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Mucosa-associated microbiota from different regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of adult broilers was studied by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The microbiota mainly comprised Gram-positive bacteria along the GI tract. Fifty-one operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (from 98 clones) were detected in the ceca, as compared with 13 OTUs (from 49 clones) in the crops, 11 OTUs (from 51 clones) in the gizzard, 14 OTUs (from 52 clones) in the duodenum, 12 OTUs (from 50 clones) in the jejunum and nine OTUs (from 50 clones) in the ileum. Ceca were dominantly occupied by clostridia-related sequences (40%) with other abundant sequences being related to Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (14%), Escherichia coli (11%), lactobacilli (7%) and Ruminococcus (6%). Lactobacilli were predominant in the upper GI tract and had the highest diversity in the crop. Both Lactobacillus aviarius and Lactobacillus salivarius were the predominant species among lactobacilli. Candidatus division Arthromitus was also abundant in the jejunum and ileum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine mastitis is of major concern to the dairy industry worldwide. The bovine teat canal is the primary route through which pathogens enter the mammary gland. The microflora of the teat canals of dairy and beef cattle was investigated by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The goal was to examine the global difference between dairy cattle, which are sanitized on a regular basis, and beef cattle, which receive little sanitary management. A diverse population of 16S rRNA gene sequences was recovered from both the dairy and the beef herd samples, with diversity higher in the beef sample. Analysis revealed the presence of 90 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among 156 sequences, with 45 OTUs in the dairy sample and 53 OTUs in the beef sample. Only eight OTUs were common to both samples. Members of the classes Clostridia and Bacilli dominated both samples, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The dairy sample contained a cluster (20/80 clones) of Staphylococcaceae members, seven of which were identifiable as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species. The beef sample was dominated by members of the genus Clostridia, many of which have not been previously cultured. The results suggest that the microorganisms present in the bovine teat canal are more diverse than previously described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial populations in the ileum of broiler chickens were analyzed by molecular analysis of 16S rRNA genes and compared to those in the cecum. Bacteria found in the ileal mucosa were mainly Gram-positive with low G+C content. There were 15 molecular species among 51 cloned sequences. More than 70% of the cloned sequences were related to lactobacilli and Enterococcus cecorum. Two sequences had 95% or less homology to existing database sequences. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis revealed differences among bacterial populations present in the mucosa and lumen of the ileum. Comparative studies by T-RFLP and sequence analyses of 16S rRNA genes indicated a less diverse bacterial population in the ileum (mucosa and lumen) than in the cecum. Lactobacilli, E. cecorum, and butyrate-producing bacteria related (including both identified and unidentified species) sequences were the three major groups detected in ilea and ceca. Although butyrate-producing bacteria may have good potential in the development of novel probiotics for poultry, verifying the presence of the bacteria in the chicken gut is required to warrant further investigation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Evaluates cytokine production by mycobacterium tuberculosis-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with tuberculosis and children who were healthy tuberculin reactors. Relationship between interferon gamma production in patients and radiographic extent of disease and nutritional status; Influence of changes in messenger RNA expression on interferon gamma production.