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This article identifies how and why Argentine political rumors were created, spread, and legitimized by government officials, military officers and the press in the interwar years. In that period, the practice of what we now call "fake news"—known as pescado podrido (rotten fish) in Argentina for it poisons the one who hears or repeats it—became more common and took on international proportions. In Argentina, a variety of forces drove the increase in disinformation, including political instability, the rising (and later the banning) of the majoritarian Radical Party, elite anxiety about the threat of communism, and a long-lasting nationalist fear about the integrity of borders. Authorities and right-wing politicians were inclined to see any anti-government actions as linked to international communism and, in some cases, imaginary Jewish conspiracies. The article offers two case studies: One refers to the anti-Radical Party rumors, especially those spread in the days immediately before and after the coup d'état in 1930; and the other to a more generalized atmosphere of anti-communist inspired rumors and fake news in the interwar period. This article is based on research in government archives and newspaper collections in Patagonian cities, Buenos Aires, and Washington, D.C. Argentine official sources included records from the Ministry of the Interior, the Gobernación del Neuquén, President Agustín P. Justo's papers and recently declassified army and navy documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is a petrofabric tool used to estimate the alignment of minerals at the site-scale, the imbrication between the magnetic foliation and the emplacement surface being an indicator of flow direction. However, despite numerous studies examining the flow direction in pyroclastic deposits and lava flows, the effect of magnetic mineralogy and the domain state of ferromagnetic phases on the magnetic fabric remains poorly understood. This paper describes the magnetic mineralogy and its influence on the magnetic fabric of Plio-Pleistocene lava flows and ignimbrites of the Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex in the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Argentina. Rock magnetism, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and anhysteretic remanent magnetization and petrographic observations were performed on 30 sites of the volcanic complex. Results revealed the extrusive and pyroclastic rocks present varied magnetic mineralogy, formed in different stages of the magmatic evolution. Magnetic mineralogy variations strongly affect the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data in volcanic rocks and associated ignimbrites, providing 'scattered' fabrics when late Ti-rich titanomagnetite phases dominate the fabric, and 'inverse' or 'intermediate' fabrics when single-domain grains are present. 'Normal' fabrics are typically found when early crystallized pure magnetite is present. Our results highlight the complexity in the interpretation of magnetic anisotropy data in volcanic rocks and ignimbrites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can public diplomacy help resolve protracted international conflicts? Both rationalist and constructivist traditions identify significant domestic obstacles to international peacemaking. However, Robert Putnam's concept of "reverberation" implies that diplomats can expand their adversaries' win-sets for cooperation by engaging foreign publics. This paper analyzes a most-likely case, with archival evidence: Argentine Ambassador Oscar Camilión's unsuccessful quest for Argentine-Brazilian rapprochement in 1976–77. Although the two countries later overcame rivalry, public diplomacy contributed negligibly to this success: internal Argentine divisions created mixed messages toward Brazil, Brazilian leaders launched a competing public relations operation, and these two currents obstructed and nearly terminated Camilión's mission. This case illuminates the paradoxes of Argentine foreign policymaking under military rule and offers a cautionary tale for scholars and practitioners of public diplomacy and conflict resolution. Video Abstract Video Abstract Close [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global phases, viz. seismic phases that travel through the Earth's core, can be used to locally image the crust by means of seismic interferometry. This method is known as Global Phase Seismic Interferometry (GloPSI). Traditionally, GloPSI retrieves low-frequency information (up to 1 Hz). Recent studies, however, suggest that there is high-frequency signal present in the coda of strong, distant earthquakes. This research quantifies the potential of these high-frequency signals, by analysing recordings of a multitude of high-magnitude earthquakes (≥6.4  M w) and their coda on a selection of permanent USArray stations. Nearly half of the P, PKP and PKIKP phases are recorded with a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 5 dB at 3 Hz. To assess the viability of using the high-frequency signal, the second half of the paper highlights two case studies. First, a known sedimentary structure is imaged in Malargüe, Argentina. Secondly, the method is used to reveal the structure of the Midcontinent Rift below the SPREE array in Minnesota, USA. Both studies demonstrate that structural information of the shallow crust (≤5 km) below the arrays can be retrieved. In particular, the interpreted thickness of the sedimentary layer below the Malargüe array is in agreement with earlier studies in the same area. Being able to use global phases and direct P -phases with large epicentral distances (>80°) to recover the Earth's sedimentary structure suggests that GloPSI can be applied in an industrial context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the conceptual and methodological design and objectives of the Standardized and Unified CV Database of the Argentine Scientific and Technological Human Resources (the CVar database) project. This is a public electronic database of researchers' CVs developed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation in Argentina. The paper also addresses the main potential uses of this source of information (complementary to more traditional sources of data such as bibliometrics or patent analysis) for research evaluation, understanding the dynamics of career trajectories, policy-making and network studies. The Argentine case has some defining characteristics which make it different from other Latin-American experiences: the political perspective of the national government on the project, the inclusion of the main S&T institutions of the country in its design as a strategy to encourage its further adoption for the academic and scientific community, and the implementation of a specific database design strictly directed to the exploitation of the information and the creation of new indicators (database design used as the 'basic core' of a standardized template of a Latin-American CV, from which it will be possible to integrate information coming from different electronic CV databases in the region). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the development of cooperation between Argentina and Brazil from their initial rapprochement of 1979 to the construction of Mercosur in 1991. It presents an account of cooperation that emphasizes the power and organizational interests of the armed forces and that challenges the prevailing emphases on democratization and neoliberalism. In doing so, it addresses a methodological problem for qualitative research in international relations: What can be done if our theories of why cooperation occurs affect our perceptions of when it begins? Conventional explanations of Argentine-Brazilian cooperation may be biased toward what historian Herbert Butterfield called 'Whig history,' which sees in past events associations that exist only in the present. These tendencies can alter our periodization of cases, omit or falsely reject important causal variables, and too readily confirm our preferred hypotheses, but they can also be corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late Miocene and younger mafic back-arc lavas in the southern Puna of the central Andean plateau have been attributed to the aftermath of crustal and mantle lithospheric delamination or foundering. In this paper, we analyze in more detail the nature of the back-arc mafic suite magmas, including the conditions of magma generation in the mantle and of magma evolution during ascent and ponding in the crust, using extensive compositional data for phenocryst minerals and olivine-hosted melt inclusions in combination with published and new whole-rock chemical and isotopic data. We estimate that the primary melts last equilibrated with an enriched mantle source at temperatures near 1375°C and pressures near 2 GPa, which is near the base of the seismically determined ∼60 km thick crust. A mantle source geochemically enriched by continental material introduced through delamination and subducted erosion processes is required to explain the coincidence of the high 87Sr/86Sr ratios (>0·705) and high Sr concentrations (>700 ppm) of the most primitive lavas (e.g. 9–10 wt % MgO, olivine Fo88). The crystallization conditions inferred from mineral–melt equilibria indicate that olivine (T = 1320–1220°C) was followed by clinopyroxene (T = 1230–1140°C). Clinopyroxene–melt equilibration pressures of 0·7 to near 1 GPa in the most mafic samples indicate that the magmas crystallized at mid-crustal depths of 20–35 km, within a region of inferred partial melt accumulation based on the presence of low seismic velocity zones. Olivine-hosted melt inclusions indicate relatively dry melts (maximum 0·5 wt % H2O) with unusual high-Al basaltic compositions, which are attributed to the high-pressure suppression of plagioclase crystallization. A first stage of crustal contamination before mid-crustal accumulation and crystallization of the mafic magmas is suggested by high O-isotope ratios in olivine phenocrysts and negative Eu anomalies in clinopyroxene from the plagioclase-free mafic lavas. Mixing models based on trace elements and radiogenic isotopes suggest assimilation of silicic melt in the lower crust, similar to contemporaneous glassy dacites with steep REE patterns and negative Eu anomalies. A second stage of crustal assimilation at shallower depths is indicated by the mismatch of incompatible elements in clinopyroxene relative to bulk-rock compositions, by strong positive correlations of radiogenic isotopes with wt % SiO2, and by petrographic observation of partly resorbed and reacted quartz xenocrysts. Mixing calculations require the erupted magmas to have assimilated in total some 15–25% crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, more than 3 million people suffer from asthma, with numbers rising. When asthma patients acquire viral infections which, in turn, trigger the asthmatic response, they may develop subsequent bacterial infections, mainly by Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae. This encapsulated Gram+ bacterium has been considered historically a T cell-independent antigen. Nevertheless, several papers describe the role of T cells in the immune response to S. pneumoniae. We evaluated the response to S. pneumoniae and compared it to the response to Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis, a different type of bacterium that requires a T helper type 1 ( Th1) response, in cells from atopic asthmatic children, to compare parameters for the same individual under exacerbation and in a stable situation whenever possible. We studied asthma patients and a control group of age-matched children, evaluating cell populations, activation markers and cytokine production by flow cytometry, and cytokine concentration in serum and cell culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA). No differences were observed in γδ T cells for the same patient in either situation, and a tendency to lower percentages of CD4+ CD25hi T cells was observed under stability. A significantly lower production of tumour necrosis factor ( TNF)-α and a significantly higher production of interleukin ( IL)-5 was observed in asthma patients compared to healthy individuals, but no differences could be observed for IL-4, IL-13 or IL-10. A greater early activation response against M. tuberculosis, compared to S. pneumoniae, was observed in the asthmatic patients' cells. This may contribute to explaining why these patients frequently acquire infections caused by the latter bacterium and not the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the general atmospheric circulation over Patagonia on the basis of the principal palaeoclimate forcings: continental drift, orography, variations in the greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere, evolution of the atmosphere and the oceans, changes in the orbit of the Earth, albedo feedbacks, and the land surface. These processes affect climate on time scales of millions to hundreds of thousands of years. Additionally, orbital forcing has had a major influence on climate during the Quaternary. The palaeo-atmospheric circulation of Patagonia is analyzed for the Early to Late Jurassic, the Cretaceous, the Late Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Tortonian-Oligocene cooling, the Pliocene, the Quaternary including the Last Glacial Maximum, the Holocene Optimum, and the last millennium changes. Alternative palaeo-atmospheric circulations from climatic modelling scenarios through the ages are reviewed and compared with proxy data. Detailed and updated reference information on the topics analyzed is also provided. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, , 229-249. Este trabajo discute la circulación general de la atmósfera en la Patagonia. Se han explicado los principales forzantes del palaeoclima: deriva continental, orografía, variaciones en los gases de invernadero de la atmósfera terrestre, evolución de la atmósfera y los océanos, cambios orbitales, retroalimentación debida al albedo y las condiciones generales de la superficie terrestre. Estos parámetros afectan el clima en escalas temporales de millones a cientos de miles de años, así como los forzantes orbitales dominaron los cambios climáticos durante el Cuaternario. Las palaeo-circulaciones de la atmósfera sobre Patagonia son analizadas para el Jurásico Temprano y Tardío, el Cretácico, el Máximo Termal del Palaeoceno Tardío- Eoceno, el enfriamiento del Tortoniano- Oligoceno, el Plioceno, y el Cuaternario incluyendo el Último Máximo Glacial (UMG), el Óptimo del Holoceno y los cambios del último milenio. Las palaeo-circulaciones atmosféricas alternativas a través del tiempo a partir de escenarios de modelos climáticos son revisadas y comparadas con proxy datos. Una extensiva lista de referencias provee información detallada y actualizada (Noviembre del 2010) sobre los tópicos analizados en esta publicación. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the results of four country studies (Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico) on the relative effectiveness of channels of interactions between public research organisations (PROs) and industry in driving specific types of benefits for researchers and firms. All studies used micro-datasets developed by a joint project using common questionnaires. Channels of interactions were classified into four groups (traditional, services, bi-directional and commercial) while benefits were classified into two groups for firms (short-term production and long-term innovation) and for researchers (economic and intellectual). It is found that the bi-directional (knowledge flows in both directions) and the services (knowledge flows mainly from PROs to firms) channels drive intellectual benefits for researchers. Firms tend to value the traditional channel (i.e. graduates, publications, conferences) more than any other channel. However, it is the bi-directional channel that drives the best benefits, especially those related to contributions to innovation activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various channels for the exchange of knowledge between public research organisations (PROs) and industry (I). This paper discusses the relative effectiveness of different channels in Argentina. We use micro-data from surveys on firms and researchers to confirm that specific channels of PRO-I interactions are predominantly associated with specific types of benefits. While the service channel is effective for driving the benefits for researchers, the traditional channel does so for firms. However, we find that only the bi-directional channel ensures long-term benefits simultaneously for both actors. Moreover, we show that firms' innovative capabilities and researchers' knowledge skills interfere in the channels--benefits relationship. Therefore, the promotion of PRO-I interactions should be designed in accordance with the types of benefits being targeted and should take account of the knowledge characteristics of the actors involved in the interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Devonian magmatism in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas (Córdoba, Argentina) is represented by elliptical, porphyritic, batholithic, late- to post-orogenic monzogranites emplaced in a metamorphic–plutonic basement. Two groups of Devonian granitoids are distinguished: (1) metaaluminous to weakly peraluminous, hornblende-biotite bearing granitoids, and (2) peraluminous, biotite-(muscovite) bearing granitoids. Groups 1 and 2 are characterized by accessory phases of sphene-magnetite with high susceptibility, and ilmenite-(monazite-uraninite) with low susceptibility, respectively. The magnetic assemblage of the Group 2 Achala Batholith, predominantly paramagnetic, is the subject of this paper. Forty-three sites were sampled in the Achala monzogranite. Overall, it is weakly magnetic, with a mean magnetic susceptibility of 1.5 × 10−4 SI. Twenty-one sites showed titanohaematite as the magnetic carrier of a stable remanence. The titanohaematite is an accessory mineral and contains exsolved disc-shaped intergrowths of ilmenite. The weak magnetism of Achala monzogranite facies contrasts with the magnetic character of other Devonian porphyritic, batholithic monzogranites in the region. The virtual absence of magnetite, together with the presence of exsolved titanohaematite and Mn-ilmenite indicate crystallization and cooling under more oxidizing conditions. Oxidizing conditions continued into the subsolidus, causing late-stage reactions of ilmenite host grains to ilmenite + rutile+ haematite, and titanohaematite to ilmenite-poorer haematite + rutile. These reactions resulted in low susceptibility values and a strong reduction of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensities. Thermal demagnetization, up to 620–640 °C, isolated steeply dipping, dual-polarity remanence directions. The coincidence of the Achala paleomagnetic pole with the 380–360 Myr segment of the Gondwana Apparent Polar Wander Path and the U-Pb zircon age implies that the remanence was acquired soon after emplacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-one years after committing their crimes, General Menéndez and seven other represores were sentenced by an Argentinean Federal Tribunal to prison terms ranging from 18 years to life in prison for the kidnapping, torture and murder of four members of a political opposition group. The crimes were committed as part of a widespread and systematic attack against those opposed to the military regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. According to national legislation, however, they should have been shielded from prosecution by the statute of limitations found in Article 62 of the Penal Code. To circumvent this procedural hurdle in domestic law, the Tribunal relied upon international criminal law, describing the offences as crimes against humanity, maintaining that the statute of limitations did not apply to such crimes, and then proceeded to sentence the accused exclusively for domestic crimes. After a concise summary of the facts of the case, the following paper shall, first, review the use of international law by the Tribunal, pointing out certain inaccuracies in the application of international criminal law notions to handle domestic offences. This will be followed by a comment on the Tribunal's arguments regarding the non-applicability of the statute of limitations, in particular concerning its approach to jus cogens norms. Finally, this article presents the Tribunal's use of domestic law to reach its verdict, and questions whether using international law as a tool to by-pass domestic procedural hurdles could ultimately hinder the international struggle to end impunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of northwestern Argentinian plants used in folk medicine. To compare the mentioned activities with those of five commercial antibiotics. To identify the compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity. Methods and Results: Plant extracts were prepared according to traditional uses in northwestern Argentina. Antibacterial activity was assayed by agar dilution in Petri dishes and broth dilution in 96-well plates. Lethal dose 50 (LD50) was determined by the Artemia salina assay. Phytochemical analysis was performed by sample adsorption on silica gel, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), bioautography and UV-visible spectra. The results showed that Tripodanthus acutifolius aqueous extracts have lower minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (502 and 506 μg of extracted material (EM) per ml for infusion and decoction, respectively) than cefotaxim MIC (640 μg ml−1) against Acinetobacter freundii (303). These data were lower than their LD50. Tripodanthus acutifolius tincture showed lower MIC (110 μg of EM per ml) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) (220 μg of EM per ml) than cefotaxim (MIC and MBC of 320 μg ml−1) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This extract also showed a MIC/MBC of 110/220 μg of EM per ml, lower than oxacillin (MIC/MBC of 160/220 μg ml−1) for Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). The cytotoxicity of all extracts were compared with that of commercial antibiotics. Rutin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone 3- β-rhamnosilglucoside), iso-quercitrin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone 3- β-glucoside) and a terpene would be partially responsible for the antibacterial activity of T. acutifolius infusion. Conclusions: Tripodanthus acutifolius extracts had the ability to inhibit bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity differs with the applied extractive method, and it could be partially attributed to glycoflavonoids. This paper contributes to the knowledge of antibacterial capacity of plants from northwestern Argentina. Significance and Impact of the Study: These antibacterial activities support further studies to discover new chemical structures that can contribute to alleviate or cure some illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calomys musculinus is the natural reservoir of Junin virus, the etiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. In this paper we measure the effective size of 2 populations of the rodent over a 2-year period. Twenty enzyme-coding loci were analyzed using vertical starch gel electrophoresis. Effective population sizes (Nes) were estimated by the pseudolikelihood method in 2 populations 280 km apart in central Argentina. Both populations experienced marked seasonal changes in relative density and in Ne (between 19.8 and infinity). Changes in percentage of polymorphic loci and mean number of alleles per locus were statistically significant and were roughly correlated with density and Are. Observed changes in heterozygosity, in contrast, were not significant. After low-density periods, mixing of surviving individuals coming from different demes may play an important role in the maintenance of variability and recovery of Ne in populations of C. musculinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Scilingo judgment is noteworthy both because it applies the notion of crimes against humanity and because it relies upon the principle of universal jurisdiction. It is, however, argued that the reasoning used by the Audiencia Nacional to conclude that it had jurisdiction under Spanish law over the atrocities committed in Argentina by the accused against other Argentineans is unconvincing. Indeed, the atrocities committed in this case do not qualify as either genocide or terrorism — the only two classes of offences over which Spanish courts have extraterritorial jurisdiction under the relevant Spanish legislation. Furthermore, this paper faults the Court's assertion that state practice demonstrates the existence of an international customary rule granting national courts jurisdiction over crimes against humanity. Nevertheless, the Court correctly claims that universal jurisdiction must be seen as default jurisdiction, intended to grant extraterritorial jurisdiction whenever the territorial or national state are passive. That said, while the Court is correct to both try and convict the accused, its reasoning is faulty; in the case at issue, the Court's jurisdiction is based not on passive nationality, but on the grounds that the accused had voluntarily surrendered to the Court. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper revises the genusStenostomumbased on a rich collection of species from Argentina and on a review of bibliographical resources of all known South American species. The description of South American species is standardized. The new genusAnokkostenostomumis established and several species ofStenostomumare transferred to it based on the absence of light-refracting bodies and the presence of a metameric anterior brain lobe. We report fiveStenostomumspecies and threeAnokkostenostomumspecies new to Argentina and present an identification key for South American species. Finally, all the world species are compiled, with an overview of their distribution. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London,Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005,144, 37–58. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this special section of this issue of Science and Public Policy, authors try to find new answers to some enduring questions about social cohesion and social inclusion that have long been present in social thought. The aim of the various contributions is to refine the approaches to inclusion and cohesion in order to increase their impact in policy-making. Authors believe that forward-looking approaches need further tailoring in order to better suit the needs of decision-makers and their changing environment, and that there is an urgent need to inform the public about the potential value of the analysis of these problems. Earlier versions of the papers were presented at the Meeting of the Latin American Association of Science and Technology Studies (ESOCITE), held 20-23 July 2010 at Buenos Aires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]