggest that the model with a negative linear trend comes out strengthened in terms of fit, but the scaled association parameters show more variation around the estimated trend line. In conclusion, the study indicates a tendency towards less rigidity in the class structure, captured by the negative trend in the scaled association since 1965. This tendency is not found for the immobility parameters, which seem to be quite stable over time. These conflicting results, together with the relatively good fit of a model of stability in social fluidity, may alternatively be interpreted as 'trendless fluctuations' in relative mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we employ Erikson and Goldthorpe's core model of social fluidity and a 'measured variable' approach to analyse trends in social mobility among men in the Republic of Ireland. Our analyses provide no evidence that the changes associated with industrialization have led to the increases in social fluidity predicted by the liberal theory of industrialism. The measured-variable approach we employ consistently provides a better fit to the Irish data than the core model. The application of the former model points to a degree of importance of the hierarchy dimension which is not captured adequately by the core model. It also suggests that the well-known distinctiveness of the Irish social mobility regime is open to explanation in terms of general dimensions rather than the peculiarities of the Irish case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the growth and significance of private policing, which has received considerable attention in North America and the UK but relatively little in the rest of Europe. The paper draws upon European sources to describe the implications of the privatization of policing for civil liberties and the expectations that citizenship carries regarding state provision of policing services, and for the development of a market in policing in the post-1993 European Union. It suggests that there is the potential for the emergence of a new 'policing complex' and considers how certain developments in sociological theory may illuminate aspects of this trend. It concludes by offering a future European research agenda on this topic and comments on the social policy implications of a mixed economy of policing that erodes the citizen's legitimate expectations of equality in protection from crime and incivilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the unemployment problem in Britain and in Spain. The risk of unemployment is greater in Spain and the social security system to support the unemployed less comprehensive than in the UK. The unemployed in both countries suffer lower psychological wellbeing than the employed in the same country, but there are surprising differences when comparisons are made between the British and Spanish unemployed. Attempts to fit the results into a general explanatory framework of relative deprivation theory fail. Differences between the two countries in the prevalence of a work ethic seem to be the most likely explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whenever the journal prints a controversial article someone is sure to protest, "Why don't you print along with it a rebuttal paper?" or "Why print such an outrageous point of view?" The policy of your Editorial Board is to print controversial papers if they meet publication standards letting the chips fall. This is true even when the article is anathema to the editors. To what extent is the central agency to modify or replace the roles of the traditional autonomous operating agency? Yes, your agency, dear reader. It is another version of the federal-states rights principle, not easily solved but enormously important how it is solved. Assuming that the role of the autonomous agency will be modified, does not the individual agency with its leadership board prove to be a constructive counter-foil in the central power structure? Another point-when the goal for community planning is stated as problem centered with the objective of social welfare, none can quarrel with it.

This paper proposes a social service model-opportunity-centered social services-aimed at helping the poor achieve upward social mobility by facilitating their use of existing opportunities in employment, housing, and education. The model is discussed in terms of its content, method of delivery, and social service outcomes obtained from a study conducted in a demonstration project at Community Progress-an antipoverty program in New Haven, Connecticut. It was found that social services located in existing opportunity systems and the combined use of professionals and nonprofessionals help the poor cope with the bureaucratic institutions with which they must deal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]