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Traces the evolution of paper money in England. Circulation of fiduciary orders; Carolean paper orders; Promissory notes; Bills of exchange; Emergence of assignability; Earliest checks; Printing of money by the Bank of England.

From a historical perspective, it is difficult to identify a specific date that launched the field of endocrinology. One "biomarker" of the inception of endocrinology traces back to Ernest Henry Starling, who first introduced the word hormone in a talk given in 1905 at the Royal College of Physicians in London (Starling, 1905). A historical look at the field of endocrine regulation of animal growth since 1905 conveys that countless scientists worldwide worked to advance the scientific evidence base, which led to the commercial development of hormone-based products that enhanced growth and beneficially changed carcass composition of meat animals. This review will discuss some of seminal contributions that include the discovery of hormones (like ST and β-adrenergic agonists) that have been shown to play key roles in regulating growth and nutrient partitioning of livestock, the mechanisms by which these hormones act, and the development of products for application in animal agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refurbishment of the St Pancras Renaissance Hotel (formerly the Midland Grand Hotel) provided a unique opportunity to investigate the interior design history of this iconic London landmark. During the refurbishment, wallpapers were uncovered from the initial decorative schemes of the hotel in the 1870s and from later interior design schemes until the building's closure in the 1980s. This article demonstrates how the CoBRA (Conservation-based Research and Analysis) methodology can be applied to increase our understanding of the history of interiors. The conservation process adds a new perspective to the historiography of the papered interior and its significance in the interior design process. By combining archival research with access to the original wallpapers during the retrieval and subsequent conservation process, it has been possible to construct an account of this commercial building's decorative schemes. Many of the earliest wallpapers were supplied by Jeffrey and Co., a London firm that worked with William Morris and other prominent designers. The wallpapers illustrate how the approach to the interior design of this building evolved over time, moving away from the Gothic Revival style of interior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A May 14, 1972 letter is provided, written by the American historian Natalie Zemon Davis to the British historian Edward (E.) P. Thompson, on the topic of Thompson's article on charivari, or rough music, in England's history. An overview of the social aspects of marriage in England, including the village crowd's role in rough music for those undertaking second marriages, is provided.

This article investigates the circulation of news that daily arrived in the ports of late Elizabethan Devon concerning the Spanish fleet. It utilizes the state and Cecil papers, as well as other centrally and locally held manuscript collections, to probe the nature of provincial news networks through the prism of a county-based case study. Previous scholarly research has tended to focus on the single 'hub' of London. However, as this article reveals, there existed much more complex sets of news networks that operated in the first instance at a local level, but which also had connections with the capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores health care in one Lancashire working-class community during the golden age of biomedicine. Both the biomedical and alternative medical services available in the town are examined. The services provided by one community ‘wisewoman’; ranging from the respectable, such as midwifery, to the illegal, including abortion are a key focus. This case study is used as a way to engage with a larger theme in the history of medicine, namely, the tension between orthodox biomedical science and more traditional and alternative approaches to health care. The ways in which during the early twentieth century, traditional healing networks found ways to survive despite the increasing power and reach of biomedicine are demonstrated. This evidence points to the complexity of working-class attitudes to medical authority and practice during the period in question. In Rochdale, the working-class community remained slow to accept the orthodox challenge to traditional beliefs concerning health and healing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores how tales of difficult births found in medieval miracle narratives can contribute to our understanding of the experience of pregnancy and childbirth in twelfth-century England. While rare in the early collections, pregnant and parturient women are increasingly visible in the miracula from the later twelfth century. This paper seeks to explain why childbirth miracles began to appear more frequently and became more medical in character. The discussion centres on the two miracle collections belonging to St Thomas of Canterbury, written by Benedict of Peterborough and William of Canterbury in the 1170s. Explanations for the more frequent appearance of childbirth miracles are found, not in the changing relationship between humans and saintly intercessors, nor in the contemporary interest in the maternity of the Virgin Mary but in the specific context of the cult of St Thomas and the new emphasis given to lay testimony. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The final report of the Social Work Task Force in 2009 described social work in England as being at a ‘watershed’. The term has been used for an earlier period of scrutiny and reform, the 1968 Seebohm report and the subsequent creation of local authority social services departments and a unified social work profession. This paper draws out messages from that the earlier period for the current reform programme, focusing on the political and organisational aspects. It argues that the nature of social work is that it is always ‘in the middle’. Whatever the proposals and promises, they will not, cannot, solve the fundamental challenges of the job. Social work's complex, sometimes contradictory roles and tasks mean that change is always work in progress, never a task achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we analyse the way in which social work, as a profession, has coped with and responded to the various forms of regulation to which it has been subject in England. First, we briefly detail the rise of external regulation of the professions, discussing both the rationale for, and criticisms of, such developments. Second, we take a closer look at developments within social work and the operation of the General Social Care Council (GSCC)'s conduct proceedings from its inception in 2001 until its dissolution in 2012. Third, we focus on the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) and consider how it has begun its regulation of social workers since it took on this responsibility from August 2012. We conclude by outlining some of the concerns we have as well as discussing reasons as to why we feel this area of work needs to be explored further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the rising use of commercial medical assistance in early modern England. We measure individual consumption of medical and nursing services using a new dataset of debts at death between ca. 1670 and ca. 1790. Levels of consumption of medical services were high and stable in London from the 1680s. However, we find rapid growth in the provinces, in both the likelihood of using medical assistance and the sums spent on it. The structure of medical services also shifted, with an increase in "general practice," particularly by apothecaries. The expansion in medical services diffused from London and was motivated by changing preferences, not wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores social work and work by using a theoretical optic neglected within the profession's academic literature—the Italian Marxist autonomist tradition. Key conceptual categories associated with the autonomists are discussed including the social factory, precariousness, the refusal of work and immaterial labour. It is maintained that a critical engagement with these interrelated concepts may help us think more deeply and politically about three dimensions: the changing content of the work; practitioners' focus, to differing degrees dependent on the national setting, on the work ‘readiness’ of clients; the ideologically pervasive work ethic within, what is termed, a ‘work society’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A June 1, 1972 letter is provided, written by the British historian Edward (E.) P. Thompson to the American historian Natalie Zemon Davis, on the periodical "Annales'" publication of Thompson's article on rough music.

This paper gives an overview of our current state of knowledge around English private libraries of the seventeenth century, covering such aspects as size, contents, sources, storage, and owners' attitudes to their books. It identifies areas where our information is poor, or based too much upon small numbers of well-known examples, and highlights the need for further research and better reference tools. The value of having a better understanding of this field, in the wider context of book history, is also considered. The author refers to his web-based listing of book owners of the period and suggests a model for its expansion into a fuller directory. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the 1930s, Labour-dominated boroughs in central London embarked on an experiment in health and social transformation, at the centre of which was the construction of new health centres. The ‘all-in’ state-run health centres in Bermondsey, Finsbury, Southwark and Woolwich attempted to provide a comprehensive array of primary and preventive health services to working people and families, close to home or work. The centres shared a model of health with several principles in common: a notion of health improvement as linked to broader social transformation through the enhancement of urban space; a seamless integration of preventive and curative health services; care delivered by multidisciplinary teams; accessibility (spatially and economically); didactic education in self-care; and democratic local governance. This paper argues that these Labour borough councils, with the support of the London County Council after 1934, played a key role in ‘making real’ what had been an amorphous health centre ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses and presents a reprint of the document "Notes From Discourses Touching Religion," by Samuel Pepys, a client of England's King James II and president of the Royal Society. It examines Pepys' religious views, commenting on his religious allegiance, biblical criticism, and church history. The author considers the patron-client relationship between James II and Pepys and reflects on James II's efforts to promote Catholicism. Pepys' views on the Church of England are also addressed.

The craze for sitting for, buying, exchanging and collecting carte-de-visites was a major development in the history of photography’s widening cultural currency. The commercial exploitation of this miniature portrait format in Paris at the hands of A. A. E. Disdéri has been the subject of an extensive study but the scholarship that attends the carte phenomenon in Britain seems content with to credit J. J. E. Mayall’s portraits of royalty for its success. This paper takes the most extensive single carte studio archive preserved in the UK, that comprised by the daybooks of Camille Silvy (dating from c. 1860 to 1868), in order to examine the question to how this studio became known as one of the most fashionable in London even before many in the metropolis would have heard of a carte-de-visite. A previously undocumented performer series made during Silvy’s first season in London provides the basis for a re-reading of his portrait venture in relation to West End comic theatre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the factors that influence female theft in England from 1779-1789. Information on the social condition of women during the period; Difficulties encountered by women; Examination on the Old Bailey Sessions Papers; Data on the thefts in the 1780s.

This paper will examine how the physical reality behind Tallis’s illustrations can be illuminated to explore the commercial, domestic and social dimensions of Tallis’s London. It will explore the range of material culture available, and how this can be used to analyse interior space, in particular through English Heritage’s Architectural Study Collection. Two preliminary case studies will investigate the future potential for looking behind the façades of early Victorian London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical knowledge and experience, and demographic changes, indicated the need to ensure provision of adequate ‘psychogeriatric’ services to provide treatment for mentally ill older people (generally over 65 years). Various factors influenced the provision of these services, including politics, economics and stereotypical negative attitudes towards older people. Clinicians successfully led service developments, often unsupported by central government and local health authorities, despite benefits being noted in the localities where services were established. In 1989, services were available to most of the population of England and the Department of Health officially recognised psychogeriatrics as a medical specialty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses attitudes and public opinions regarding crime and criminals in London, England between 1660 and 1800. It considers moral panics arising from situations including the demobilization of troops and sailors after periods of war and the perceived threat by unemployed military forces, organized criminal gangs such as the Black Boy Alley gang, crime following the Gordon riots, as well as rises in crime from political instability. Other topics include crime in the press, the influence of broadsheets and pamphlets on public opinion, and the creation of the police.

The article reports on a historical source found in the archives of the Cecil Papers at Hatfield House in Herfordshire, England related to the February 8, 1601 uprising in London, England led by Robert Devereux, the second Earl of Essex, against the monarchy of British Queen Elizabeth I. The document details a conspiracy by supporters of the Earl of Essex to free the Earl from his imprisonment for treason in the Tower of London planned for February 15, 1601. It reports that the plan was reconsidered and abandoned, but not before crown authorities heard of it and arrested three leaders of the conspiracy.

The article focuses on the vital role played by English engineer Joseph Bazalgette in construction of London's Victorian sewers. Bazalgette had no medical background and was of small stature and somewhat delicate health. He hailed from French Huguenot ancestry. He did more for the health of Londoners in the mid-19th century, than anyone before or since. Bazalgette designed and engineered the north Thames embankment; the southern component involved the construction of the new Saint Thomas Hospital.

An April 14, 1970 letter is presented, written by the British historian Edward (E.) P. Thompson to the American historian Natalie Z. Davis, on the topic of what is referred to as rough music, or charivari, in England during the 18th century and early 19th century. An overview of the social aspects of marriage in England is provided.

The article focuses on Randall Davidson, the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1903 to 1928, and his role as a leader in the Church of England. The author explores the so-called "Edwardian Crisis" that the Church of England faced at the turn of the 20th century, examines Davidson's relationship with British Queen Victoria prior to her death, and discusses how Davidson dealt with Nonconformists.

The article discusses moral and sexual changes in Great Britain in the post-World War II era, examining the notion of a permissive society. It explores the influence of the state and the press and comments on the role of London, England in these transformations. The author also reflects on sexual scandals, particularly noting an affair between British war minister John Profumo and Christine Keeler, the supposed mistress of a Russian spy. An inquiry into sexual reform led by John Frederick Wolfenden, Baron Wolfenden, also known as Lord Wolfenden, is also considered.

Surveying the changing image of the police detective from the inception of detective departments in the new police in the mid Victorian era through to its formative period in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is vital to our understanding of how the system of crime control was perceived at the time. Initially, the notion of undercover policing was widely rejected. By the eve of the First World War, however, police detectives, especially at Scotland Yard, enjoyed an almost heroic reputation. In the belief that the press was the most significant factor in shaping the dominant view on police detectives during this crucial period, this article examines their changing image as reflected in newspapers and periodicals, and the role played by the press in this metamorphosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With specialization still in its infancy, Victorian surgeons were often concerned with the diagnosis and care of skin disorders. The careers of three London surgeons from successive generations, Sir James Paget, Sir Jonathan Hutchinson and Edward Nettleship are discussed with emphasis on their mutual influence and contributions to dermatology. Nettleship’s original description of urticaria pigmentosa and his research into the inheritance of albinism are reviewed in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Details the account of a chapter in the history of Italian opera in London, England, focused on Johann Jakob Heidegger's management of the Haymarket Opera from 1713-1717, succeeding Owen Swiney. Lawsuit filed by Heidegger against Swiney clarifying issues about the financial situation of the opera, how Heidegger managed it and the reasons for its bankruptcy and eventual closure.

Examines perceptions of community in clothing villages of Leeds in England in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Out-of-township clothiers; Community as construction; Interrelatedness of a sense of place and of the past; Class consciousness; Spread of textile mills and machinery; Corporate-communal identity; Religious profile; Methodism; Effect on the middle class; Localism.

Calls for participation in the 'Second Workshop on Early Modern German History' which will be held 31 October 2003 at German Historical Institute in London, England. Aims of the workshop to provide opportunity for exchange of ideas and research findings; General outlines of the workshop; Contact addresses for registration.

The author discusses the collection of letters held by the British National Archives and identified as WARD 16. She describes them as unopened pleadings addressed to the Court of Wards and Liveries which collected fees from the remarriage of widows and sale of wardships, the storage and condition of the letters, and speculates on the reason the letters were not opened.

This article aims to describe and explain the spatial evolution of the automobile sector in Great Britain from an evolutionary perspective. This analysis is based on a unique database of all entries and exits in this sector during the period 1895-1968, collected by the authors. Cox regressions show that spinoff dynamics, agglomeration economies and time of entry have had a significant effect on the survival rate of automobile firms during the period 1895-1968. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mistrust of women has been an enduring feature of trials for sexual offences, both historically and in the present day, but is not a transhistorical phenomenon. This article explores the late-Victorian and Edwardian courts, in which there was a renewed tendency to question female respectability and to judge complainants for failing adequately to resist a man's sexual advances. Scholars have identified broad social trends that led to greater interrogation of female sexual behaviour during this period, but there remains limited understanding of the mechanisms by which these concerns entered the courtroom. This article focuses on the rise of a medico-legal framework for investigating sexual violence as one such mechanism. Drawing upon newspaper reports and court cases from Middlesex, Somerset, Gloucestershire and Devon in the period 1850–1914, it shows that medical witnesses often implicitly reinforced social models of 'real' victimhood — which excluded many complainants — through their testimony on female chastity and resistance. Forensic medicine operated as an important, and increasingly unique, bridge between English social change and local courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late Georgian England has long been a poor relation to other countries in modern histories of the guitar. Yet in England, as elsewhere, the guitar enjoyed a considerable vogue in the early 19th century that only began to wane in the 1840s. In London, as in Paris or Vienna, the guitar was widely agreed to be a very serviceable instrument for accompanying the voice, and a substantial number of method books and songs for the instrument were issued. In addition to these primary materials of the guitar vogue there is a wealth of ancillary evidence in the form of anecdotes, caricatures, reviews and newspaper advertisements. This material is difficult to gather--or indeed to use--in a systematic manner. This article organizes the results of a protracted search in relation to two fundamental questions: what was it like to play the guitar in early Georgian England, and who was doing the playing? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores popular politics and royalism during the English Civil Wars through the reaction of magistrates to the riot in Norwich on 24 April 1648 that was referred to by contemporaries as the 'mutiny' or the 'Great Blow'. On the eve of the Second Civil War, this confrontation between urban rioters and New Model Army troopers led to the largest explosion of gunpowder in seventeenth-century England, when ninety-eight barrels were ignited at the Committee House. The article analyses the 278 witness statements that were produced as part of the judicial inquest, making this the best documented provincial riot of the early modern period. These previously neglected proceedings can do much to advance our understanding of popular politics, royalism and urban culture. Therefore the article focuses on how the rioters mobilised and generated crowds through petitioning, subscription, print, preaching, rumour, health-drinking, seditious words, and gestures. It assesses participants' social origins and places them within contrasting local religious and political cultures in a battle for control of the key public spaces of the city. The seditious words revealed in the testimonies cannot be dismissed as merely anti-parliamentarian, and in many cases illuminate how a politics of popular royalism was revived in the city. The episode highlights how both national and local, and elite and popular politics overlapped and were entwined by civil war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses jurisdiction in the England during the late Middle Ages of the 14th and 15th centuries, including in Dunwich, England, jurisdictional disputes and legal rights of the burgesses. The relationship between legal authority and English communities, including in regard to the communication of authority, is discussed.

The article discusses historical research which focused on the monitoring of the Cypriot community in London, England due to their perceived criminality in the 1930s. Topics explored include the link of the Cypriot community to communism during the said period, the murder cases involving Cypriots from 1931 to 1934 in London, and the restriction of Cypriot migration to Great Britain in addition to their control by British authorities.

Although extensively mined by political, legal and even economic historians, the records of the common law courts of medieval England have still to be used to their full potential by students of other branches of history. Focusing primarily on the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, this article seeks to demonstrate the types of information which medical historians might glean from these sources, and in an appendix offers a list of named practitioners to supplement the standard listings by Talbot and Hammond, and by Getz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of South Asian migrants' social networks in the region around Sheffield, England in the early twentieth century. It considers relationships between natives and immigrants, especially marriage; labor mobility and empire after World War I; sources of vital statistics; tolerance and race relations; and examples of immigrant men's experiences.

This article investigates controversies surrounding dog walking and dog fouling in 1970s and early 1980s Britain, focusing on the microhistory of a series of events in a Lancashire mill town that became known as the 'Burnley Dog War.' A ban on dog walkers from Burnley's main public parks triggered a highly publicised seven-year struggle over access. On one level, the park ban served as a rallying cry for dog lovers across Britain, widening the dividing line between dog owners and dog haters. On another level, it constituted a struggle between antagonists over questions of belonging and exclusion in a town devastated by large-scale deindustrialisation. The dog war stimulated combatants to interrogate the nature and quality of their townscape and their sense of civic identity, the analysis of which allows scrutiny of the impact of deindustrialisation upon their sense of self and place. During the conflict, various aspects of the town's economic history, civic traditions, and landscapes, were alternately disavowed, recovered, rearticulated and contested in relation to its post-industrial present. As it will be shown, the Burnley dispute over dog walking and dog fouling serves as a lens for exploring post-industrial fractiousness along class lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that research into preventive and pre-emptive crime control in the United Kingdom has marginalized the historical persistence of the power to arrest and convict on justified suspicion of intent. It traces the genesis of this power in statute law (particularly the Vagrancy Act of 1824) and demonstrates its consistent use in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It shows how this pre-emptive power was fiercely defended by police authorities, particularly during the rise of the 'civil liberties' agenda during the 1930s, only losing ground when use of these powers became entangled with debates about race relations in the 1970s. Overall, the article argues that 'pre-emptive' arrest and conviction on suspicion of intent have been a significant component of UK police powers since the later eighteenth century, and seeks to demonstrate the value of historical criminology in problematizing contemporary debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voice has a long history in modernWestern culture as a transparent signifier of subjectivity and presence. This ideology of immediacy has meant that exploration of singing voices as mediated has mostly been confined to classic technological turns marked by specific sound devices. This article examines voice in connection with the mid-nineteenth-century soprano Jenny Lind and the broader London context of contemporary Lind mania. Mediation lends itself to canvassing questions at the crossroads of voice and celebrity studies, for the invocation of a linear, unmediated communication between particular individuals and their audiences lies at the heart of modern celebrity culture's apparatus. The tension between voice and techne, presence and absence, evinced by printed and visual materials suggests mediation was key to the perceptual and ideological system surrounding Lind's voice. Attending to voice within a more porous, relational framework can help us move away from a concern with individuality and authenticity, and listen to a rich tapestry of human and material encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between the Enlightenment and the Christian concept of original sin in England during the 18th century, including through referencing the Christian British wine merchant Pentecost Barker's diary. It discusses the psychology of Barker concerning original sin and salvation.

An essay is provided which discusses juvenile education and enlightenment in Great Britain during the French Revolution period of the late 1780s and 1790s, including the role that enlightenment education played in influencing children to question their social position. The impact that the French Revolution had on radicalizing the youth of Great Britain is discussed. The article references the diary of the English Quaker Louisa Gurney.

The article discusses the woodcut pictures and images of best-selling ballads in 17th century England, including the pictorial aesthetics of balladry and the depiction of women in ballad woodcutting. The social aspects of ballad pictures, including their reflecting of the English Reformation's visual culture, are discussed.

In the long eighteenth century, dramatists and poets use Dido in two specific ways that are different from the traditional Ovidian and Virgilian versions: they either emphasize her sexuality to show her death as the consequence of yielding to temptation, or they depict her as silly and comic, minimizing her tragedy. This article argues that both versions blame Dido for her own downfall and death in order to exonerate Aeneas and make him a more acceptable and heroic model for the founder of a nation. By examining the rewriting of Dido in the long eighteenth century, this article suggests that English writers were reimagining a key classical myth both to simplify the moral message of the story and to suit their own changing national identity by providing a clear-cut model for an imperial, expansionist ruler in Aeneas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the political discourse surrounding coinage in England during the mid-Tudor dynasty from the 1540s through the 1560s, including Tudor governors' control of how currency was perceived in England. An overview of rumours about coins and minting in Tudor England, including about counterfeit coins, is provided.

The article discusses a thirteenth-century English caricature sketched on the 1233 Exchequer Receipt Roll featuring a three-faced view of Jewish financier Isaac of Norwich, other Jewish companions, and demons. It considers the work as part of Medieval material culture and political context. It explores English civil culture and the habits of scribes. Other topics include Jewish–Christian relations, anti-antisemitism in the Middle Ages, and Jewish history.

This article studies the effect of free pre-school education on child outcomes in primary school. We exploit the staggered implementation of free part-time pre-school for three year olds across Local Education Authorities in England in the early 2000s. The policy led to small improvements in attainment at age 5, with no apparent benefits by age 11. We argue that this is because the expansion of free places largely crowded out privately paid care, with small changes in total participation, and was achieved through an increase in private provision, where quality is lower on average than in the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]