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The sparse literature on the use of imperatives in research papers suggests that they are relatively common in a small number of disciplines, but rare, if used at all, in others. The present study addresses the use of imperatives in a corpus of upper-level A-graded student papers from 16 disciplines. A total of 822 papers collected within the past 5 years were analyzed for imperative use, with particular emphasis placed on the main text of papers from the five disciplines with the highest proportion of imperatives. In each of these disciplines, text-based interviews were conducted with faculty members to establish disciplinary contexts. Results show that imperatives are used frequently in physics, philosophy, economics, mechanical engineering, and linguistics, though in quite varying ways. The interview data suggest that successful and experienced student writers adopt the potentially 'high risk strategy' (Hyland 2012) of initiating a sentence with an imperative for various strategic purposes that are discipline-specific. Such insights have implications for writing instructors and materials designers in both L1 and L2 contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Departments of animal sciences must be relevant to a society in which a small number of people can raise almost all the food animal products needed. The declining number of people involved in animal agriculture has decreased enrollment of students interested in food animals in many departments of animal science. However, several departments welcomed students from a diverse background and began research on animals other than food animals. In many states, the undergraduate enrollment is made up primarily of students interested only in companion animals. A benefit of this is that we have recruited new students into animal agriculture and they have gone on to excellent careers. We have a new challenge now: how to maintain and expand the efforts in teaching, research, and outreach of companion animal science. Departments wishing to expand in teaching have examples of successful courses and curricula from other departments. Some departments have expanded their teaching efforts across their own university to teach about pets to a wider audience than their own majors; other departments can follow. In research, a small number of faculty have been able to establish extramurally funded projects on pets, including horses. But it will be difficult for more than a handful of departments to have a serious research effort in dogs, cats, birds, fish, or exotic animals. Departments will have to make a concerted effort to invest in such endeavors; joint ventures with other universities and colleges of veterinary medicine (or medicine) will probably be required. Funding sources for "traditional" efforts in nutrition, reproduction, and physiology are small and inconsistent; however, with the progress of the equine, canine, and feline genome projects, there should be opportunities from federal funding sources aimed at using animal models for human health. In addition, efforts in animal behavior and welfare can be expanded, perhaps with some funding from private foundations or animal-supportive organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I examine some difficulties with the argument presented as a topological sorites in Z. Weber and M. Colyvan, ‘A topological sorites’, Journal of Philosophy 107, 311–325. In particular, I suggest that the argument may be used to support the claim that sorites-type paradoxes cannot arise in a cohesive environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Research Community 'Philosophy and History of the Discipline of Education' was established in 1999. First an overview is given of the two main areas into which the more than 180 chapters published in 12 books can be grouped. In general the papers are addressing 'internal' educational research topics and more 'external' relations. The suite of papers in this issue continues the selection of material presented during the 2017 and 2018 meetings and follow on from the suite published in an issue of this journal earlier this year (54:3). Next, the suite of papers appearing in this issue is introduced. In this, and the preceding suite, aspects of the production and acceleration, as well as of the (re)presentation, dissemination and reception of educational research are brought into focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliography on the subject of philosophy is presented which includes the books including "Unconscious Contracts: A Psychoanalytical Theory of Society," by Michael Allingham, "Freedom from Necessity," by Bernard Berofsky and "Disowning Knowledge in Six Plays of Shakespeare," by Stanley Cavell.

A call for papers for a special issue of "Stand-Up Comedy and Philosophy" to be published in November 2020 is presented.

Drawing extensively on letters sent to me by him over fifty years, this paper tries to present a vivid picture of Paul Hirst in different aspects of his life. The first section covers the huge amount of work he did at the universities of London and Cambridge—in teaching and writing philosophy of education, high-level administrative university responsibilities, and involvement in national education policy. This is followed by a glimpse into his passion for music, especially opera. Final sections show him as an academic mentor and friend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the calls for the submission of the paper for the periodicals. Topics discussed include submission of the paper need to be any philosophical treatment of environmental aesthetics and ethics; special papers of interest for the submission such as articles dealing with identifying aesthetic reasons, moral reason for protecting the natural environment; and articles dealing with aesthetic value structure our reasons for acting. It also invite papers related to aesthetic values conflict with moral values, and philosophers perception of the relation between environmental aesthetics and ethics.

Various conceptions of philosophy of education have been mooted over the last sixty years. The paper looks at five of these, associated particularly with R. S. Peters, D. W. Hamlyn, David Bakhurst, Philip Kitcher, and Harvey Siegel. It shows differences and sometimes overlaps among these, to do with whether or not philosophy of education should be seen as a branch of philosophy, as central to philosophy as a whole, or as a form of applied philosophy. The paper puts most weight on the last of these while recognizing the importance of work on the enculturation of young human beings as exemplified in Hamlyn's and Bakhurst's writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliography on the subject of philosophy is presented which includes the books "The Thinking Muse: Feminism and Modern French Philosophy," by Jeffner Allen and Iris Marion Young, "Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience: Three Approaches to the Mind," by Edward M. Hundert, and "Integrity: A Philosophical Inquiry," by Mark S. Halfon.

A bibliography on the subject of philosophy is presented which includes the books "Die Entstehung der Hegelschen Dialektik," by Manfred Baum, "Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation," by Roy Bhaskar, and "Love and Human Separateness," by Ilham Dilman.

A bibliography on the subject of philosophy is presented which includes the books "Philosophy and the Modern Mind," by E. M. Adams, "The Concept of Coherence in Art," by Karl Aschenbrenner, and "Wittgenstein, Scepticism and Political Participation," by A. Botwinick.

This paper argues that the philosophy of ambiguity, associated with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Simone de Beauvoir, provides a helpful framework for understanding the complex and paradoxical nature of old age outside the dominant categories of the "third" and "fourth" ages. Building on philosophical literature in cultural gerontology including that focused on the "art of living" and other approaches that draw on existentialist thought, it suggests "ambiguity" as a theme that has been overlooked in such literature. The advantage of this approach is that it can accommodate contradictory elements and thus underpin an integrated approach to old age. At the same time, in distinguishing between ontological and social dimensions of ambiguity, the conceptual framework offers a new perspective on ageism that can help clarify the distinction between ageism as oppression and the negative aspects of deep old age itself. The paper is structured as follows. After making the case for the value and importance of "ambiguity" as a framework for viewing old age, I set out the key aspects of this philosophy as found in the work of Merleau-Ponty and particularly Beauvoir. I then apply this framework to a discussion of 2 literary memoirs of deep old age, by Diana Athill and Florida Scott-Maxwell, respectively. I argue that the picture of old age that emerges contrasts with the hegemonic discourses enframed by successful aging and frailed old age and offers the possibility not only of a true appreciation of old age but also of a more meaningful life course itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does 'remembering that p ' entail 'knowing that p '? The widely-accepted epistemic theory of memory (hereafter, ETM) answers affirmatively. This paper purports to reveal the tension between ETM and the prevailing anti-luck epistemology. Central to my argument is the fact that we often 'vaguely remember' a fact, of which one plausible interpretation is that our true memory-based beliefs formed in this way could easily have been false. Drawing on prominent theories of misremembering in philosophy of psychology (e.g. fuzzy-trace theory and simulationism), I will construct cases where the subject vaguely remembers that p while fails to meet the safety condition, which imply either that ETM is false or that safety is unnecessary for knowledge. The conclusion reached in this paper will be a conditional: if veritic epistemic luck is incompatible with knowledge, then 'remembering that p ' does not entail 'knowing that p '. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliography on the subject of philosphy is presented which includes the book "Non-Well-Founded," by Peter Aczel, "The Body of a Person," by Virgil C. Aldrich, and "The Skin Ego," by Didier Anzieu.

This paper seeks to clarify one of the deepest questions about the source or ground of normativity, while also presenting an essence-based approach to answering it. We call it the 'Arché Question.' Though all metanormative theories must address this question, very few realists have explicitly grappled with the challenge it poses; those who have appear to deny any need to give an answer. After critically discussing extant realist responses, this paper outlines an essence-based approach to answering the Arché Question that draws on theoretical resources forged in recent advances in post-modal metaphysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A call for papers on philosophy and songs or singing is presented.

This paper aims to reflect Fischer's ideas on vocational orientation and vocational choice as fundamental prerequisites for vocational education in the current German system of vocational guidance in general and vocational education schools. A special focus is placed on Fischer's view on the relevance of informed choice when choosing an occupation. In a first step, the reader will be introduced to the philosophical basis of German vocational guidance, namely, Beruf and self‐knowledge, as it is the foundation for understanding Aloys Fischer's thinking on vocational guidance. In a second step, key points of Aloys Fischer's paper 'Vocational Guidance and Vocational Counsellors' (1920) that relate to the issue of informed choice will be presented. Finally, as Aloys Fischer's ideas are reflected in vocational guidance in general and vocational education schools in Germany, the paper provides a brief discussion of informed choice—Fischer's central topic—from the author's German and contemporary perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of philosophy books received which includes "The Philosophy of Marjorie Grene" edited by Randall E. Auxier and Lewis Edwin Hahn, "Divorcing Marriage: Unveiling the Dangers in Canada's New Social Experiment" by Daniel Cere and Douglas Farrow, "A Treatise of the Law of Nature" by Richard Cumberland, "Radical Interpretation in Religion" edited by Nancy K. Frankenberry and "Frege Explained: From Arithmetic to Analytic Philosophy" by Joan Weiner.

In this article, the author invites research papers related to philosophy to be presented at 2012 Joint Session of the Aristotelian Society and the Mind Association, which will be held in University of Stirling in Stirling, Scotland, on July 6-8, 2012.

The article presents several books on philosophy including "Catholic Thought Since the Enlightenment: A Survey," by Aidan Nichols, "Contemporary Moral Problems," edited by Peter Mehl and Phillip Spivey, "Hobbes on Law," edited by Claire Finkelstein, "Husserl's Phenomenology," by Dan Zahavi, and "The Idea of Form: Rethinking Kant's Aesthetics," by Rodolphe Gasché.

A bibliography on the subject of philosophy is presented which includes the books "Communication, Identity & Self Expression," by S. P. Banerjee and Shefali Moitra, "Natural Law & Human Dignity," by Ernest Bloch, and "Reciprocity," by Lawrence C. Becker.

Indicative and subjunctive conditionals are in non-complimentary distribution: there are conversational contexts at which both are licensed (Stalnaker 1975 ; Karttunen and Peters 1979 ; von Fintel 1998). This means we can ask an important, but under-explored, question: in contexts which license both, what relations hold between the two? In this paper, I'll argue for an initially surprising conclusion: when attention is restricted to the relevant contexts, indicatives and subjunctives are co-entailing. §1 introduces the indicative/subjunctive distinction, along with a discussion of the relevant notion of entailment; §2 presents the main argument of the paper, and §3 considers some of the philosophical implications of the argument in §2. Finally, §4 argues that we can reconcile the equivalence of indicatives and subjunctives with apparently conflicting judgements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article invites papers on philosophical topics for selection in the open sessions and publishing in the supplementary Volume of the Aristotelian Society.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics related to the relationship between logic and information including the undecidability of first-order logic, computational complexity of logical reasoning, and informational semantics.

The article offers information on miscellaneous events related to philosophy. Latsis Foundation has invited nominations for the award Lakatos Award for books on philosophy of science. A conference titled "Kantian and Post-Kantian Aesthetics" organized by the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rochester would be held in Rochester, New York during May 10-12, 1990. Papers have been invited for a seminar of the Mind Association and the Aristotelian Society to be held in July 1990.

Many philosophers are attracted to a complaints-based theory of the procreation asymmetry, according to which creating a person with a bad life is wrong (all else equal) because that person can complain about your act, whereas declining to create a person who would have a good life is not wrong (all else equal) because that person never exists and so cannot complain about your act. In this paper, I present two problems for such theories: the problem of impairable-life acceptance and an especially acute version of the problem of improvable-life avoidance. I explain how these problems afflict two recent complaints-based theories of the procreation asymmetry, from Joe Horton and Abelard Podgorski. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the nature of academic judgement. It also suggests that academic judgement is not the special preserve of academics as such and is something with which students can be imbued. It is further suggested that academic judgement is best considered in the context of critical learning which is contrasted with demonstrative learning. The paper then proceeds with an analysis of judgement by considering the ideas of Peter Geach on this particular subject. It then moves to considering judgement in the context of a practice, as set out by Alasdair MacIntyre. Whilst providing insight into the nature of practical judgement, this approach is found wanting nonetheless and attention is next turned to considering judgement within the space of reasons – that is, the approach of John McDowell. The paper then suggests that the idea of the space of reasons can be given greater substance through consideration of two further kinds of judgement – epistemic and reflective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliography on the subject of philosophy is presented which includes the books "Pragmatism's Advantage," by Joseph Margolis, "Finding and Confirming the Truth," by John S. Pletz, and "Starting With Hegel," by Craig B. Matarrese.

In a recent paper, Reuter, Seinhold and Sytsma (Analysis , 2019) put forward an implicature account to explain the intuitive failure of the pain-in-mouth argument. They argue that utterances such as 'There is tissue damage / a pain / an inflammation in my mouth' carry the conversational implicature that there is something wrong with the speaker's mouth. Appealing to new empirical data, this paper argues against the implicature account and for the entailment account , according to which pain reports using locative locutions, such as 'There is a pain in my mouth', are intuitively understood as entailing corresponding predicative locutions, such as 'My mouth hurts.' On this latter account, the pain-in-mouth argument seems invalid because the conclusion is naturally understood as entailing something which cannot be inferred from the premisses. Implications for the philosophical debate about pain are also drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction to this Policy Special Issue begins by situating the themes of mental health and education in the broader context of the public mental health conversation, and the new challenges to individual and collective life brought about by the COVID‐19 pandemic. It then charts some of the ways mental health has developed in educational thinking and educational policy in recent years. Philosophy is then introduced as a form of thinking that encourages a slowing down of—and critical a standing back from—the momentum that gathers around the proliferation of talk about young people's problems in mental health in society, and the interventions designed to tackle these problems in education. What brings the contributions of this Policy Special Issue together is, it is observed, a degree of unease about current approaches to mental health in education. An overview of the contributions is then provided, which introduces the reader to the ways that philosophical thinking is brought to challenge and reconceive current ways of thinking about mental health in education in this Policy Special Issue. The five sections of the Policy Special Issue are also introduced: From clinics to classrooms; Tackling mental health in the curriculum; Sickness in society; Language in crisis; and Curing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many theories of the functions of consciousness. How these theories relate to each other, how we should assess them, and whether any integration of them is possible are all issues that remain unclear. To contribute to a solution, this paper offers a conceptual framework to clarify the theories of the functions of consciousness. This framework consists of three dimensions: (i) target, (ii) explanatory order, and (iii) necessity/sufficiency. The first dimension, target, clarifies each theory in terms of the kind of consciousness it targets. The second dimension, explanatory order, clarifies each theory in terms of how it conceives of the explanatory relation between consciousness and function. The third dimension, necessity/sufficiency, clarifies each theory in terms of the necessity/sufficiency relation posited between consciousness and function. We demonstrate the usefulness of this framework by applying it to some existing scientific and philosophical theories of the functions of consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information regarding the developments in philosophical society. The Philosophy Department of Amherst College is organizing a Conference on the Philosophy of Mathematics in April 5, 1991. The European Yearbook of Philosophy (EYP) is inviting papers on topics from formal semantics to analytic phenomenology and entries are invited for the first Analysis Essay Competition.

In his Metaphysical Disputation 5, Francisco Suárez offers a concise argument to the effect that all that does or can possibly exist is singular and individual, and that a commitment to real universals would entail what he calls a 'manifest contradiction'. According to a recent interpretation of this Master Argument against realism, it reveals that Suárez was committed to a hylomorphic version of the principle of the identity of indiscernibles, and ruled out the possibility of perfectly similar yet numerically distinct entities. In this paper, however, I argue that (1) at least for fundamental items in his ontology such as immaterial forms and matter-form compounds, Suárez was not committed to the identity of indiscernibles, and (2) a reading of the Master Argument that does justice to this is available. On the basis of this reading I provide a reappraisal of the argument, and conclude that (3) it rests on a premise that the realist would have good reasons to challenge. Hence, while the argument seems consistent with the possibility of indiscernible yet numerically distinct immaterial forms and matter-form compounds Suárez wishes to allow for, it is doubtful whether it can accomplish what it sets out to do, and undermine the case for realism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'epistemic trespassing' has recently been coined to denote a person's judgments regarding a domain where they are not epistemic experts. In this paper, I focus on expert trespassing testimony – that is, testimony by an expert in a domain of expertise other than his own. More specifically, I focus on intra-scientific trespassing testimony between scientific collaborators. By developing a number of distinctions, I argue that while intra-scientific trespassing testimony may seriously hamper scientific collaboration, it does not invariably do so and may even be beneficial to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores an idea of Stoic descent that is largely neglected nowadays, the idea that an argument is valid when the conditional formed by the conjunction of its premises as antecedent and its conclusion as consequent is true. As will be argued, once some basic features of our naïve understanding of validity are properly spelled out, and a suitable account of conditionals is adopted, the equivalence between valid arguments and true conditionals makes perfect sense. The account of validity outlined here, which displays one coherent way to articulate the Stoic intuition, accords with standard formal treatments of deductive validity and encompasses an independently grounded characterization of inductive validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the widely held view that 'good for', 'well-being', and related terms express a distinctive evaluative concept of central importance for ethics and separate from 'simply good' as used by G. E. Moore and others. More specifically, it argues that there's no philosophically useful good-for or well-being concept that's neither merely descriptive in the sense of naturalistic nor reducible to 'simply good'. The paper distinguishes two interpretations of the common claim that the value 'good for' expresses is distinctively 'subject-relative'. One concerns the ground of this value, or the properties that make something good for you; it says these must involve some relation to you. The other concerns the resulting value itself, or what supervenes on this ground; it says that too involves a relation. Neither interpretation, the paper argues, yields a significantly distinct evaluative concept. The ethically fundamental evaluative concept is just 'simply good'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of books related to philosophy is presented. This includes the "Faith of the Fatherless: The Psychology of Atheism," by Paul C. Vitz, "El internacionalismo de Vitoria en la era de la globalización," by Bárbara Díaz and "The Metaphysical Demonstration of the Existence of God: Metaphysical Disputations 28-29," by Francisco Suárez.

The article offers announcements related to philosophical societies. A memorial conference on the 20th death anniversary of philosopher Arthur Prior will be held at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand in 1989. The 11th annual Philosophy Conference of Santa Clara University, California will be on April 7, 1989. The Centre for Philosophy and Public Affairs of the University of St Andrews, Scotland is inviting applications for research fellowships for 1989-1990 academic session.

The notion of subject matter is a key concern of contemporary philosophy of language and logic. A central task for a theory of subject matter is to characterise the notion of sentential subject matter, that is, to assign to each sentence of a given language a subject matter that may count as its subject matter. In this paper, we elaborate upon David Lewis' account of subject matter. Lewis' proposal is simple and elegant but lacks a satisfactory characterisation of sentential subject matter. Drawing on linguistic literature on focus and on the question under discussion, we offer a neo-Lewisian account of subject matter, which retains all the virtues of Lewis' but also includes an attractive characterisation of sentential subject matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]