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We present the analysis of the stellar population and star formation history of 181 MIRI selected galaxies at z  = 0 − 3.5 in the massive galaxy cluster field SMACS J0723.3–7327, commonly referred to as SMACS0723, using the JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). We combine the data with the JWST Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) catalogue, in conjunction with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFC3/IR and ACS imaging. We find that the MIRI bands capture PAH features and dust emission, significantly enhancing the accuracy of photometric redshift and measurements of the physical properties of these galaxies. The median photo- z 's of galaxies with MIRI data are found to have a small 0.1 per cent difference from spectroscopic redshifts and reducing the error by 20 per cent. With MIRI data included in SED fits, we find that the measured stellar masses are unchanged, while the star formation rate is slightly lower by 0.1 dex. We also fit the median SED of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and star-forming galaxies (SFG) separately. MIRI data provides tighter constraints on the AGN contribution, reducing the typical AGN contributions by ∼15 per cent. In addition, we also compare the median SED obtained with and without MIRI, and we find that including MIRI data yields steeper optical and UV slopes, indicating bluer colours, lower dust attenuation, and younger stellar populations. In the future, MIRI/MRS will enhance our understanding by providing more detailed spectral information and allowing for the study of specific emission features and diagnostics associated with AGN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the clustering and bias of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRG) in the BOSS-LOWZ, -CMASS, -COMB, and eBOSS samples, using two types of simulated lightcones: (i) high-fidelity lightcones from Uchuu N -body simulation, employing SHAM technique to assign LRG to (sub)haloes, and (ii) 16 000 covariance lightcones from GLAM-Uchuu N -body simulations, including LRG using HOD data from Uchuu. Our results indicate that Uchuu and glam lightcones closely replicate BOSS/eBOSS data, reproducing correlation function and power spectrum across scales from redshifts 0.2 to 1.0, from 2 to |$150 \,h^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}$| in configuration space, from 0.005 to |$0.7\, h\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$| in Fourier space, and across different LRG stellar masses. Furthermore, comparing with existing MD-Patchy and EZmock BOSS/eBOSS lightcones based on approximate methods, our GLAM-Uchuu lightcones provide more precise clustering estimates. We identify significant deviations from observations within |$20 \,h^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}$| scales in MD-Patchy and EZmock , with our covariance matrices indicating that these methods underestimate errors by between 10 per cent and 60 per cent. Lastly, we explore the impact of cosmology on galaxy clustering. Our findings suggest that, given the current level of uncertainties in BOSS/eBOSS data, distinguishing models with and without massive neutrino effects on large-scale structure (LSS) is challenging. This paper highlights the Uchuu and GLAM-Uchuu simulations' robustness in verifying the accuracy of Planck cosmological parameters, providing a strong foundation for enhancing lightcone construction in future LSS surveys. We also demonstrate that generating thousands of galaxy lightcones is feasible using N -body simulations with adequate mass and force resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a correction to a previous paper titled "The hot gas distribution, X-ray luminosity, and baryon budget in the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy formation." The authors discovered an error in their calculations regarding the infall time-scale of the cool core in galaxy clusters. They mistakenly used the dynamical time-scale of the entire halo instead of the correct free-fall time-scale at the core radius. This error affects the gas cooling rate and subsequently the results of the stellar and gas components in galaxy formation. The authors provide updated results and conclusions based on the corrected calculations. [Extracted from the article]

The formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the Universe and its role in the properties of the galaxies is one of the open questions in astrophysics and cosmology. Though, traditionally, electromagnetic waves have been instrumental in direct measurements of SMBHs, significantly influencing our comprehension of galaxy formation, gravitational waves (GW) bring an independent avenue to detect numerous binary SMBHs in the observable Universe in the nano-Hertz range using the pulsar timing array observation. This brings a new way to understand the connection between the formation of binary SMBHs and galaxy formation if we can connect theoretical models with multimessenger observations namely GW data and galaxy surveys. Along these lines, we present here the first paper on this series based on romulus25 cosmological simulation on the properties of the host galaxies of SMBHs and propose on how this can be used to connect with observations of nano-Hertz GW signal and galaxy surveys. We show that the most dominant contribution to the background will arise from sources with high chirp masses which are likely to reside in low-redshift early-type galaxies with high stellar mass, largely old stellar population, and low star formation rate, and that reside at centres of galaxy groups and manifest evidence of recent mergers. The masses of the sources show a correlation with the halo mass and stellar mass of the host galaxies. This theoretical study will help in understanding the host properties of the GW sources and can help in establishing a connection with observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use photometric data from the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey Data Release 4 survey to identify isolated galaxy pairs and analyse their characteristics and properties. Our results align with previous spectroscopic studies, particularly in luminosity function parameters, suggesting a consistent trait among galaxy systems. Our findings reveal a high fraction of red galaxies across all samples, irrespective of projected distance, velocity difference, or luminosity ratio. We found that the proximity of a neighbour to its central galaxy influences its colour due to environmental effects. We also found that central and neighbour have different behaviours: central galaxies maintain a stable red colour regardless of luminosity, while neighbour colours vary based on luminosity ratios. When the central is significantly brighter, the neighbour tends to be less red. According to our division in red, blue, and mixed pairs, we found evidence of galactic conformity. The red pair fractions increase in closer pairs and in pairs of similar luminosity, indicating shared environments promoting red galaxy formation. Analysing local density, the expected colour–density relation is of course recovered, but it is strongly determined by the stellar mass of the pair. In denser environments, the red pair fractions increase, blue pairs decrease, and for the mixed pairs it depends on their stellar mass: more massive mixed pairs decrease their fraction, whereas the less massive ones increase it. These results shed light on the intricate relationship between galaxy pairs, their characteristics, and environmental influences on colour, providing insights into their evolutionary histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a galaxy falls into a cluster, its outermost parts are the most affected by the environment. In this paper, we are interested in studying the influence of a dense environment on different galaxy's components to better understand how this affects the evolution of galaxies. We use, as laboratory for this study, the Hydra cluster which is close to virialization; yet it still shows evidence of substructures. We present a multiwavelength bulge–disc decomposition performed simultaneously in 12 bands from S-PLUS (Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey) data for 52 galaxies brighter than mr  = 16. We model the galaxies with a Sérsic profile for the bulge and an exponential profile for the disc. We find that the smaller, more compact, and bulge-dominated galaxies tend to exhibit a redder colour at a fixed stellar mass. This suggests that the same mechanisms (ram-pressure and tidal stripping) that are causing the compaction in these galaxies are also causing them to stop forming stars. The bulge size is unrelated to the galaxy's stellar mass, while the disc size increases with greater stellar mass, indicating the dominant role of the disc in the overall galaxy mass–size relation found. Furthermore, our analysis of the environment unveils that quenched galaxies are prevalent in regions likely associated with substructures. However, these areas also harbour a minority of star-forming galaxies, primarily resulting from galaxy interactions. Lastly, we find that ∼37 per cent of the galaxies exhibit bulges that are bluer than their discs, indicative of an outside-in quenching process in this type of dense environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs) are commonly found in close proximity to the Milky Way and other massive spiral galaxies. As such, their projected stellar ellipticity and extended light distributions are often thought to owe to tidal forces. In this paper, we study the projected stellar ellipticities and faint stellar outskirts of tidally isolated ultra-faints drawn from the 'Engineering Dwarfs at Galaxy Formation's Edge' (EDGE) cosmological simulation suite. Despite their tidal isolation, our simulated dwarfs exhibit a wide range of projected ellipticities (0.03 < ε < 0.85), with many possessing anisotropic extended stellar haloes that mimic tidal tails, but owe instead to late-time accretion of lower mass companions. Furthermore, we find a strong causal relationship between ellipticity and formation time of a UFD, which is robust to a wide variation in the feedback model. We show that the distribution of projected ellipticities in our suite of simulated EDGE dwarfs matches well with a sample of 19 Local Group dwarf galaxies and a sample of 11 isolated dwarf galaxies. Given ellipticity in EDGE arises from an ex-situ accretion origin, the agreement in shape indicates the ellipticities of some observed dwarfs may also originate from a non-tidal scenario. The orbital parameters of these observed dwarfs further support that they are not currently tidally disrupting. If the baryonic content in these galaxies is still tidally intact, then the same may be true for their dark matter content, making these galaxies in our Local Group pristine laboratories for testing dark matter and galaxy formation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the measurement of total and stellar/dark matter decomposed mass density profile around a sample of galaxy groups and clusters with dynamical masses derived from integral-field stellar kinematics from the MaNGA survey in Paper I and weak lensing derived from the DECaLS imaging survey. Combining the two data sets enables accurate measurement of the radial density distribution from several kpc to Mpc scales. Intriguingly, we find that the excess surface density derived from stellar kinematics in the inner region cannot be explained by simply adding an NFW dark matter halo extrapolated from lensing measurement at a larger scale to a stellar mass component derived from the NASA-Sloan Atlas (NSA) catalogue. We find that a good fit to both data sets requires a stellar mass normalization about three times higher than that derived from the NSA catalogue, which would require an unrealistically too-heavy initial mass function for stellar mass estimation. If we keep the stellar mass normalization to that of the NSA catalogue but allow a varying inner dark matter density profile, we obtain an asymptotic slope of γgnfw =  |$1.82_{-0.25}^{+0.15}$| and γgnfw =  |$1.48_{-0.41}^{+0.20}$| for the group bin and the cluster bin, respectively, significantly steeper than the NFW case. We also compare the total mass inner density slopes with those from TNG300 and find that the values from the simulation are lower than the observation by about 2σ level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a pilot study of the atomic neutral hydrogen gas (H  i) content of ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG) candidates. In this paper, we use the pre-pilot Eridanus field data from the Widefield ASKAP L -band Legacy All-sky Blind Survey to search for H  i in UDG candidates found in the Systematically Measuring Ultra-diffuse Galaxies survey (SMUDGes). We narrow down to 78 SMUDGes UDG candidates within the maximum radial extents of the Eridanus subgroups for this study. Most SMUDGes UDGs candidates in this study have effective radii smaller than 1.5 kpc and thus fail to meet the defining size threshold. We only find one H  i detection, which we classify as a low-surface-brightness dwarf. Six putative UDGs are H  i -free. We show the overall distribution of SMUDGes UDG candidates on the size–luminosity relation and compare them with low-mass dwarfs on the atomic gas fraction versus stellar mass scaling relation. There is no correlation between gas-richness and colour indicating that colour is not the sole parameter determining their H  i content. The evolutionary paths that drive galaxy morphological changes and UDG formation channels are likely the additional factors to affect the H  i content of putative UDGs. The actual numbers of UDGs for the Eridanus and NGC 1332 subgroups are consistent with the predicted abundance of UDGs and the halo virial mass relation, except for the NGC 1407 subgroup, which has a smaller number of UDGs than the predicted number. Different group environments suggest that these putative UDGs are likely formed via the satellite accretion scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we extend the Tiered Radio Extragalactic Continuum Simulation (T-RECS) to include H  i emission. The H  i T-RECS model is based on the most recent H  i mass function estimates, combined with prescriptions to convert H  i mass to total integrated H  i flux. It further models source size, morphology, and kinematics, including rotational velocity and H  i line width. The continuum T-RECS model is updated to improve the agreement with deeper number counts available at 150 MHz. The model for star-forming galaxies (SFGs) is also modified according to the most recent indications of a star formation rate (SFR)–radio luminosity relation, which depends primarily on stellar mass rather than redshift. We further introduce prescriptions to associate an H  i mass with the T-RECS radio continuum SFG and active galactic nuclei (AGN) populations. This gives us a way to meaningfully associate counterparts between H  i and continuum catalogues, thus building H  i × continuum simulated observations. Clustering properties of the sources in both H  i and the continuum are reproduced by associating the galaxies with dark matter haloes in a cosmological simulation. We deliver a set of mock catalogues as well as the code to produce them, which can be used for simulating observations and predicting results from radio surveys with existing and forthcoming radio facilities, such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a newly established sample of 19 unique galaxies and galaxy groups at redshift z  = 0.89–1.21 in six QSO fields from the Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS), designated as the CUBSz1 sample. In this sample, nine galaxies or galaxy groups show absorption features, while the other 10 systems exhibit 2σ upper limits of |$\log N (\rm{He\,{\small I}})/\mbox{${\rm cm^{-2}}$}\lesssim 13.5$| and |$\log N (\rm{O\,{\small V}})/\mbox{${\rm cm^{-2}}$}\lesssim 13.3$|⁠. Environmental properties of the galaxies, including galaxy overdensities, the total stellar mass and gravitational potential summed over all neighbours, and the presence of local ionizing sources, are found to have a significant impact on the observed CGM absorption properties. Specifically, massive galaxies and galaxies in overdense regions exhibit a higher rate of incidence of absorption. The CGM absorption properties in galaxy groups appear to be driven by the galaxy closest to the QSO sightline, rather than by the most massive galaxy or by mass-weighted properties. We introduce a total projected gravitational potential ψ, defined as −ψ/ G  = ∑ M halo/ d proj summed over all group members, to characterize the galaxy environment. This projected gravitational potential correlates linearly with the maximum density detected in each sightline (i.e. a power-law slope of |$0.95_{-0.14}^{+0.15}$|⁠), consistent with higher pressure gas being confined in deeper gravitational potential wells. In addition, we find that the radial profile of cool gas density exhibits a decline from the inner regions to the outskirts, and the amplitude is consistent with the cool gas being in pressure balance with the hot halo. Finally, we note that the ionizing flux from nearby galaxies can elevate the N (H  i)/ N (He  i) ratio, which provides a unique diagnostic of possible local sources contributing to the ionizing radiation field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most stars are formed as star clusters in galaxies, which then disperse into galactic disks. Upcoming exascale supercomputational facilities will enable simulations of galaxies and their formation by resolving individual stars (star-by-star simulations). This will substantially advance our understanding of star formation in galaxies, star cluster formation, and assembly histories of galaxies. In previous galaxy simulations, a simple stellar population approximation was used. It is, however, difficult to improve the mass resolution with this approximation. Therefore, a model for forming individual stars that can be used in simulations of galaxies must be established. In this first paper of a series from the SIRIUS (SImulations Resolving IndividUal Stars) project, we demonstrate a stochastic star formation model for star-by-star simulations. An assumed stellar initial mass function (IMF) is randomly assigned to newly formed stars in this model. We introduce a maximum search radius to assemble the mass from surrounding gas particles to form star particles. In this study, we perform a series of N -body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of star cluster formations from turbulent molecular clouds and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies as test cases. The IMF can be correctly sampled if a maximum search radius that is larger than the value estimated from the threshold density for star formation is adopted. In small clouds, the formation of massive stars is highly stochastic because of the small number of stars. We confirm that the star formation efficiency and threshold density do not strongly affect the results. We find that our model can naturally reproduce the relationship between the most massive stars and the total stellar mass of star clusters. Herein, we demonstrate that our models can be applied to simulations varying from star clusters to galaxies for a wide range of resolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of baryons provides a significant way to understand the formation of galaxy clusters by revealing the details of its internal structure and changes over time. In this paper, we present theoretical studies on the scaled profiles of physical properties associated with the baryonic components, including gas density, temperature, metallicity, pressure and entropy as well as stellar mass, metallicity and satellite galaxy number density in galaxy clusters from z = 4 to z = 0 by tracking their progenitors. These mass-complete simulated galaxy clusters are coming from The Three Hundred with two runs: Gizmo-SIMBA and Gadget-X. Through comparisons between the two simulations, and with observed profiles that are generally available at low redshift, we find that (1) the agreements between the two runs and observations are mostly at outer radii r ≳ 0.3 r 500, in line with the self-similarity assumption. While Gadget-X shows better agreements with the observed gas profiles in the central regions compared to Gizmo-SIMBA ; (2) the evolution trends are generally consistent between the two simulations with slightly better consistency at outer radii. In detail, the gas density profile shows less discrepancy than the temperature and entropy profiles at high redshift. The differences in the cluster centre and gas properties imply different behaviours of the AGN models between Gadget-X and Gizmo-SIMBA , with the latter, maybe too strong for this cluster simulation. The high-redshift difference may be caused by the star formation and feedback models or hydrodynamics treatment, which requires observation constraints and understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The faint satellites of the local Universe provide an important benchmark for our understanding of structure formation and galaxy formation, but satellite populations are hard to identify beyond the Local Group. We recently developed an iterative method to quantify satellite abundance using galaxy clustering and tested it on a local sample in the COSMOS field, where accurate photometric redshifts are available for a large number of faint objects. In this paper, we consider the properties of these satellite populations in more detail, studying the satellite stellar mass function (SSMF), the satellite-central connection, and quenching as a function of satellite and central mass and colour. Despite the limited sample size, our results show good consistency with those from much larger surveys and constrain the SSMF down to some of the lowest primary masses considered to date. We reproduce several known trends in satellite abundance and quenching, and find evidence for one new one, a dependence of the quiescent fraction on the primary-to-secondary halo mass ratio. We discuss the prospects for the clustering method in current and forthcoming surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first deep-field observations of the JWST have immediately yielded a surprisingly large number of very high redshift candidates, pushing the frontier of observability well beyond z ≳ 10. We here present a detailed SED-fitting analysis of the 10 gravitationally lensed z ∼ 9–16 galaxy candidates detected behind the galaxy cluster SMACS J0723.3−7327 in a previous paper using the BEAGLE tool. Our analysis makes use of dynamical considerations to place limits on the ages of these galaxies and of all three published SL models of the cluster to account for lensing systematics. We find the majority of these galaxies to have relatively low stellar masses |$M_{\star }\sim 10^7-10^8\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$| and young ages t age ∼ 10–100 Myr but with a few higher mass exceptions (⁠|$M_{\star }\sim 10^9\rm{-}10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$|⁠) due to Balmer-break detections at z ∼ 9–10. Because of their very blue UV-slopes, down to β ∼ −3, all of the galaxies in our sample have extremely low dust attenuations AV ≲ 0.02. Placing the measured parameters into relation, we find a very shallow M ⋆ − M UV-slope and high sSFRs above the main sequence of star formation with no significant redshift-evolution in either relation. This is in agreement with the bright UV luminosities measured for these objects and indicates that we are naturally selecting UV-bright galaxies that are undergoing intense star formation at the time they are observed. Finally, we discuss the robustness of our high-redshift galaxy sample regarding low-redshift interlopers and conclude that low-redshift solutions can safely be ruled out for roughly half of the sample, including the highest redshift galaxies at z ∼ 12–16. These objects represent compelling targets for spectroscopic follow-up observations with JWST and ALMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite galaxies in the cluster environment are more likely to be quenched than galaxies in the general field. Recently, it has been reported that satellite galaxy quenching depends on the orientation relative to their central galaxies: satellites along the major axis of centrals are more likely to be quenched than those along the minor axis. In this paper, we report a detection of such anisotropic quenching up to z ∼ 1 based on a large optically selected cluster catalogue constructed from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. We calculate the quiescent satellite galaxy fraction as a function of orientation angle measured from the major axis of central galaxies and find that the quiescent fractions at 0.25 < z < 1 are reasonably fitted by sinusoidal functions with amplitudes of a few per cent. Anisotropy is clearer in inner regions (< r 200m) of clusters and not significant in cluster outskirts (> r 200m). We also confirm that the observed anisotropy cannot be explained by differences in local galaxy density or stellar mass distribution along the two axes. Quiescent fraction excesses between the two axes suggest that the quenching efficiency contributing to the anisotropy is almost independent of stellar mass, at least down to our stellar mass limit of |$M_{*}=1\times 10^{10}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$|⁠. Finally, we argue that the physical origins of the observed anisotropy should have shorter quenching time-scales than |$\sim 1\, \mathrm{Gyr}$|⁠ , like ram-pressure stripping, because, for anisotropic quenching to be observed, satellites must be quenched before their initial orientation angles are significantly changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outer light (stellar haloes) of massive galaxies has recently emerged as a possible low scatter tracer of dark matter halo mass. To test the robustness of outer light measurements across different data sets, we compare the 1D azimuthally averaged surface brightness profiles of massive galaxies using four independent data sets: the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey (HSC), the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS), the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and the Dragonfly Wide Field Survey (Dragonfly). We test the sky subtraction and proposed corrections for HSC and DECaLS. For galaxies at z < 0.05, Dragonfly has the best control of systematics, reaching surface brightness levels of μ r ≈ 30 mag arcsec−2. At 0.19 < z < 0.50, HSC can reliably recover individual surface brightness profiles to μ r ≈ 28.5 mag arcsec−2 (R  = 100–150 kpc in semimajor axis). In a statistical sense, DECaLS agrees with HSC to R > 200 kpc. DECaLS and HSC measurements of the stellar mass contained within 100 kpc agree within 0.05 dex. Finally, we use weak lensing to show that measurements of outer light with DECaLS at 0.19 < z < 0.50 show a similar promise as HSC as a low scatter proxy of halo mass. The tests and results from this paper represent an important step forward for accurate measurements of the outer light of massive galaxies and demonstrate that outer light measurements from DECam imaging will be a promising method for finding galaxy clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the theoretical description of galaxy clustering on small scales is an important challenge in cosmology, as it can considerably increase the scientific return of forthcoming galaxy surveys – e.g. tightening the bounds on neutrino masses and deviations from general relativity. In this paper, we propose and test a new model for the clustering of galaxies that is able to accurately describe redshift-space distortions even down to small scales. This model corresponds to a second-order perturbative Lagrangian bias expansion which is advected to Eulerian space employing a displacement field extracted from N -body simulations. Eulerian coordinates are then transformed into redshift space by directly employing simulated velocity fields augmented with nuisance parameters capturing various possible satellite fractions and intra-halo small-scale velocities. We quantify the accuracy of our approach against samples of physically motivated mock galaxies selected according to either stellar mass (SM) or star formation rate (SFR) at multiple abundances and at z  = 0 and 1. We find our model describes the monopole, quadrupole, and hexadecapole of the galaxy-power spectra down to scales of k ≈ 0.6 [ h  Mpc−1] within the accuracy of our simulations. This approach could pave the way to significantly increase the amount of cosmological information to be extracted from future galaxy surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents multiwavelength photometric catalogues of the last two Hubble Frontier Fields (HFFs), the massive galaxy clusters Abell 370 and RXC J2248.7−4431. The photometry ranges from imaging performed on the Hubble Space Telescope to ground-based Very Large Telescope and Spitzer /Infrared Array Camera, in collaboration with the ASTRODEEP team, and using the ASTRODEEP pipeline. While the main purpose of this paper is to release the catalogues, we also perform, as a proof of concept, a brief analysis of z > 6 objects selected using dropout method, as well as spectroscopically confirmed sources and multiple images in both clusters. While dropout methods yield a sample of high- z galaxies, the addition of longer wavelength data reveals that as expected the samples have substantial contamination at the ∼30–45 per cent level by dusty galaxies at lower redshifts. Furthermore, we show that spectroscopic redshifts are still required to unambiguously determine redshifts of multiply imaged systems. Finally, the now publicly available ASTRODEEP catalogues were combined for all HFFs and used to explore stellar properties of a large sample of 20 000 galaxies across a large photometric redshift range. The powerful magnification provided by the HFF clusters allows for an exploration of the properties of galaxies with intrinsic stellar masses as low as M * ≳ 107 M⊙ and intrinsic star formation rates ∼0.1–1 M⊙ yr−1 at z  > 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Star cluster formation in giant molecular clouds involves the local collapse of the cloud into small gas-rich subclusters, which can then subsequently collide and merge to build up the final star cluster(s). In this paper, we simulate collisions between these subclusters, using coupled smooth particle hydrodynamics for the gas and N -body dynamics for the stars. We are guided by previous radiation hydrodynamics simulations of molecular cloud collapse which provide the global properties of the colliding clusters, such as their stellar and gas masses, and their initial positions and velocities. The subclusters in the original simulation were treated as sink particles which immediately merged into a single entity after the collision. We show that the more detailed treatment provides a more complex picture. At collisional velocities above ≈10 km s−1, the stellar components of the cluster do not form a monolithic cluster within 3 Myr, although the gas may do so. At lower velocities, the clusters do eventually merge but over time-scales that may be longer than the time for a subsequent collision. The structure of the resultant cluster is not well fit by any standard density distribution, and the clusters are not in equilibrium but continue to expand over our simulation time. We conclude that the simple sink particle treatment of subcluster mergers in large-scale giant molecular cloud simulations provides an upper limit on the final cluster properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emission line galaxies provide a crucial tool for the study of galaxy formation and evolution, providing a means to trace a galaxy's star formation history or metal enrichment, and to identify galaxies at a range of stellar masses. In this paper, we present a study of emission line galaxies in the Survey for High- z Absorption Red and Dead Sources (SHARDS) Frontier Fields (FF) medium-band survey. Through detailed flux calibrations we combine the first results of the SHARDS-FF survey with existing Hubble Frontier Field data to select 1098 candidate emission line galaxies from the Hubble Frontier Filed clusters Abell 370 and MACS J1149.5+2223. Furthermore, we implement this deep medium-band imaging to update photometric redshift estimates and stellar population parameters and discover 38 predominantly low-mass Hα emitters at redshifts 0.24 < z < 0.46. Overall, 27 of these sources have corresponding ultraviolet (UV) data from the Hubble Space Telescope that allow us to distinguish these sources and investigate the burstiness of their star formation histories. We find that more than 50 per cent of our sample shows an enhancement in Hα over UV, suggesting recent bursts in star formation on time-scales of a few to tens of Myr. We investigate these sources and find that they are typically low-mass discy galaxies with normal sizes. Their structures and star formation suggest that they are not undergoing mergers but are bursting due to alternative causes, such as gas accretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subhalo abundance matching (SHAM) is a popular technique for assigning galaxy mass or luminosity to haloes produced in N -body simulations. The method works by matching the cumulative number functions of the galaxy and halo properties, and is therefore sensitive both to the precise definitions of those properties and to the selection criteria used to define the samples. Further dependence follows when SHAM parameters are calibrated with galaxy clustering, which is known to depend strongly on the manner in which galaxies are selected. In this paper we introduce a new parametrization for SHAM and derive the best-fitting SHAM parameters as a function of various properties of the selection of the galaxy sample and of the photometric definition, including Sérsic versus Petrosian magnitudes, stellar masses versus r -band magnitudes, and optical (Sloan Digital Sky Survey) versus |$\mathrm{H}\, \small {\rm I}$| (ALFALFA) selection. In each case we calculate the models' goodness-of-fit to measurements of the projected two-point galaxy correlation function. In the optically selected samples we find strong evidence that the scatter in the galaxy–halo connection increases towards the faint end, and that AM performs better with luminosity than stellar mass. The SHAM parameters of optically and |$\mathrm{H}\, \small {\rm I}$| -selected galaxies are mutually exclusive, with the latter suggesting the importance of properties beyond halo mass. We provide best-fitting parameters for the SHAM galaxy–halo connection as a function of each of our input choices, extending the domain of validity of the model while reducing potential systematic error in its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the discovery of an intrinsically faint, quintuply-imaged, dusty galaxy MACS0600-z6 at a redshift z = 6.07 viewed through the cluster MACSJ0600.1–2008 (z = 0.46). A ≃ 4σ dust detection is seen at 1.2mm as part of the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS), an on-going ALMA Large programme, and the redshift is secured via [C  ii ] 158 μ m emission described in a companion paper. In addition, spectroscopic follow-up with GMOS/Gemini-North shows a break in the galaxy's spectrum, consistent with the Lyman break at that redshift. We use a detailed mass model of the cluster and infer a magnification μ ≳ 30 for the most magnified image of this galaxy, which provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the physical properties of a sub-luminous galaxy at the end of cosmic reionization. Based on the spectral energy distribution, we infer lensing-corrected stellar and dust masses of |$\rm {2.9^{+11.5}_{-2.3}\times 10^9}$| and |$\rm {4.8^{+4.5}_{-3.4}\times 10^6}$| |$\rm {M_{\odot }}$|⁠ , respectively, a star formation rate of |$\rm {9.7^{+22.0}_{-6.6} \, M_{\odot } \, yr^{-1}}$|⁠ , an intrinsic size of |$\rm {0.54^{+0.26}_{-0.14}}$| kpc, and a luminosity-weighted age of 200 ± 100 Myr. Strikingly, the dust production rate in this relatively young galaxy appears to be larger than that observed for equivalent, lower redshift sources. We discuss if this implies that early supernovae are more efficient dust producers and the consequences for using dust mass as a probe of earlier star formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new method for quantifying the abundance of satellites around field galaxies and in groups. The method is designed to work with samples such as photometric redshift catalogues, that do not have full spectroscopic coverage, but for which some redshift or distance information is available. It consists of identifying the galaxies most likely to be centrals, and using the clustering signal around them as a template to iteratively decompose the full population into satellite and central populations. Thus, it is similar to performing crowded-field photometry by using isolated stars to determine the point spread function of the image. The method does not identify individual satellites or centrals conclusively, but assigns a probability to each galaxy of being one or the other. Averaged over a large sample, it provides a statistical estimate of satellite abundance, even in crowded fields with large redshift uncertainties. We test the method using data from the COSMOS field, which includes a large set of local objects with accurate photometric redshifts. We measure satellite abundance as a function of central stellar or halo mass, as well as the satellite luminosity function, and find results consistent with previous studies, but extending over a broader range of central masses. We also consider a number of possible systematic uncertainties in the method, and show that they are generally smaller than our random errors. Having presented the method in this paper, we will use it to study the properties of the satellite populations in a forthcoming one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing consensus that the vast majority of ultradiffuse galaxies (UDGs) are dwarf galaxies. However, there remain a few UDGs that seem to be special in terms of their globular cluster (GC) systems. In particular, according to some authors, certain UDGs exhibit large GC populations when compared to expectations from their stellar (or total) mass. Among these special UDGs, DF44 in the Coma cluster is one of the better-known examples. DF44 has been claimed to have a relatively high number of GCs, |$N_{\mathrm{ GC}}=74^{+18}_{-18}$|⁠ , for a stellar mass of only |$3\times 10^8\, \mathrm{ M}_{ \odot}$| which would indicate a much larger dark halo mass than dwarfs of similar stellar mass. In this paper, we revisit this number and, contrary to previous results, find |$N_{\mathrm{ GC}}=21^{+7}_{-9}$| assuming that the distribution of the GCs follows the same geometry as the galaxy. If we assume that the GCs around DF44 are distributed in a (projected) circularly symmetric way and, if we use a less strict criterion for the selection of the GCs, we find |$N_{\mathrm{ GC}}=18^{+23}_{-12}$|⁠. Making use of the M GC– M halo relation, this number of GCs suggests a dark matter halo mass of |$M_{\mathrm{ halo}}=1.1^{+0.4}_{-0.5} \times 10^{11} \mathrm{ M}_{\odot}$|⁠ , a value which is consistent with the expected total mass for DF44 based on its velocity dispersion, |$\sigma =33^{+3}_{-3}$| km s−1. We conclude that the number of GCs around DF44 is as expected for regular dwarf galaxies of similar stellar mass and DF44 is not extraordinary in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although ZwCl0024+1652 galaxy cluster at z ∼ 0.4 has been thoroughly analysed, it lacks a comprehensive study of star formation and nuclear activity of its members. With GaLAxy Cluster Evolution (GLACE) survey, a total of 174 H α emission-line galaxies (ELGs) were detected, most of them having [N  ii ]. We reduced and analysed a set of [O  iii ] and H β tunable filter (TF) observations within GLACE survey. Using H α priors, we identified [O  iii ] and H β in 35 (∼20 per cent) and 59 (∼34 per cent) sources, respectively, with 21 of them having both emission lines, and 20 having in addition [N  ii ]. Applying BPT-NII diagnostic diagram, we classified these ELGs into 40 per cent star-forming (SF), 55 per cent composites, and 5 per cent LINERs. Star formation rate (SFR) measured through extinction corrected H α fluxes increases with stellar mass (M *), attaining its peak at |$\mathrm{\mathit{ M}}_{*}\sim 10^{9.8}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$|⁠. We observed that the cluster centre to ∼ 1.3 Mpc is devoid of SF galaxies and AGN. Our results suggest that the star formation efficiency declines as the local density increases in the cluster medium. Moreover, the SF and AGN fractions drop sharply towards high-density environments. We observed a strong decline in SF fraction in high M *, confirming that star formation is highly suppressed in high-mass cluster galaxies. Finally, we determined that SFR correlates with M * while specific SFR (sSFR) anticorrelates with M *, both for cluster and field. This work shows the importance and strength of TF observations when studying ELGs in clusters at higher redshifts. We provide with this paper a catalogue of ELGs with H β and/or [O  iii ] lines in ZwCl0024+1652 cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A catalogue of galaxy clusters was obtained in an area of 414 |$\deg ^2$| up to a redshift z ∼ 0.8 from the Data Release 3 of the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS-DR3), using the Adaptive Matched Identifier of Clustered Objects (amico) algorithm. The catalogue and the calibration of the richness–mass relation were presented in two companion papers. Here, we describe the selection of the cluster central galaxy and the classification of blue and red cluster members, and analyse the main cluster properties, such as the red/blue fraction, cluster mass, brightness, and stellar mass of the central galaxy, and their dependence on redshift and cluster richness. We use the Illustris-TNG simulation, which represents the state-of-the-art cosmological simulation of galaxy formation, as a benchmark for the interpretation of the results. A good agreement with simulations is found at low redshifts (z ≤ 0.4), while at higher redshifts the simulations indicate a lower fraction of blue galaxies than what found in the KiDS- amico catalogue: we argue that this may be due to an underestimate of star-forming galaxies in the simulations. The selection of clusters with a larger magnitude difference between the two brightest central galaxies, which may indicate a more relaxed cluster dynamical status, improves the agreement between the observed and simulated cluster mass and stellar mass of the central galaxy. We also find that at a given cluster mass the stellar mass of blue central galaxies is lower than that of the red ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodynamical cosmological simulations have recently made great advances in reproducing galaxy mass assembly over cosmic time – as often quantified from the comparison of their predicted stellar mass functions to observed stellar mass functions from data. In this paper, we compare the clustering of galaxies from the hydrodynamical cosmological simulated light-cone Horizon-AGN to clustering measurements from the VIDEO survey observations. Using mocks built from a VIDEO-like photometry, we first explore the bias introduced into clustering measurements by using stellar masses and redshifts derived from spectral energy distribution fitting, rather than the intrinsic values. The propagation of redshift and mass statistical and systematic uncertainties in the clustering measurements causes us to underestimate the clustering amplitude. We then find that clustering and halo occupation distribution (HOD) modelling results are qualitatively similar in Horizon-AGN and VIDEO. However, at low stellar masses, Horizon-AGN underestimates the observed clustering by up to a factor of ∼3, reflecting the known excess stellar mass to halo mass ratio for Horizon-AGN low-mass haloes, already discussed in previous works. This reinforces the need for stronger regulation of star formation in low-mass haloes in the simulation. Finally, the comparison of the stellar mass to halo mass ratio in the simulated catalogue, inferred from angular clustering, to that directly measured from the simulation validates HOD modelling of clustering as a probe of the galaxy–halo connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galaxies and galaxy groups located along the line of sight towards gravitationally lensed quasars produce high-order perturbations of the gravitational potential at the lens position. When these perturbation are too large, they can induce a systematic error on H 0 of a few per cent if the lens system is used for cosmological inference and the perturbers are not explicitly accounted for in the lens model. In this work, we present a detailed characterization of the environment of the lens system WFI 2033−4723 (⁠|$z_{\rm src} =\,$| 1.662, |$z_{\rm lens}=\,$| 0.6575), one of the core targets of the H0LiCOW project for which we present cosmological inferences in a companion paper. We use the Gemini and ESO-Very Large telescopes to measure the spectroscopic redshifts of the brightest galaxies towards the lens, and use the ESO-MUSE integral field spectrograph to measure the velocity-dispersion of the lens (⁠|$\sigma _{\rm {los}}= 250^{+15}_{-21}$|  km s−1) and of several nearby galaxies. In addition, we measure photometric redshifts and stellar masses of all galaxies down to i < 23 mag, mainly based on Dark Energy Survey imaging (DR1). Our new catalogue, complemented with literature data, more than doubles the number of known galaxy spectroscopic redshifts in the direct vicinity of the lens, expanding to 116 (64) the number of spectroscopic redshifts for galaxies separated by less than 3 arcmin (2 arcmin ) from the lens. Using the flexion-shift as a measure of the amplitude of the gravitational perturbation, we identify two galaxy groups and three galaxies that require specific attention in the lens models. The ESO MUSE data enable us to measure the velocity-dispersions of three of these galaxies. These results are essential for the cosmological inference analysis presented in Rusu et al. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A substantial fraction of the total stellar mass in rich clusters of galaxies resides in a diffuse intergalactic component usually referred to as the intracluster light (ICL). Theoretical models indicate that these intergalactic stars originate mostly from the tidal interaction of the cluster galaxies during the assembly history of the cluster, and that a significant fraction of these stars could have formed in situ from the late infall of cold metal-poor gas clouds on to the cluster. However, these models also overpredict the fraction of stellar mass in the ICL by a substantial margin, something that is still not well understood. The models also make predictions about the age distribution of the ICL stars, which may provide additional observational constraints. Here we present population synthesis models for the ICL of an intermediate redshift ( z = 0.29) X-ray cluster that we have extensively studied in previous papers. The advantage of observing intermediate redshift clusters rather than nearby ones is that the former fit the field of view of multi-object spectrographs in 8-m telescopes and therefore permit us to encompass most of the ICL with only a few well-placed slits. In this paper we show that by stacking spectra at different locations within the ICL it is possible to reach sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratios to fit population synthesis models and derive meaningful results. The models provide ages and metallicities for the dominant populations at several different locations within the ICL and the brightest cluster galaxies (BCG) halo, as well as measures of the kinematics of the stars as a function of distance from the BCG. We thus find that the ICL in our cluster is dominated by old metal-rich stars, at odds with what has been found in nearby clusters where the stars that dominate the ICL are old and metal poor. While we see weak evidence of a young, metal-poor component, if real, these young stars would amount to less than 1 per cent of the total ICL mass, much less than the up to 30 per cent predicted by the models. We propose that the very metal-rich (i.e. 2.5× solar) stars in the ICL of our cluster, which comprise ∼40 per cent of the total mass, originate mostly from the central dumb-bell galaxy, while the remaining solar and metal-poor stars come from spiral, post-starburst (E+A) and metal-poor dwarf galaxies. About 16 per cent of the ICL stars are old and metal poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents stellar mass functions and i -band luminosity functions for Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) galaxies with i < 21 using clustering redshifts. From these measurements, we also compute targeting completeness measurements for the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). Clustering redshifts is a method of obtaining the redshift distribution of a sample of galaxies with only photometric information by measuring the angular cross-correlation with a spectroscopic sample in different redshift bins. We construct a spectroscopic sample containing data from the BOSS + eBOSS surveys, allowing us to recover redshift distributions from photometric data out to z ≃ 2.5. We produce k -corrected i -band luminosity functions and stellar mass functions by applying clustering redshifts to SDSS DR8 galaxies in small bins of colour and magnitude. There is little evolution in the mass function between 0.2 < z < 0.8, implying that the most massive galaxies form most of their mass before z  = 0.8. These mass functions are used to produce stellar mass completeness estimates for the BOSS, giving a stellar mass completeness of |$80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| above M ⋆ > 1011.4 between 0.2 < z < 0.7, with completeness falling significantly at redshifts higher than 0.7, and at lower masses. Large photometric data sets will be available in the near future (DECaLS, DES, Euclid), so this and similar techniques will become increasingly useful in order to fully utilize these data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive early-type galaxies follow a tight relation between the mass of their central supermassive black hole (M BH) and their stellar mass (M ⋆). The origin of observed positive outliers from this relation with extremely high M BH (⁠|$\gt 10^{9}\, \rm M_{\odot }$|⁠) remains unclear. We present a study of such outliers in the Hydrangea/C-EAGLE cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, designed to enable the study of high-mass galaxy formation and evolution in cluster environments. We find 69 M BH(M ⋆) outliers at |$z$|  = 0, defined as those with |$M_{\rm BH}\gt 10^{7}\, \rm M_{\odot }$| and M BH/ M ⋆ > 0.01. This paper focuses on a sample of five extreme outliers, that have been selected based on their M BH and M ⋆ values, which are comparable to the most recent estimates of observed positive outliers. This sample of five outliers, classified as 'black hole monster galaxies' (BMGs), was traced back in time to study their origin and evolution. In agreement with the results of previous simulations for lower mass M BH(M ⋆) outliers, we find that these galaxies became outliers due to a combination of their early formation times and tidal stripping. For BMGs with |$M_{\rm BH}\gt 10^9\, \rm M_{\odot }$|⁠, major mergers (with a stellar mass ratio of μ > 0.25) at early times (⁠|$z$| > 2) precede the rapid growth of their supermassive BHs. Furthermore, the scatter in the relation between M BH and stellar velocity dispersion, σ, correlates positively with the scatter in [Mg/Fe](σ). This indicates that the alpha enhancement of these galaxies, which is closely related to their star formation history, is related to the growth of their central BHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Using extended sets of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters, we present a detailed study of scaling relations between total cluster mass and three mass proxies based on X-ray observable quantities: temperature of the intracluster medium (ICM), gas mass and the product of the two, YX= Mgas T. Our analysis is based on two sets of high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations performed with the TreePM-SPH gadget code. The first set includes about 140 clusters with masses above 5 × 1013 h−1 M⊙, with 30 such clusters having mass above 1015 h−1 M⊙. All such clusters have been simulated in two flavours, both with non-radiative physics and including cooling, star formation, chemical enrichment and the effect of supernova feedback triggering galactic ejecta. The extensive statistics offered by this set of simulated clusters is used to quantify the robustness of the scaling relations between mass proxies and total mass, to determine their redshift evolution and to calibrate their intrinsic scatter and its distribution. Furthermore, we use a smaller set of clusters including 18 haloes with masses above 5 × 1013 h−1 M⊙, four of which are more massive than 1015 h−1 M⊙, to test the robustness of mass proxies against change in the physical processes that are included in the simulations to describe the evolution of the intracluster medium. Each cluster is simulated in seven different flavours to study the effects of (i) thermal conduction, (ii) artificial viscosity, (iii) cooling and star formation, (iv) galactic winds and (v) active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. As a general result, we find the M- YX scaling relation to be the least sensitive to variations in the ICM physics, its slope and redshift evolution always being very close to the predictions of the self-similar model. As regards the scatter around the best-fitting relations, its distribution is always close to a log-normal one. Mgas is the mass proxy with the smallest scatter in mass, with values of σln M≃ 0.04-0.06 depending on the physics included in the simulation and with a mild dependence on redshift. In terms of the mass-temperature relation, it is the one with the largest scatter, with σln M≳ 0.1 at z= 0 increasing to ≳0.15 at z= 1. The intrinsic scatter in the M- YX relation is slightly larger than that in the M- Mgas relation, with σln M≃ 0.06 at z= 0 and 0.08 at z= 1. These results confirm that both YX and Mgas mass proxies are well suited for cosmological applications in future large X-ray surveys. As a word of caution, we point out that the analysis presented in this paper does not include the observational effects expected when measuring temperature by fitting X-ray spectra and gas mass from X-ray surface-brightness profiles. A detailed assessment of such effects will be the subject of a forthcoming paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a series devoted to the investigation of a large sample of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), their properties and the relationships between these properties and the properties of the host clusters. In this paper, we compare the stellar population properties derived from high signal-to-noise ratio, optical long-slit spectra with the Galaxy Evolution Explorer ultraviolet (UV) colour measurements for 36 nearby BCGs to understand the diversity in the most rapidly evolving feature in old stellar systems, the UV upturn. We investigate (1) the possible differences between the UV upturn of BCGs and that of a control sample of ordinary ellipticals in the same mass range, as well as possible correlations between the UV upturn and other general properties of the galaxies; (2) the possible correlations between the UV upturn and the properties of the host clusters and (3) the recently proposed scenarios where helium sedimentation in the cluster centre can produce an enhanced UV upturn. We find systematic differences between the UV colours of BCGs and ordinary ellipticals, but we do not find correlations between these colours and the properties of the host clusters. Furthermore, the observations do not support the predictions made by the helium-sedimentation model as an enhancer of the UV upturn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper, we described a new method for including detailed information about substructure in semi-analytic models of halo formation based on merger trees. In this paper, we compare the predictions of our model with results from self-consistent numerical simulations. We find that in general the two methods agree extremely well, particularly once numerical effects and selection effects in the choice of haloes are taken into account. As expected from the original analyses of the simulations, we see some evidence for artificial overmerging in the innermost regions of the simulated haloes, either because substructure is being disrupted artificially or because the group-finding algorithms used to identify substructure are not detecting all the bound clumps in the highest-density regions. Our analytic results suggest that greater mass and force resolution may be required before numerical overmerging becomes negligible in all current applications. We discuss the implications of this result for observational and experimental tests of halo substructure, such as the analysis of discrepant magnification ratios in strongly lensed systems, terrestrial experiments to detect dark matter particles directly or indirect detection experiments searching for positrons, gamma-rays, neutrinos or other dark matter decay or annihilation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Sub)halo abundance matching (SHAM) assumes that one (sub) halo property, such as mass Mvir or peak circular velocity Vpeak, determines properties of the galaxy hosted in each (sub) halo such as its luminosity or stellar mass. This assumption implies that the dependence of galaxy luminosity functions (GLFs) and the galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF) on environmental density is determined by the corresponding halo density dependence. In this paper, we test this by determining from a Sloan Digital Sky Survey sample the observed dependence with environmental density of the ugriz GLFs and GSMF for all galaxies, and for central and satellite galaxies separately. We then show that the SHAM predictions are in remarkable agreement with these observations, even when the galaxy population is divided between central and satellite galaxies. However, we show that SHAM fails to reproduce the correct dependence between environmental density and g - r colour for all galaxies and central galaxies, although it better reproduces the colour dependence on environmental density of satellite galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial distribution of satellite galaxies encodes rich information of the structure and assembly history of galaxy clusters. In this paper, we select a red-sequence Matched-filter Probabilistic Percolation cluster sample in SDSS Stripe 82 region with 0.1 ≤ z ≤ 0.33, 20 < λ < 100, and Pcen > 0.7. Using the high-quality weak lensing data from CS82 Survey, we constrain the mass profile of this sample. Then we compare directly themass density profile with the satellite number density profile.We find that the total mass and number density profiles have the same shape, both well fitted by an NFW profile. The scale radii agree with each other within a 1σ error (rs,gal = 0.34+0.04 -0.03 Mpc versus rs = 0.37+0.15 -0.10 Mpc). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep, near-infrared narrow-band survey HiZELS has yielded robust samples of Hα- emitting star-forming galaxies within narrow redshift slices at z = 0.8, 1.47 and 2.23. In this paper, we distinguish the stellar mass and star-formation rate (SFR) dependence of the clustering of these galaxies. At high stellar masses (M*/M☉ ≳ 2 × 1010), where HiZELS selects galaxies close to the so-called star-forming main sequence, the clustering strength is observed to increase strongly with stellar mass (in line with the results of previous studies of mass-selected galaxy samples) and also with SFR. These two dependencies are shown to hold independently. At lower stellar masses, however, where HiZELS probes high specific SFR galaxies, there is little or no dependence of the clustering strength on stellar mass, but the dependence on SFR remains: high-SFR low-mass galaxies are found in more massive dark matter haloes than their lower SFR counterparts. We argue that this is due to environmentally driven star formation in these systems. We apply the same selection criteria to the EAGLE cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. We find that, in EAGLE, the high-SFR low-mass galaxies are central galaxies in more massive dark matter haloes, in which the high SFRs are driven by a (halo-driven) increased gas content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masses of clusters of galaxies from weak gravitational lensing analyses of ever larger samples are increasingly used as the reference to which baryonic scaling relations are compared. In this paper we revisit the analysis of a sample of 50 clusters studied as part of the Canadian Cluster Comparison Project. We examine the key sources of systematic error in cluster masses. We quantify the robustness of our shape measurements and calibrate our algorithm empirically using extensive image simulations. The source redshift distribution is revised using the latest state-of-the-art photometric redshift catalogues that include new deep near-infrared observations. None the less we find that the uncertainty in the determination of photometric redshifts is the largest source of systematic error for our mass estimates. We use our updated masses to determine b, the bias in the hydrostatic mass, for the clusters detected by Planck. Our results suggest 1 - b = 0.76 ± 0.05 (stat) ± 0.06 (syst), which does not resolve the tension with the measurements from the primary cosmic microwave background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration – virial mass relation is a well-defined trend that reflects the formation of structure in an expanding universe. Numerical simulations reveal a marked correlation that depends on the collapse time of dark matter haloes and their subsequent assembly history. However, observational constraints are mostly limited to the massive end via X-ray emission of the hot diffuse gas in clusters. An alternative approach, based on gravitational lensing over galaxy scales, revealed an intriguingly high concentration at Milky Way-sized haloes. This letter focuses on the robustness of these results by adopting a bootstrapping approach that combines stellar and lensing mass profiles. We also apply the identical methodology to simulated haloes from eagle to assess any systematic. We bypass several shortcomings of ensemble type lens reconstruction and conclude that the mismatch between observed and simulated concentration–to–virial–mass relations are robust, and need to be explained either invoking a lensing-related sample selection bias, or a careful investigation of the evolution of concentration with assembly history. For reference, at a halo mass of 1012M⊙, the concentration of observed lenses is c |$_{12}\, \sim 40\ \pm$| 5, whereas simulations give c |$_{12}\, \sim 15\ \pm$| 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present our determination of the baryon budget for an X-ray-selected XXL sample of 136 galaxy groups and clusters spanning nearly two orders of magnitude in mass (M 500 ∼ 1013–1015  M ⊙) and the redshift range 0 ≲ z ≲ 1. Our joint analysis is based on the combination of Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) weak-lensing mass measurements, XXL X-ray gas mass measurements, and HSC and Sloan Digital Sky Survey multiband photometry. We carry out a Bayesian analysis of multivariate mass-scaling relations of gas mass, galaxy stellar mass, stellar mass of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), and soft-band X-ray luminosity, by taking into account the intrinsic covariance between cluster properties, selection effect, weak-lensing mass calibration, and observational error covariance matrix. The mass-dependent slope of the gas mass–total mass (M 500) relation is found to be |$1.29_{-0.10}^{+0.16}$|⁠ , which is steeper than the self-similar prediction of unity, whereas the slope of the stellar mass–total mass relation is shallower than unity; |$0.85_{-0.09}^{+0.12}$|⁠. The BCG stellar mass weakly depends on cluster mass with a slope of |$0.49_{-0.10}^{+0.11}$|⁠. The baryon, gas mass, and stellar mass fractions as a function of M 500 agree with the results from numerical simulations and previous observations. We successfully constrain the full intrinsic covariance of the baryonic contents. The BCG stellar mass shows the larger intrinsic scatter at a given halo total mass, followed in order by stellar mass and gas mass. We find a significant positive intrinsic correlation coefficient between total (and satellite) stellar mass and BCG stellar mass and no evidence for intrinsic correlation between gas mass and stellar mass. All the baryonic components show no redshift evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-thermal motions in the intracluster medium (ICM) are believed to play a non-negligible role in the pressure support to the total gravitating mass of galaxy clusters. Future X-ray missions, such as ASTRO-H and ATHENA, will eventually allow us to directly detect the signature of these motions from high-resolution spectra of the ICM. In this paper, we present a study on a set of clusters extracted from a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation, devoted to explore the role of non-thermal velocity amplitude in characterizing the cluster state and the relation between observed X-ray properties. In order to reach this goal, we apply the X-ray virtual telescope PHOX to generate synthetic observations of the simulated clusters with both Chandra and ATHENA, the latter used as an example for the performance of very high-resolution X-ray telescopes. From Chandra spectra we extract global properties, e.g. luminosity and temperature, and we accurately estimate the gas velocity dispersion along the line of sight achievable from the broadening of emission lines from heavy ions (e.g. Fe) resolved in ATHENA spectra. Given the good agreement found between simulations (true, intrinsic solution) and mock observations (detectable amplitude of non-thermal velocities), we further extend the analysis to the relation between non-thermal velocity dispersion of the gas and the LX–T scaling law for the simulated clusters. Interestingly, we find a clear dependence of slope and scatter on the selection criterion for the clusters, based on the level of significance of non-thermal motions. Namely, the scatter in the relation is significantly reduced by the exclusion of the clusters, for which we estimate the highest turbulent velocities. Such velocity diagnostics appears therefore as a promising independent way to identify disturbed clusters, in addition to the commonly used morphological inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recent studies emphasize that an empirical relation between the stellar mass of galaxies and the mass of their host dark matter subhaloes can predict the clustering of galaxies and its evolution with cosmic time. In this paper we study the various assumptions made by this methodology using a semi-analytical model (SAM). To this end, we randomly swap between the locations of model galaxies within a narrow range of subhalo mass (). We find that shuffled samples of galaxies have different auto-correlation functions in comparison with the original model galaxies. This difference is significant even if central and satellite galaxies are allowed to follow a different relation between and stellar mass, and can reach a factor of ∼2 for massive galaxies at redshift zero. We analyse three features within SAMs that contribute to this effect. (a) The relation between stellar mass and subhalo mass evolves with redshift for central galaxies, affecting satellite galaxies at the time of infall. (b) In addition, the stellar mass of galaxies falling into groups and clusters at high redshift is different from the mass of central galaxies at the same time. (c) The stellar mass growth for satellite galaxies after infall can be significant and depends on the infall redshift and the group mass. All of the above ingredients modify the stellar mass of satellite galaxies in a way that is more complicated than a dependence on the subhalo mass only. By using two different SAMs, we show that the above is true for differing models of galaxy evolution, and that the effect is sensitive to the treatment of dynamical friction and stripping of gas in satellite galaxies. We find that by using the FOF group mass at redshift zero in addition to , an empirical model is able to accurately reproduce the clustering properties of galaxies. On the other hand, using the infall redshift as a second parameter does not yield as good results because it is less correlated with stellar mass. Our analysis indicates that environmental processes that affect galaxy evolution are important for properly modelling the clustering and abundance of galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent reports suggest that elliptical galaxies have increased their size dramatically over the last ∼8 Gyr. This result points to a major rethink of the processes dominating the late-time evolution of galaxies. In this paper we present the first estimates for the scale sizes of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) in the redshift range from an analysis of deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging, comparing to a well-matched local sample taken from the Local Cluster Substructure Survey at . For a small sample of five high-redshift BCGs we measure half-light radii ranging from 14 to 53 kpc using de Vaucuoleurs profile fits, with an average determined from stacking of kpc compared to a value kpc for the low-redshift comparison sample. This implies that the scale sizes of BCGs at are per cent smaller than at . Analyses comparing either Sérsic or Petrosian radii also indicate little or no evolution between the two samples. The detection of only modest evolution at most out to argues against BCGs having undergone the large increase in size reported for massive galaxies since and in fact the scale-size evolution of BCGs appears closer to that reported for radio galaxies over a similar epoch. We conclude that this lack of size evolution, particularly when coupled with recent results on the lack of BCG stellar mass evolution, demonstrates that major merging is not an important process in the late-time evolution of these systems. The homogeneity and maturity of BCGs at continues to challenge galaxy evolution models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffuse intracluster light (ICL) contains a significant fraction of the total stellar mass in clusters of galaxies, and contributes in roughly equal proportion as the hot intracluster medium to the total baryon content of clusters. Because of the potential importance of understanding the origin of the ICL in the context of the formation and evolution of structure in the Universe, the field has recently undergone a revival both in the quality and quantity of observational and theoretical investigations. Because of cosmological dimming, the observational work has mostly concentrated on low-redshift clusters, but clearly observations at higher redshifts can provide interesting clues about the evolution of the diffuse component. In this paper we present the first results of a programme to characterize the ICL of intermediate-redshift clusters. We find that at , the X-ray cluster RX J2823 already has a significant ICL and that the fraction of the total light in the ICL and the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) is comparable to that of similar clusters at lower redshift. We also find that the kinematics of the ICL is consistent with it being the remnant of tidally destroyed galaxies streaming in the central regions of the cluster, which has three central giant elliptical galaxies acting as an efficient 'galaxy grinding machine'. Our cluster has a bi-modal radial velocity distribution and thus two possible values for the velocity dispersion. We find that the cluster fits well in the correlation between BCG+ICL fraction and cluster mass for a range of velocity dispersions, leading us to question the validity of a relevant correlation between these two quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degree of influence that the environment and mass have on the stellar populations of early-type galaxies is uncertain. In this paper, we present the results of a spectroscopic analysis of the stellar populations of early-type galaxies aimed at addressing this question. The sample of galaxies is drawn from four clusters, with , and their surrounding structure extending to . We find that the distributions of the absorption-line strengths and the stellar population parameters, age, metallicity and -element abundance ratio, do not differ significantly between the clusters and their outskirts, but the tight correlations found between these quantities and the velocity dispersion within the clusters are weaker in their outskirts. All three stellar population parameters of cluster galaxies are positively correlated with the velocity dispersion. Galaxies in clusters form a homogeneous class of objects that have similar distributions of line-strengths and stellar population parameters, and follow similar scaling relations, regardless of the cluster richness or morphology. We estimate the intrinsic scatter of the Gaussian distribution of metallicities to be 0.3 dex, while that of the -element abundance ratio is 0.07 dex. The e-folding time of the exponential distribution of galaxy ages is estimated to be 900 Myr. The intrinsic scatters of the metallicity and -element abundance ratio distributions can almost entirely be accounted for by the correlations with the velocity dispersion and the intrinsic scatter about these relations. This implies that the galaxy mass plays a major role in determining its stellar population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weak gravitational lensing has become an important method to determine the masses of galaxy clusters. The intrinsic shapes of the galaxies are a dominant source of uncertainty, but there are other limitations to the precision that can be achieved. In this paper we revisit a typically ignored source of uncertainty: uncorrelated structure along the line of sight. Using results from the Millennium Simulation we confirm the validity of analytical calculations that have shown that such random projections are particularly important for studies of the cluster density profile. In general the contribution of distant large-scale structure to the total error budget is comparable to the statistical errors. We find that the precision of the mass measurement can be improved only slightly by modelling the uncorrelated large-scale structure using readily available data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we discuss the results of a programme of spectral synthesis modelling of a sample of starburst radio galaxies in the context of scenarios for the triggering of the activity and the evolution of the host galaxies. New optical spectra are also presented for a subset of the objects discussed. The starburst radio galaxies - comprising 15-25 per cent of all powerful extragalactic radio sources - frequently show disturbed morphologies at optical wavelengths, and unusual radio structures, although their stellar masses are typical of radio galaxies as a class. In terms of the characteristic ages of their young stellar populations (YSPs), the objects can be divided into two groups: those with YSP ages Gyr, in which the radio source has been triggered quasi-simultaneously with the main starburst episode, and those with older YSP in which the radio source has been triggered or re-triggered a significant period after the starburst episode. Most of the former group are associated with a large mid- to far-IR (MFIR) continuum and [O ] emission-line luminosities ( L, W), while most of the latter have lower luminosities. Combining the information on the YSP with that on the optical morphologies of the host galaxies, we deduce that the majority of the starburst radio galaxies have been triggered in galaxy mergers in which at least one of the galaxies is gas rich. However, the triggering (or re-triggering) of the radio jets can occur immediately before, around or a significant period after the final coalescence of the merging nuclei, reflecting the complex gas infall histories of the merger events. Although 25 per cent of starburst radio galaxies are sufficiently bright at MFIR wavelengths to be classified as ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), we show that only the most massive ULIRGs are capable of evolving into radio galaxies. Finally, for a small subset of starburst radio galaxies in rich clusters of galaxies, cooling flows associated with the hot X-ray haloes offer a viable alternative to mergers as a trigger for the radio jet activity. Overall, our results provide further evidence that a powerful radio jet activity can be triggered via a variety of mechanisms, including different evolutionary stages of major galaxy mergers; clearly, radio-loud AGN activity is not solely associated with a particular stage of a unique type of gas accretion event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an environment and stellar mass study of a large sample of star-forming Hα emitters at from the High- z Emission Line Survey (HiZELS), over 1.3 deg split over two fields (COSMOS and UKIDSS UDS). By taking advantage of a truly panoramic coverage of a wide range of environments, from the field to a rich cluster, it is shown that both stellar mass and environment play crucial roles in determining the properties of star-forming galaxies. Specific star formation rates (sSFRs) decline with stellar mass in all environments, and the fraction of Hα star-forming galaxies declines sharply from per cent for galaxies with masses around 10 M to effectively zero above , confirming that mass-downsizing is generally in place by . The fraction of star-forming galaxies is also found to fall sharply as a function of local environmental density from per cent in the field to approaching zero at rich group/cluster densities. When star formation does occur in such high density regions, it is found to be mostly dominated by potential mergers and, indeed, if only non-merging star-forming galaxies are considered, then the environment and mass trends are even stronger and are qualitatively similar at all masses and environments, respectively, as in the local Universe. The median SFR of Hα emitters at is found to increase with density for both field and intermediate (group or cluster outskirts) densities; this is clearly seen as a change in the faint-end slope of the Hα luminosity function from steep , in poor fields, to shallow in groups and clusters. Interestingly, the relation between median SFR and environment is only found for low- to moderate-mass galaxies (with stellar masses below about M, and is not seen for the most massive star-forming galaxies. Overall, these observations provide a detailed view over a sufficiently large range of mass and environment to reconcile previous observational claims: stellar mass is the primary predictor of star formation activity at , but the environment, while initially enhancing the median SFR of (lower mass) star-forming galaxies, is ultimately responsible for suppressing star formation activity in all galaxies above surface densities of 10-30 Mpc (group and cluster environments). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of a sample of 52 clusters with precise and hypothesis-parsimonious measurements of mass, derived from caustics based on about 208 member velocities per cluster on average, shows that low-mass clusters and groups are not simple scaled-down versions of their massive cousins in terms of stellar content: lighter clusters have more stars per unit cluster mass. The same analysis also shows that the stellar content of clusters and groups displays an intrinsic spread at a given cluster mass, i.e. clusters are not similar to each other in the amount of stars they contain, not even at a fixed cluster mass. The stellar mass fraction depends on halo mass with (logarithmic) slope and with dex of intrinsic scatter at a fixed cluster mass. These results are confirmed by adopting masses derived from velocity dispersion. The intrinsic scatter at a fixed cluster mass we determine for gas mass fractions taken from literature is smaller, dex. The intrinsic scatter in both the stellar and gas mass fractions is a distinctive signature that individual regions from which clusters and groups collected matter, a few tens of Mpc wide, are not yet representative of the mean gas and baryon content of the Universe. The observed stellar mass fraction values are in marked disagreement with gasdynamics simulations with cooling and star formation of clusters and groups. Instead, the amplitude and cluster mass dependency of observed stellar mass fractions are those required not to need any active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback to describe gas and stellar mass fractions and X-ray scale relations in simple semi-analytic cluster models. By adding stellar and gas masses and accounting for the intrinsic variance of both quantities, we found that the baryon fraction is fairly constant for clusters and groups with masses between and and it is offset from the WMAP-derived value by about 6σ. The offset is unlikely to be due to an underestimate of the stellar mass fraction, and could be related to the possible non-universality of the baryon fraction, pointed out by our measurements of the intrinsic scatter. Our analysis is the first that does not assume that clusters are identically equal at a given halo mass and it is also more accurate in many aspects. The data and code used for the stochastic computation are distributed with the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]