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Using the conceptual tools of anti-Blackness and the Black habitus to analyze the interviews of 38 Black youth who lived and grew up in Baltimore City, this study contends that the negative associations placed on Black youth continue to dehumanize them and prevent them from the full embodiment of student status. This article explores Blackness and its relationship with the privileges and immunities of student status within America's collective consciousness. Through the voices of Black youth, this article provides evidence that Black students in Baltimore have not been fully granted the immunity of student status. Instead, Black youth participants describe harm in their schools and neighborhoods, as well as a tenuous relationship between Blackness and "studentness." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is there a Chinese School of International Relations (IR) Theory? My answer to this question is ambivalent. Although a Chinese school of IR theory does not exist in the singular, it does exist in the plural. If "birds of a feather flock together," then the difference in approaches taken by Chinese scholars is as relevant as is the fact that the scholars are all Chinese. The Tsinghua School and moral realism share much with classical realism. Cultural relationalism also offers a distinctive Chinese approach as do Gongsheng /symbiotic and tianxia approaches. That said, Chinese IR scholarship shares with IR scholarship in America, Europe, and the rest of the world its firm anchor in the Newtonian mechanical worldview of the late 19th century. Natural sciences, such as quantum mechanics and scientific cosmology, meanwhile concluded long ago that Newtonianism offers an often practicable yet constricted view of the world. In contrast, the humanities operate with a worldview fully consonant with 20th century physics. It is the social sciences and the analysis of IR which continues to adhere to the mechanical worldview common in the late 19th century—in China and the rest of the world. In both "China" and "the West" IR, scholars are tapping their canes against the pavement, seeking to fathom what will happen next. If historians and semantic modelers are right, like the future, the past is never distant. Always open to reinterpretation, it is like the future—unpredictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early twentieth-century America, ownership of all four Shakespeare folios was a benchmark for rare-book collectors, showcasing a dedication to assembling an exceptional library. The First Folio (1623) typically commanded the highest prices. Dealers sought to capitalize on the popularity of Shakespeare's works by labelling a wide range of material as 'Shakespeareana', and the 1920s saw a boom in the market for early English plays. For some American collectors, notably Henry Folger, one copy of an edition was not enough, but others, including Henry Huntington, released duplicates back into the market, helping to keep interest high and facilitating the use of books as investments in the 1920s. This article examines the transatlantic trade in early English drama from c.1900 to 1929, to situate sales of First Folios in their economic and cultural context and to explore why large numbers of sixteenth-century English plays are now held in a handful of American libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did rural areas recover from the great recession much more slowly than metropolitan areas? Due to declining tax revenues and intergovernmental aid, employment in the American local government sector fell substantially after the great recession. Cuts to local public employment were especially large, long-lasting and consequential in rural areas, which have become relatively dependent on public-sector employment and intergovernmental transfers. The public sector is relatively inconsequential in urban America, but in many rural places, a decade after the great recession, the public sector was the slowest category of employment to recover and the leading source of long-term job losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-Emancipation medical and social science scholars extensively theorized Black susceptibility to illness, disease, and death. Most studies of late nineteenth-century medical ideas about the relationship between race and disease have highlighted the construction of medical beliefs that associated Black physical weakness with a proclivity to ill health. This study presents an alternate narrative, one where certain diseases – asthma and hay fever — reflected an opposing racialized understanding of disease that instead centered on White frailty. Based on an examination of turn-of-the-century asthma and hay fever medical literature produced by George Miller Beard, the professionalization of the United States Hay Fever Association, and the publication and dismissal of the first recorded case of asthma in an African American man in 1884, this article argues that late nineteenth-century asthma and hay fever physicians, who themselves often suffered from the conditions, defined the typical asthma patient along racial lines to protect the exclusivity of their own professional and social identities. As a result, asthma and hay fever in Black communities, particularly in the North, where asthma and hay fever scholars primarily lived and worked, remained obscured and untreated until the mid-twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 1975, Frank Moss, an eighteen-year veteran of the Senate from Utah, donned the scruffiest clothes he could find and walked into a small clinic in New York that catered to Medicaid patients. Using a phony Medicaid card supplied to him by a New York District Attorney, he posed as a patient with symptoms he feigned to assess the quality of care he would receive. Appalled by what he experienced, he and a team of staffers from his office embarked on a four-state tour of what he termed "Medicaid mills," visiting more than 200 clinics in an undercover investigation that exposed alarming levels of provider fraud and abuse of the government health insurance system. This dramatic expose was covered by CBS's widely watched Sunday-night news program 60 Minutes. The subsequent Senate hearings were a media sensation, leading to accusations that the Senator was "grandstanding." This article looks at the political climate in which the congressional sting operation, the media attention it garnered, and the subsequent legislation enacted sought to address a persistent, growing problem of fraud and abuse in Medicare and Medicaid. The article argues that Moss's effort was an example of entrepreneurial politics, as defined by Craig Volden and Alan Wiseman in 2016, and something more as well. Moss was reacting to a political setting in which the legitimate authority of political institutions, including Congress, had been called into question by the Watergate scandal and other revelations. At the same time, organized medicine in America was dealing with its own version of this challenge to its authority. The result was a dramatic episode that focused on fraud and abuse in the ten-year-old Medicare program and that raised wider questions about changes in cultural authority in politics and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), threatens both the soft-skinned and stone fruit industry in Asia, Europe, and America. Integrated pest management requires monitoring for infestation rates in real time. Although baited traps for adult D. suzukii are widely used for field monitoring, trap captures are weakly correlated to larval infestation rates. Thus, monitoring for larvae instead of adult flies represents the most reliable monitoring technique. Current methods for larval monitoring (e.g. sugar or salt floatation) are time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this study, we develop a new "sleeve method" for detecting larvae in strawberries through the inspection of individual fruits crushed within transparent plastic sleeves. Samples can be optionally frozen until further processing. Based on count data from non-expert observers, the estimation of larval infestation with the sleeve method is fast, precise, and highly repeatable within and among observers. Mean processing time is half the time compared to previous methods (33–80 s per sample depending on infestation levels). As the accuracy of the sleeve method decreases with infestation levels, we suggest ways to improve its accuracy by incubating fruits for 48 h and calibrating data using fruits with a known number of larvae. The method could also be used in other fruits, as it is easier to use, faster, and requires less equipment than previous monitoring methods. Finally, the method represents a promising tool for growers or researchers to effectively monitor and manage D. suzukii and other insect pests of soft and stone fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mary Ann Booth, a resident of Longmeadow, Massachusetts, was America's first professional female microscopist. She gained recognition for her skillfully mounted microscope slides and proficiency in photomicrography. Booth was an editor for The Observer and Practical Microscopy and a regular contributor to The American Monthly Journal of Microscopy. She was also a member of various scientific societies and received honors for her work at international expositions. Her high-quality slides continue to be recognized in contemporary microscopy, and her collection is currently archived at the Springfield Science Museum. [Extracted from the article]

The article delves into the reception of French poet Paul Valéry in America, particularly focusing on an anecdote involving William Carlos Williams reading Valéry's address in a rural setting. It explores the juxtaposition of Valéry's eminence as a poet with the down-to-earth reality of American rural life. It discusses the evolving perceptions of Valéry's poetry over time, examining how various poets, including Wallace Stevens, engaged with his work.

In public discourse, there has been hostile communication between Asian and Black communities in the US. This article proposes co-racialization as a lens in examining Asian and Black Americans' relationality. Co-racialization occurs in and across space and time, in that individuals and groups with various and uneven resources shape their views of themselves and their counterparts. Seventy-two Asian Americans and Black Americans were interviewed. Through the concepts of "racial project" and "hydraulic and nanoracism," I trace the ways in which these co-racializations are mediated. Themes of their "home and neighborhood as space of mediation;" "segregated learning institutions with hydraulic racism mediated by pop culture;" and "perpetual tensions and nanoracism in the 'fuzzy zones'" emerged. This article calls for nanohealing —an intentionally sustained relationality-building rooted in on-the-ground spaces of interactions and mediation—as an imperative part of co-racialization to resist the thin relationality between racial minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the contemporary racial attitudes of white American adults towards black Americans, using data from the General Social Surveys and classifies these attitudes using latent class analysis. The purpose of the analysis is to resolve ongoing debates between (a) those who contend that overt forms of racism have largely been replaced by more socially acceptable forms of racism, and (b) those who contend that overt forms of racism are still so strong in the United States that even the survey form can successfully detect them. Consistent with the second of these two views, a full 55.6 percent of the population adopts a pattern of responses consistent with deeply essentialist accounts of racial inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The wellbeing and safety of international tourists is a paramount concern for governments and stakeholders. Mortality among travellers and the causes of death serve as a significant metric of destination safety. We describe the epidemiology and causes of death among international travellers in Peru. Methods Data retrieved from the Peruvian government's deaths certificates registry included all non-residents who died between January 2017 and December 2021. We analysed the national incidence and causes of death among international travellers in Peru. Causes of death were classified into non-communicable diseases (NCD), communicable diseases and injuries. We classified fatalities according to the existence of preventive measures that could be provided during the travel medicine consultation to decrease the risk. Results We obtained records from 1514 deaths among international travellers (973 males, 64%). The incidence increased from 0.2 deaths per 10 000 travellers in 2017 to 9.9 in 2021. NCDs were the most common causes of death (n  = 560, 37%), followed by communicable diseases (n  = 487, 32%), and injuries (n  = 321, 21%). Causes of death were unknown in 9.7% of the records. The leading causes of death in these categories were cancer, cardiovascular disease, COVID-19 and trauma. We found similar sex distribution of NCDs in travellers aged >50 years and higher rates of communicable diseases among males across all ages. Injury-associated deaths were significantly higher among males aged 18–29 years (P  < 0.001) compared with other sex-age groups. We estimated that for 57.7% of deaths risk could have been decreased through pre-travel advice. Conclusion Rates of deaths among travellers to Peru increased over time. Most deaths were due to NCDs, followed by communicable diseases and injuries. Pre-travel medical optimization and effective advice focused on age-sex and destination specific risks could reduce risk among travellers. Increased awareness among travel medicine practitioners and improvement of emergency medical response systems in Peru could decrease mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'Big Lie' in American politics has sparked intense concern about the erosion of public confidence in the integrity of US elections—raising questions about the legitimacy of the authorities, institutions, and principles of democratic governance. Cynicism generated from misinformation about trustworthy elections has attracted a growing body of individual-level social-psychological research in America and Europe. Another common problem found around the world, however, which has received far less attention, concerns credulous citizens who express considerable faith and confidence in flawed contests. This study theorises that at macro-level, the accuracy of any public judgments about trustworthy elections is likely to be mediated by the information environment in open and closed societies, as well as by the type of regime. To understand these issues, Part I summarises the conceptual and theoretical argument about trust and trustworthiness. Part II describes the sources of evidence. To apply the theory, data on public opinion is drawn from around 85 societies around the globe included in Waves 6 and 7 of the World Values Survey (2010–2022), with measures of electoral trust and subjective perceptions of electoral integrity among ordinary citizens. Institutional electoral performance indices are drawn from the Varieties of Democracy project (V-Dem 12.0). Part III analyses how far these independent estimates match public judgments of the trustworthiness of elections in each country – and how far such relationships are conditioned by the type of information society as well as by the type of regime. Part IV highlights the key findings and considers their broader implications for understanding the macro-level conditions for trust and trustworthiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacists and pharmacies are key drivers in the American marketplace. They serve as an endpoint of the pharmaceutical supply chain and are the dispensers of a range of consumer goods, some nonthreatening and others potentially harmful to public health. In adding pharmacies to the roster of consumerist locales in the postwar period, scholars might draw even deeper connections about the transformation of health, corporate medicine, and American economic power. To understand the interface of consumerism, corporatism, and health in postwar America, this article holds the postwar pharmacy as a key site of commodity exchange and business and positions it within the larger American firmament, paying attention to the design of pharmacies. In particular, the article will add to the knowledge about the tangible ways that medical and health care spaces are constructed, organized, and designed to best generate profits. Besides prescription medications, alcohol, tobacco, and sugar-rich products were also vital elements of the postwar pharmacy and will be featured in this article. What is more, this article focuses on a central debate between pharmacists during the postwar period about how pharmacies were shifting from the role of healer to that of a retailer — from a "conscientious guardian" to a "commercialized jungle" — in order to highlight how the public health role of pharmacies was undermined by industry pressures for profit. Based on unused corporate guides and manuals, company records, photographs, and management documents, this article will spotlight the underexplored interiority of pharmacies – the store's insides, processes of organization, and design features related to potentially habit-changing substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, a Finnish entomologist and government administrator, made significant contributions to the understanding of beetles in Pacific Northwestern America. Despite never visiting North America himself, Mannerheim enlisted the help of Finnish settlers in Russian America to collect insects for him, resulting in a valuable collection that supported his research for 15 years. Mannerheim's four monographic publications on the beetle fauna of the region were considered comprehensive and authoritative at the time, and he is recognized as a founder of coleopterology in western North America. His work was highly collaborative and followed progressive systematic approaches. The Finnish Museum of Natural History houses the Coleoptera Mannerheim collection, which contains about 20,000 species and 100,000 specimens, including 800 type specimens described by Mannerheim himself. [Extracted from the article]

Background Incomplete uptake of guidelines can lead to nonstandardized care, increased expenditures, and adverse clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the 2011 Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America (PIDS/IDSA) pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) guideline that emphasized aminopenicillin use and de-emphasized the use of chest radiographs (CXRs) in certain populations. Methods This quasi-experimental study queried a national administrative database of children's hospitals to identify children aged 3 months–18 years with CAP who visited 1 of 28 participating hospitals from 2009 to 2021. PIDS/IDSA pediatric CAP guideline recommendations regarding antibiotic therapy, diagnostic testing, and imaging were evaluated. Segmented regression interrupted time series was used to measure guideline-concordant practices with interruptions for guideline publication and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Results Of 315 384 children with CAP, 71 804 (22.8%) were hospitalized. Among hospitalized children, there was a decrease in blood culture performance (0.5% per quarter) and increase in aminopenicillin prescribing (1.1% per quarter). Among children discharged from the emergency department (ED), there was an increase in aminopenicillin prescription (0.45% per quarter), whereas the rate of obtaining CXRs declined (0.12% per quarter). However, use of CXRs rebounded during the COVID-19 pandemic (increase of 1.56% per quarter). Hospital length of stay, ED revisit rates, and hospital readmission rates remained stable. Conclusions Guideline publication was associated with an increase of aminopenicillin prescribing. However, rates of diagnostic testing did not materially change, suggesting the need to consider implementation strategies to meaningfully change clinical practice for children with CAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Football may be America's most popular sport, but with growing evidence of the risk of sport-associated concussions, some adults are reconsidering which sports to encourage children to play. Using data from a nationally representative sample of 958 respondents, we examine how political party, belief in patriotic displays in sport, attention to concussion news, social class, and race are associated with support for children playing each of the five major U.S. sports: baseball, basketball, hockey, soccer, and football. Our findings suggest that unlike other sports, attitudes about youth participation in football are divided by views on patriotism in sport, age, race, education, and attention to concussion news. For many Americans, football is connected to participation in a civil religion, which celebrates national pride and respect for the military. We argue that child safety advocates who aim to steer children away from football must grapple with the deeper cultural and identity-based framework associated with the sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined relationships between resilience resources (optimism, social support, and neighborhood social cohesion) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and assessed potential effect-measure modification by psychosocial risk factors (e.g. stress, depression) among adults without CVD in 3 cohort studies (2000–2018): the Jackson Heart Study, the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study. We fitted adjusted Cox models accounting for within-neighborhood clustering while censoring at dropout or non-CVD death. We assessed for effect-measure modification by psychosocial risks. In secondary analyses, we estimated standardized risk ratios using inverse-probability–weighted Aalen-Johansen estimators to account for confounding, dropout, and competing risks (non-CVD deaths) and obtained 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using cluster bootstrapping. For high and medium (versus low) optimism (n  = 6,243), adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident CVD were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.13) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.07), respectively. Corresponding HRs were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.04) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.06) for social support (n  = 7,729) and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.29) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.16) for social cohesion (n  = 7,557), respectively. Some psychosocial risks modified CVD HRs. Secondary analyses yielded similar findings. For optimism and social support, an inverse relationship was frequently most compatible with the data, but a positive relationship was also compatible. For neighborhood social cohesion, positive and null relationships were most compatible. Thus, specific resilience resources may be potential intervention targets, especially among certain subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Cactaceae are succulent plants, quasi-endemic to the American continent, and one of the most endangered plant groups in the world. Molecular phylogenies have been key to unravelling phylogenetic relationships among major cactus groups, previously hampered by high levels of morphological convergence. Phylogenetic studies using plastid markers have not provided adequate resolution for determining generic relationships within cactus groups. This is the case for the tribe Cereeae s.l. , a highly diverse group from tropical America. Here we aimed to reconstruct a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of tribe Cereeae and update the circumscription of suprageneric and generic groups in this tribe. Methods We integrated sequence data from public gene and genomic databases with new target sequences (generated using the customized Cactaceae591 probe set) across representatives of this tribe, with a denser taxon sampling of the subtribe Cereinae. We inferred concatenated and coalescent phylogenetic trees and compared the performance of both approaches. Key Results Six well-supported suprageneric clades were identified using different datasets. However, only genomic datasets, especially the Cactaceae591, were able to resolve the contentious relationships within the subtribe Cereinae. Conclusions We propose a new taxonomic classification within Cereeae based on well-resolved clades, including new subtribes (Aylosterinae subtr. nov. Uebelmanniinae subtr. nov. and Gymnocalyciinae subtr. nov.) and revised subtribes (Trichocereinae, Rebutiinae and Cereinae). We emphasize the importance of using genomic datasets allied with coalescent inference to investigate evolutionary patterns within the tribe Cereeae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the stress of burnout to the gratification of camaraderie, medicine is suffused with emotions that educators, administrators, and reformers have sought to shape. Yet historians of medicine have only begun to analyze how emotions have structured health care work. This introductory essay frames a special issue on health care practitioners' emotions in the twentieth-century United Kingdom and United States. We argue that the massive bureaucratic and scientific changes in medicine after the Second World War helped to reshape affective aspects of care. The articles in this issue emphasize the intersubjectivity of feelings in healthcare settings and the mutually constitutive relationship between patients' and providers' emotions. Bridging the history of medicine with the history of emotion demonstrates how emotions are instilled rather than innate, social as well as personal, and, above all else, change over time. The articles reckon with the power dynamics of healthcare. They address the policies and practices that institutions, organizations, and governments have implemented to shape, govern, or manage the affective experiences and well-being of healthcare workers. And they point to important new directions in the history of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives In the 21st century, the future of the Norwegian welfare state is broadly debated. In Norway, as in other countries, concerns regarding the sustainability and affordability of the welfare state in light of the projected population development have been voiced in public and academic discourse, and not least in governmental statements and documents. Because we consider texts, such as government white papers, as both products and producers of discursively based understandings of the social world, a close examination of policy documents can provide insight into the predominant understanding of a distinct phenomenon in a specific society at a particular point in time. Research Design and Methods The article is based on a critical discourse analysis of 3 recent Norwegian government policy documents addressing the older adult population. Results We demonstrate that prominent ideas from the widely contested successful aging paradigm are embedded and forwarded in current Norwegian policies, where ideas about successful and healthy aging produced and reproduced in the documents frame and shape expectations toward older adults. Discussion and Implications We argue that the ideas and ideals of successful aging and neoliberalism in parallel pave the way for changes in the historically generous and comprehensive Norwegian social democratic welfare state. For decision makers, the rhetoric of successful aging that emphasizes activity, productivity, self-reliance, and freedom of choice is undoubtedly more convenient to communicate to the public than explicit arguments for the necessity of downscaling public services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the concept of shared identity endorsement narratives (SIENs), or celebrity endorsements of political candidates that intentionally highlight shared social identities between the endorser and the endorsed. Scholars of celebrity endorsements in political contexts have primarily focused on the efficacy rather than the rhetorical content of these endorsements and what latent social structures make them effective. Through close readings of two SIENs of Vice President Kamala Harris by American celebrities of Indian descent, I draw upon social identity theory to elucidate the ways in which these endorsements create valuable networks of support for Indian Americans, but simultaneously create homogenizing articulations of Indian American identity that exploit caste, ethnolinguistic, and racial differences. Analyzing how Indian Americans and other minority groups present themselves/connect with their community provides insights into what it takes to succeed in America's diversifying political and media landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against claims that we now live in a post-racial era, this article argues that panic over so-called "invasive species" illustrates how negative conceptions of difference are built into the White imaginary. We argue that the calls to exterminate the infamous Bradford pear tree across the US function as a kind of nanoracism, or what Achilles Mbembe defines as the organization of everyday affairs according to us–them logics that further justify overt racist practices. Performing a close reading of the discourse about the tree, we show how xenophobia and anti-Blackness lurk in a debate about non-human biota, specifically by normalizing inferential racist language that attacks difference, expressing fears of racial impurity, and calling for exterminating the Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypertension is a significant public health issue, particularly for Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, and South Asians who are at greater risk than whites. Religion and spirituality (R/S) have been shown to be protective, but this has been identified primarily in whites with limited R/S measures examined (i.e. religious service attendance). Purpose To assess hypertension prevalence (HP) in four racial/ethnic groups while incorporating an array of R/S variables, including individual prayer, group prayer, nontheistic daily spiritual experiences, yoga, gratitude, positive religious coping, and negative religious coping. Methods Data were drawn from the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health, a consortium of ethnically diverse U.S. cohorts. The sample included 994 Black women, 838 Hispanic/Latino men and women, 879 South Asian men and women, and 3681 white women. Using a cross-sectional design, prevalence ratios for R/S and hypertension were reported for each cohort, in addition to pooled analyses. Given differences in R/S among men and women, all models were stratified by gender. Results Different patterns of associations were found between women and men. Among women: 1) religious attendance was associated with lower HP among Black and white women; 2) gratitude was linked to lower HP among Hispanic/Latino, South Asian, and white women; 3) individual prayer was associated with higher HP among Hispanic/Latino and white women; 4) yoga was associated with higher HP among South Asian women, and 5) negative religious coping was linked to higher HP among Black women. Among men: significant results were only found among Hispanic/Latino men. Religious attendance and individual prayer were associated with higher HP, while group prayer and negative religious coping were associated with lower HP. Conclusion Religion/spirituality is a multifaceted construct that manifests differently by race/ethnicity and gender. Medical practitioners should avoid a one-size-fits-all approach to this topic when evaluating prevalent hypertension in diverse communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the characteristics of recent studies on diabetes education interventions in rural areas and identify the relative proportion of studies with characteristics of interest that showed a reduction in glycated hemoglobin (A1C). A systematic literature search was performed in Web of Science, PubMed and PsychInfo, using keywords and Medical Subject Heading terms. Articles conducted in rural areas of the United States tested an educational intervention for people with type 2 diabetes, and reported outcomes were identified. A total of 2762 articles were identified, of which 27 were included. Of the 27 articles, most were implemented in the Southeast (n  = 13). Of the 21 interventions that measured A1C, 10 reported a statistically significant decrease in A1C. The proportion of studies with a significant A1C reduction was higher for the studies that used telehealth/online, delivered by a collaboration between health-care professionals and lay educators or included family or group components. Only three studies included their criteria in determining rurality. Future diabetes education interventions may consider including family members or group sessions, holding online sessions and partnering with local resources. Additionally, stronger research methods are needed to test practical and effective interventions to improve diabetes education in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses administrative tax data to estimate top wealth in the United States. We assemble new data that link people to their sources of capital income and develop new methods to estimate the degree of return heterogeneity within asset classes. Disaggregated fixed-income data reveal that rich individuals earn much more of their interest income in higher-yielding forms and have much greater exposure to credit risk. Consequently, in recent years, the interest rate on fixed income at the top is approximately 3.5 times higher than the average. We value the population of U.S. firms using firm-level characteristics and apportion this wealth using firm-owner links. We combine this new data on fixed income and pass-through business returns with refined estimates of C-corporation equity, housing, and pension wealth to deliver new capitalized wealth estimates that build upon the methods of Saez and Zucman (2016a). From 1989 to 2016, the top 1%, 0.1%, and 0.01% wealth shares increased by 6.6, 4.6, and 2.9 percentage points, respectively, to 33.7%, 15.7%, and 7.1%. Overall, although we estimate a large degree of return heterogeneity, accounting for this heterogeneity does not change the fundamental story for top wealth shares and their growth—wealth inequality is high and has risen substantially over recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors reflect on the determinants of health and well-being among community-dwelling older people living in rural areas in the U.S. and the use of the social determinants of health (SDH) framework to determine said determinants. Also cited are the vulnerabilities faced by the said aging population like poor health status and low socioeconomic status, and the key role played by rural caregivers (CG) in caring for the said people.

"The Garden Politic" by Mary Kuhn explores gardening in nineteenth-century America, examining the intersection of botanical practices with literary and scientific texts. Kuhn argues that American gardeners viewed plants as political objects influenced by nineteenth-century imperialism and environmental changes. She emphasizes the importance of the domestic sphere in understanding environmental change and highlights the connections between home gardens and other sites of plant growth. Kuhn also explores the transformative attachments that working with plants can produce and connects famous American literary writers of the time to domestic plant cultivation. The book concludes by considering the legacy of nineteenth-century botanical ideologies and their relevance to contemporary debates about plant sentience and changing norms of domestic consumption and care. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher's funding relationship with pharmaceutical manufacturer Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Beecher is a familiar figure to both medical ethicists and historians of medicine for his role in the bioethics revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. In particular, his 1966 article "Ethics and Clinical Research" is widely considered a turning point in the post-World War II debate about informed consent. We argue that Beecher's scientific interests should be understood in the context of his funding relationship with Mallinckrodt and that this relationship shaped the direction of his work in important ways. We also argue that Beecher's views on research ethics reflected his assumption that collaboration with industry was a normal part of how academic science is conducted. In the conclusion of the paper we suggest that Beecher's failure to consider his relationship with Mallinckrodt as worthy of ethical deliberation has important lessons for academic researchers who collaborate with industry today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Jureit's book is a solid German-language introduction to battle reenactment, it is out of step with recent public history scholarship on reenactment and living history. Historians have grappled with how to address reenactment as a form of popular and public history since its inception. [Extracted from the article]

This paper adopts an evolutionary institutionalist approach to explain the persistent popularity of sports in the USA. Veblen's writing in Theory of the Leisure Class suggests two cultural and economic functions of modern sports: as a mode of preservation of leisure class values and as a means of conspicuous waste. Our analysis emphasises the role of sports as an institution for the preservation of leisure class values in general, and what Veblen terms 'predatory prowess' in particular. We identify several contemporary examples of Veblenian cultural traits that explain the affinity for sports in America and illustrate the continued applicability of Veblen's analysis. Finally, we offer support for the Veblenian view by expanding the scope of our argument to the broader evolutionary institutionalist literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of ecomorphs, whereby species with similar ecologies have similar phenotypes regardless of their phylogenetic relatedness, is often central to discussions regarding the relationship between ecology and phenotype. However, some aspects of the concept have been questioned, and sometimes species have been grouped as ecomorphs based on phenotypic similarity without demonstrating ecological similarity. Within snakes, similar head shapes have convergently evolved in species living in comparable environments and/or with similar diets. Therefore, ecomorphs could exist in some snake lineages, but this assertion has rarely been tested for a wide‐ranging group within a single framework. Natricine snakes (Natricinae) are ecomorphologically diverse and currently distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe and north‐central America. They are primarily semiaquatic or ground‐dwelling terrestrial snakes, but some are aquatic, burrowing or aquatic and burrowing in habit and may be generalist or specialist in diet. Thus, natricines present an interesting system to test whether snakes from different major habit categories represent ecomorphs. We quantify morphological similarity and disparity in head shape among 191 of the ca. 250 currently recognized natricine species and apply phylogenetic comparative methods to test for convergence. Natricine head shape is largely correlated with habit, but in some burrowers is better explained by dietary specialism. Convergence in head shape is especially strong for aquatic burrowing, semiaquatic and terrestrial ecomorphs and less strong for aquatic and burrowing ecomorphs. The ecomorph concept is useful for understanding natricine diversity and evolution, though would benefit from further refinement, especially for aquatic and burrowing taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 2029 April 13, asteroid Apophis will pass within six times of the Earth's radius (∼31 000 km above the surface) in the closest approach of this asteroid in recorded history. This event provides unique scientific opportunities to study the asteroid, its orbit, and surface characteristics at an exceptionally close distance. In this paper, we perform a novel synthetic geometrical, geographical, and temporal analysis of the conditions under which the asteroid can be observed from the Earth with a particular emphasis on the conditions and scientific opportunities for bistatic radar observations, the most feasible radar technique applicable during such a close approach. For this purpose, we compile a list of present and future radio observatories or radio facilities around the globe, which could participate in bistatic radar observation campaigns during the close approach of Apophis. We estimate signal-to-noise ratios, apparent sky rotation, surface coverage, and other observing conditions. We find that a global collaboration of observatories across Australia, Africa, Europe, and America will produce high-resolution delay-Doppler radar images with signal-to-noise ratios above 108, while covering ∼85 per cent of the asteroid surface. Moreover, if properly coordinated, the extreme approach of the asteroid might allow for radio amateur detection of the signals sent by large radio observatories, and citizen science projects could then be organized. We also find that for visual observations, the Canary Islands will offer the best observing conditions during the closest approach, both for professionals as well as for amateurs. The apparent size of Apophis will be 2–3 times larger than typically seeing, allowing for resolved images of the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the use of survey methods, the study presents the first systematic comparison of America-based international relations professors to think tank employees (TTEs) in terms of their preferred conduct of the United States in international affairs. The difference between the two groups in their support for military intervention is stark. TTEs are 0.47 standard deviations more hawkish than professors based on a standard measure of militant internationalism (MI). Controlling for self-described ideology mitigates this effect although it remains statistically significant. Beyond quantifying their relative foreign policy preferences, this study helps to resolve why TTEs tend to assume more hawkish policies. The authors find evidence that hawkishness is associated with proximity to power. Professors who have worked for the federal government score higher on MI, as do TTEs based at institutions located closer to Capitol Hill. In general, the results point to a self-selection mechanism whereby those who favor interventionist policies are more likely to pursue positions to increase their policy influence, perhaps because they know that powerful institutions are more likely to hire hawks. Alternative explanations for differences, such as levels or kinds of foreign policy expertise, have weaker empirical support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language development is an important facet of early life. Deaf children may have exposure to various languages and communication modalities, including spoken and visual. Previous research has documented the rate of growth of English skills among young deaf children, but no studies have investigated the rate of ASL acquisition. The current paper examines young deaf children's acquisition of ASL skills, the rate of growth over time, and factors impacting levels and growth rates. Seventy-three children ages birth to 5 were rated three times using the Visual Communication and Sign Language Checklist and given a scaled score at each rating. An average monthly gain score was calculated for each participant. The presence of a deaf parent, use of ASL at home, use of cochlear implant(s), whether the child was born deaf, and age of initial diagnosis were analyzed for their impact on the level of ASL skill and rate of growth. Results indicated that the use of ASL in the home has a significant positive effect on deaf children's ASL skill level. Additionally, children with lower initial ratings showed higher rates of growth than those with higher initial ratings, especially among school-aged children. The paper discusses implications and directions for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws upon multi-archival research to rediscover the experiences and research of Judges VK Wellington Koo and Shi Jiuyong at St John's University in Shanghai and Columbia University in New York City. The former was the first Chinese person to be elected Vice President of the International Court of Justice while the latter became the first Chinese person to helm the Court. It aims to offer crucial insights into the making of these two eminent international judges from China and their perceptions of international law. More importantly, it sheds light on the movement of people—missionaries, law professors and diplomats—and the circulation of their ideas as drivers of the expansion of international law. This article strives to examine these understudied major figures to make the legal history of international dispute settlement more geographically and racially inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genera Isocheles Stimpson, 1858 and Loxopagurus Forest, 1964 are endemic to America and occur in tropical and subtropical waters. There are five species of Isocheles , two of them are found in the Western Atlantic (I. sawayai Forest & de Saint Laurent, 1968 and I. wurdemanni Stimpson 1859) and three in the Eastern Pacific (I. pilosus (Holmes, 1900), I. pacificus Bouvier, 1907 , and I. aequimanus (Dana, 1852)). Loxopagurus is a monotypic genus and occurs only in southeastern South America. These two genera are morphologically similar, with differences in shape and size of chelae. The published information on the taxonomy of these genera is scant, and there have been some recent doubts about their phylogenetic relationship. Our study aimed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship of Isocheles and Loxopagurus and evaluate their taxonomic validity and contextualization in Diogenidae Ortmann, 1892. We performed an integrative analysis using multigene data (16S rRNA, COI, and H3) and a detailed morphological evaluation, including redescriptions, seeking characters that allow the clear identification of these species. The type specimens of I. aequimanus , I. pilosus , and L. loxochelis (Moreira, 1901) were lost and errors are common regarding the identification of the species of Isocheles. Characters that clearly delimit these species, such as the ornamentation and shape of the chelipeds and the number of teeth on the second article of the antenna, were stated. The morphological and molecular analyses corroborated the taxonomical validity of Isocheles and Loxopagurus as two distinct genera based on the differences of the shield and chelipeds, on the topology of the trees, and on the genetic divergence inferred from three molecular markers. We also verified that the five amplified species of Isocheles constitute five distinct clades and described a new species of Isocheles , using both molecular and morphological differences from congeners. An identification key for Isocheles is proposed. Although the type material of two out of the five species of Isocheles and the holotype of Loxopagurus loxochelis were lost, the designation of neotypes is not recommended in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines domestic interior design developed and propagated by the home economics movement in post-war America for women physically disabled by the poliovirus and other causes resulting in similar impairments. It argues that domestic interior design was maximally assistive, facilitating the disabled in their everyday tasks, in particular domestic labour. This article shows that home economists fostered post-war efforts supporting the disabled in the following ways: 1) in addition to designing individual domestic aids, they developed more effective holistic spatial solutions, 2) in addition to devising and teaching bodily techniques to help the disabled in their daily tasks, they advanced the social notion of disability by addressing the disability circumstantially: creating accommodating environments that alleviated the effects of physical constraints, often by harnessing societal means (institutional, financial, and legislative), 3) they defied the stereotype portraying women with physical constraints as unproductive and unsuited for marriage, childcare, and housekeeping by presenting the disabled homemaker as being capable, especially when equipped with adequate aids, and deserving to have a family of their own. Furthermore, this article explains how and why the home economists did not undermine traditional gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of cultivated peppers (Capsicum species) in tropical and subtropical America. Here we evaluated the effect of five pepper varieties on the susceptibility of A. eugenii to the parasitoids Bracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Eupelmus cushmani (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), and Jaliscoa hunteri Crawford (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Potential parasitism was estimated by comparative analysis of parasitoid ovipositor size and the depth to which host larvae develop inside the fruit. Highest potential parasitism rates were achieved by Bracon sp. and E. cushmani on árbol and habanero peppers (84–99%) while the lowest rates were achieved by J. hunteri on serrano, bell, and jalapeño (7–18%). To validate potential parasitism rates, the actual parasitism rate by Bracon sp. and J. hunteri on three varieties of peppers was assessed. Actual parasitism rates of A. eugenii larvae in árbol were similar for Bracon sp. and J. hunteri (33%), while on bell and jalapeño Bracon sp. achieved 24% and 13% parasitism and J. hunteri achieved 14% and 8%, respectively. In most cases, actual parasitism was lower than estimated potential parasitism, although the latter had a notable predictive power (predicted R 2 = 0.84). Results showed that the host was more vulnerable on small-fruited varieties because larvae were closer to the pericarp and could be reached by parasitoid ovipositors; likewise, in varieties with little placenta and seed, some larvae fed in the pericarp, where they were more vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article charts the popularization of and eventual disengagement with an approach to wound infection control centered on the medical efficacy of living beings (maggots) in 1920s and 1930s America. Baltimore surgeon William Stevenson Baer successfully drew on his wartime experience to promote the use of sterile or "surgical" maggots in the treatment for deep-seated bone infection at this time. This article situates the practices he promoted in the context of President Herbert Hoover's contemporary establishment of the "associative state," thereby drawing out the relevance of the latter to medical governance. In so doing, it conveys an image of the development of early twentieth-century infection control that contrasts with narratives centered on medically productive aspects of biomedical industrialization and specialization. The incorporation of surgical maggot research and evaluation within the United States Department of Agriculture played a critical role in the subsequent abandonment of the use of maggots as medical aides. Hoover's orientation of this institution towards the support of large-scale private enterprise helped motivate efforts to synthetically replicate (and thereby displace) maggots' medical efficacy. Ultimately, maggot-based therapeutics proved incompatible with conditions created by the orientation of American governmental institutions towards corporate subsidy rather than the support of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex-biased gene flow has been common in the demographic history of modern humans. However, the lack of sophisticated methods for delineating the detailed sex-biased admixture process prevents insights into complex admixture history and thus our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of genetic diversity. Here, we present a novel algorithm, MultiWaverX , for modeling complex admixture history with sex-biased gene flow. Systematic simulations showed that MultiWaverX is a powerful tool for modeling complex admixture history and inferring sex-biased gene flow. Application of MultiWaverX to empirical data of 17 typical admixed populations in America, Central Asia, and the Middle East revealed sex-biased admixture histories that were largely consistent with the historical records. Notably, fine-scale admixture process reconstruction enabled us to recognize latent sex-biased gene flow in certain populations that would likely be overlooked by much of the routine analysis with commonly used methods. An outstanding example in the real world is the Kazakh population that experienced complex admixture with sex-biased gene flow but in which the overall signature has been canceled due to biased gene flow from an opposite direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the intersection of Bauhaus principles, communication design, transnationalism, and postwar global affairs present in Herbert Bayer's World Geo-Graphic Atlas. The book was produced exclusively for clients of the Chicago-based Container Corporation of America in 1953 as part of the company's unique patronage of artists and designers. Driven by the design prowess Bayer honed as a Bauhaus instructor, it is exemplary of modernist informational graphics. However, the book is most notable for its encapsulation of postwar plurality. It visualizes geopolitical networks, air communication, comparative economic development, industrial resources, and mounting Soviet pressure, while maintaining the sophisticated design identity the Container Corporation adopted in its branding of products and itself. The World Geo-Graphic Atlas is here used as a case study to explore applications of Bauhaus reframing and design in the context of a postwar, capitalist America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive species related to climate change and/or globalization may be associated with novel forms of kidney disease. This is the case for wasps. Several species of Asian wasps are increasingly found in America (e.g. Asian giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia) and Europe (e.g. yellow-legged Asian hornet, V. velutina ; black shield hornet, V. bicolor ; and Oriental hornet, V. orientalis). Some of these species have been associated with human deaths and acute kidney injury. The literature on wasps and acute kidney injury is scarce and mostly originates from Asia, so nephrologists outside Asia are not familiar with this health problem. In a recent issue of ckj , Liu et al. describe a simple, four-item Wasp Sting Severity Score (WSS) developed from 1131 wasp sting patients. Vespa mandarinia and V. velutina were among those causing hospitalization, although most cases were caused by the black-bellied hornet (V. basalis). Liu et al. propose that a WSS ≥3 should guide early (<24 h after stings) plasma exchange, as plasma exchange was associated with lower mortality in severely affected patients but continuous venovenous haemofiltration and haemoperfusion were not. The WSS will require external validation. This manuscript should raise awareness about the potentially fatal consequences of stings by wasp species making their way into America and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans rely on summaries of the effect of dietary pattern on disease risk, independent of other population characteristics. We explored the modifying effect of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) on the relationship between fruit and vegetable density (cup-equivalents/1,000 kcal) and preeclampsia using data from a pregnancy cohort study conducted at 8 US medical centers (n  = 9,412; 2010–2013). Usual daily periconceptional intake of total fruits and total vegetables was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. We quantified the effects of diets with a high density of fruits (≥1.2 cups/1,000 kcal/day vs. <1.2 cups/1,000 kcal/day) and vegetables (≥1.3 cups/1,000 kcal/day vs. <1.3 cups/1,000 kcal/day) on preeclampsia risk, conditional on BMI, using a doubly robust estimator implemented in 2 stages. We found that the protective association of higher fruit density declined approximately linearly from a BMI of 20 to a BMI of 32, by 0.25 cases per 100 women per each BMI unit, and then flattened. The protective association of higher vegetable density strengthened in a linear fashion, by 0.3 cases per 100 women for every unit increase in BMI, up to a BMI of 30, where it plateaued. Dietary patterns with a high periconceptional density of fruits and vegetables appear more protective against preeclampsia for women with higher BMI than for leaner women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims Atripliceae evolved and diversified by dispersals and radiations across continents in both hemispheres, colonizing similar semi-arid, saline–alkaline environments throughout the world. Meanwhile, its species developed different life forms, photosynthetic pathways, mono- or dioecy, and different morphological features in flowers, fruiting bracteoles and seeds. In this study, we introduce a first approach to the macroevolutionary patterns and diversification dynamics of the Atripliceae to understand how time, traits, speciation, extinction and new habitats influenced the evolution of this lineage. Methods We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses and clade age estimation of Atripliceae to apply time-, trait- and geographic-dependent diversification analyses and ancestral state reconstructions to explore diversification patterns within the tribe. Key results Opposite diversification dynamics within the two major clades of Atripliceae, the Archiatriplex and Atriplex clades, could explain the unbalanced species richness between them; we found low mean speciation rates in the Archiatriplex clade and one shift to higher speciation rates placed in the branch of the Atriplex core. This acceleration in diversification seems to have started before the transition between C3 and C4 metabolism and before the arrival of Atriplex in the Americas, and matches the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. Besides, the American species of Atriplex exhibit slightly higher net diversification rates than the Australian and Eurasian ones. While time seems not to be associated with diversification, traits such as life form, photosynthetic pathway and plant sex may have played roles as diversification drivers. Conclusions Traits more than time played a key role in Atripliceae diversification, and we could speculate that climate changes could have triggered speciation. The extreme arid or saline environments where Atripliceae species prevail may explain its particular evolutionary trends and trait correlations compared with other angiosperms and highlight the importance of conservation efforts needed to preserve them as genetic resources to deal with climatic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Chew's translation of the Georgics within the context of a wave of classical reception that is witnessing an unusual number of female-authored translations. I explore the reasons why Chew's work failed to attract the recognition and attention of other translations, such as Janet Lembke's Georgics or Sarah Ruden's Aeneid, and suggest that Chew's status of outsider has influenced the reception of her translation. The article also analyses the idiosyncratic and daring choices made by Chew in her translation and considers the impact that this has on refashioning the Georgics for twenty-first century America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 6 million older Americans live with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias; Black American older adults' prevalence is more than twice that of non-Hispanic White older adults. The Black American dementia caregiving experience can be encapsulated within the Black Family Socioecological Context Model, which provides a conceptual basis for examining social determinants of health at individual, family, community, and societal levels with careful consideration for how the intersection of race, gender, and class of Black American dementia caregivers influences the multiple dimensions of their caregiving experiences. Family dynamics, community setting, and health care systems have a potentially bidirectional influence on these caregivers, which is shaped by historical and ongoing systemic and institutional racism and general disenfranchisement. This Forum article outlines how the Social Cognitive Theory offers ways for Black American dementia caregivers to achieve a sense of mastery within the complicated and fraught ecology within which their caregiving occurs. We propose a research agenda to create programs and interventions for enhancing a sense of mastery among Black American dementia caregivers. Two concepts in particular, "constraints" and "efficacy expectations," provide ways to create a systematic approach to developing successful coping strategies for the constraints perceived by individuals as they undertake and function in the caregiving role. The recognition of the complexity of the caregiving ecosystem and intersectionality of caregivers' experience and identity emphasize the importance of individualization: Each caregiver's experience of this ecosystem—and therefore each Black American dementia caregiver's way to mastery within it—will be uniquely shaped and experienced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought can affect the growth and soil enzyme activities of invasive alien plants (IAPs). It is imperative to evaluate the competitive advantage of IAPs compared with that of the native species and the activities of soil enzymes under drought. This study aimed to evaluate the competitive advantage of the IAP Amaranthus spinosus that originated from tropical America compared with the native Chinese species A. tricolor and the activities of soil enzymes under drought. A competitive co-culture of A. spinosus and A. tricolor was established using a planting basin experiment. The two species were treated with different levels of drought, i.e. (i) the control; (ii) a light level of drought and (iii) a heavy level of drought. The functional traits, osmotic adjustment and the activities of antioxidant enzymes of the two species, as well as soil pH and electrical conductivity, contents of soil microbial biomass carbon and the activities of soil enzymes were determined. The relative competition intensity and relative dominance of A. spinosus were greater than those of A. tricolor under drought. Drought may provide an advantage to the competitive advantage of A. spinosus. Soil water-soluble salt content and sucrose hydrolytic power of A. spinosus were greater than those of A. tricolor under drought. The ability of A. spinosus to grow in soil with higher levels of water-soluble salt contents and sucrose hydrolytic power under drought may aid in its acquisition and utilization of nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private landlords play an important role in America's poverty governance, with profound effects on poor families and neighborhoods. Drawing on data from interviews with 127 landlords in Baltimore, Dallas, and Cleveland, we ask how landlords understand their role as purveyors of affordable housing. We find that landlords think about their tenants in moral terms, drawing upon cultural categories to describe and define their tenants. Landlords see renting to the urban poor as a social good insofar as it facilitates housing those in need on the condition of their moral reform. We identify two components of this strategy: exclusion and reform. Landlords pursue profit through exclusionary tactics such as screening and eviction. While recent research has focused on this component, this article explores how landlords also invest resources in "training" tenants, attempting to mold them into a profitable ideal, rather than replacing them. Using both incentives and surveillance, landlords seek to create a tenant class that conforms to mainstream notions of responsibility and self-reliance. We argue that exclusion and reform are complementary components of paternalistic poverty governance. Landlord paternalism carries special salience in today's increasingly privatized federal housing policy, where landlords have a great deal of discretion and little oversight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]