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The gray brocket deer, Mazama gouazoubira G. Fischer, 1814 , occurs in South America and presents an extensive degree of morphological and genetic variability. Previous phylogenetic research showed that the genus Mazama is polyphyletic and imposed the designation of a different genus-group name for M. gouazoubira. We aimed to review and clarify the taxonomy of M. gouazoubira through the proposal of updating the nomenclature for this taxon and by the characterization of specimens collected close to the original type locality (topotypes). The topotypes were characterized by morphological (general characterization and morphometry), cytogenetic (conventional staining, Ag-NOR, G- and C-banding, and fluorescence in situ hybridization), and phylogenetic (mitogenomes) approaches. We revealed chromosome homologies between cattle and M. gouazoubira using an entire set of cattle whole chromosome painting probes and propose an updated G-band idiogram for the species. The morphometric analysis did not discriminate the individuals of M. gouazoubira , including the topotypes, from other small brocket deer species. However, the phylogenetic analysis, based on a Bayesian inference tree of the mitogenomes, confirmed the polyphyly of the genus Mazama and supported the need to change the gray brocket deer genus-group name. Based on our revision, we validated the genus Subulo Smith, 1827 , and fixed a type species for the genus. In the absence of the holotype, we denominated a neotype described by the collection of a male topotype in Paraguay. The nomenclature rearrangement presented here is a starting point that will assist in the taxonomic resolution of Neotropical deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part of the botanical community has put forward proposals to replace "culturally offensive and inappropriate names" ([4]); to "permanently and retroactively eliminate epithets" containing perceived racial slurs ([16]) or honouring colonial actors ([17]); or to replace established and accepted scientific names with new scientific names based on indigenous ones ([3]). Other Articles of the Code are explicit in the requirement that the oldest available name for a given taxon is the name to be used, regardless of its "appropriateness" ([5]). Scientific names are fundamental to biological sciences. [Extracted from the article]

Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 14 Smith GF, Figueiredo E. "Rhodes-" must fall: Some of the consequences of colonialism for botany and plant nomenclature. Recently, the ICZN Commissioners ([3]) issued a formal statement signalling their resistance to promoting the replacement of specific epithets honouring historical figures who, for example, advocated racist and/or sexist views, or were otherwise associated with unethical behaviour. Kant unequivocally demonstrated that we could never be sure how our propositions relate to the real world. [Extracted from the article]

Plant height is a crucial element related to plant architecture that influences the seed yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). In this study, we isolated a natural B. napus mutant, namely a semi-dwarf mutant (sdw-e), which exhibits a 30% reduction in plant height compared with Zhongshuang 11-HP (ZS11-HP). Quantitative trait locus sequencing (QTL-seq) was conducted using two extreme DNA bulks in F2 populations in Wuchang-2017 derived from ZS11-HP ×sdw-e to identify QTLs associated with plant height. The result suggested that two QTL intervals were located on chromosome A10. The F2 population consisting of 200 individuals in Yangluo-2018 derived from ZS11-HP × sdw-e was used to construct a high-density linkage map using whole-genome resequencing. The high-density linkage map harbored 4323 bin markers and covered a total distance of 2026.52 cM with an average marker interval of 0.47 cM. The major QTL for plant height named qPHA10 was identified on linkage group A10 by interval mapping and composite interval mapping methods. The major QTL qPHA10 was highly consistent with the QTL-seq results. And then, we integrated the variation sites and expression levels of genes in the major QTL interval to predict the candidate genes. Thus, the identified QTL and candidate genes could be used in marker-assisted selection for B. napus breeding in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, fungi, and plants, International Code of Nomenclature for algae, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Keywords: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Code of Nomenclature for algae; fungi; and plants; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature EN International Code of Zoological Nomenclature International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 3 4 2 09/05/23 20230901 NES 230901 The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) recently felt "compelled" ([3]) to present their official position on 'proposals to replace "culturally offensive and inappropriate names" [...], to "permanently and retroactively eliminate epithets" containing perceived racial slurs [...] or honouring colonial actors [...]; or to replace established and accepted scientific names with new scientific names based on indigenous ones'. Https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online/ Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 7 Smith GF, Figueiredo E, Moore G. Who amends the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ?. [Extracted from the article]

In a recent research article by Pace et al. (2019) , the authors claimed to have used information from phenology, morphology and molecular phylogenetics in their nomenclatural review of the Spiranthes sinensis complex. However, there are several scientific and botanical nomenclature issues with the Pace et al. (2019) paper in addition to its many errors and misinformation, which can be severely misleading and have the potential to affect our understanding of the highly complex Asian Spiranthes group. Here, we compare and critique their study in light of our study published prior to the article in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. We suggest that the authors should have resorted to improved and new molecular data and a truly integrative analysis to support: (1) re-circumscription of the S. sinensis species complex for each of the six species they recognized, and the treatment of S. hongkongensis as a hybrid; and (2) all the new synonymies they proposed for Asian Spiranthes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nomenclature and taxonomy are complementary and distinct aspects of the study of biodiversity, but the two are often confused even by biologists. Taxonomy is the part of the science of systematics that deals with identifying, describing, and categorizing organisms from species to higher taxa. Nomenclature is a system of giving names to organisms based on rules established for the process. Adoption of a system of binomial nomenclature by end of the 18th century helped standardize the process of naming the wealth of new organisms collected during the Age of Exploration, but before the middle of the 19th century, the turmoil resulting from differences in procedures and philosophies among practicing taxonomists necessitated the development of codes of nomenclature to regulate naming. By the early 20th century, codified sets of rules for the names of both plants and animals, nowadays usually abbreviated as International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Botanical Code) and ICZN (Zoological Code), were in place internationally. These codes worked reasonably well through most of the 20th century, under the aegis of various international bodies, in part because procedures exist to bypass them when their provisions threaten nomenclatural stability. They also inspired the development of other nomenclatural codes for specific groups of organisms like bacteria, and, alternatively, the proposal of unified codes for all organisms. The rapid development of electronic communications and various means of electronic publication at the end of the 20th century, combined with what may be the advent of a new age of biological extinction, resulted in pressure to revise the codes to allow at least some degree of electronic publication and speedier description of new taxa in the 21st century. Consistent and unambiguous names are the platforms on which biological research and conservation practices are built. As we pursue the goals of documenting and conserving biodiversity, for which a stable nomenclature is essential, we must do so without restricting the freedom of the science of systematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Octodontomys contains only a single species, Octodontomys gliroides (P. Gervais and d'Orbigny, 1844), the mountain degu, found in Andean and Sub-Andean regions of 3 countries, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, from elevations of about 1,200-4,400 m. This fossorial octodontid is typical of dry areas, inhabits rocky zones, and is active during the day and the first few hours of night. It is not of special conservation status, being common throughout its distribution, and is considered a species of "Least Concern." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lists of pre-Linnaean polynomial names of the plants growing in seventeenth-century European living plant collections are commonplace. However, comparison among lists and interpretation of polynomials in terms of modern Linnaean binomials is a major challenge for researchers. This paper shows the importance of extant pre-Linnaean collections of herbarium specimens for interpreting lists of plant names. More than 4,000 polynomials reported from the Oxford Physic Garden between 1648 and 1676 are linked to over 1,300 Linnaean species names based on an objective methodology. These fundamental data show that medicinal, culinary and ornamental plants attracted attention in the seventeenth-century garden but that most species were primarily of botanical interest. Nearly 60 per cent of the species were introductions to Britain. Linnaean binomials reveal how the number and sorts of species changed between 1648 and 1676 and how the garden was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poole records less mediated, more direct encounters with the world - ones that heighten sense capacities and dissolve boundaries: "when I was young I / put grass in my body [...] there was a faint / squeak when I / pulled the blade / away from / its roost" (53). Poole underscores this with Latin plant names as titles. The afterword provides context: working through trauma at a crossroads in her life, the poet encounters an herbarium located in the UT tower famous for a mass-shooting. [Extracted from the article]

Arisaema has a long and complicated taxonomic history regarding its infrageneric classification. In the latest system, 14 sections were recognized, based on an unpublished, tentative phylogenetic analysis; in addition the type species and nomenclatural priority for each section were confirmed. Here, we present an updated, genus-wide phylogenetic analysis, based on four plastid non-coding regions (3 ′trnL- trnF, rpl20-5 ′rps12, psbB- psbH and rpoC2- rps2) for > 150 accessions. The maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses identified eight major clades and one branch with unique sequence variation, although the relationships were unclear due to a polytomy and weak support. In the phylogenetic trees, most of the sections proposed in the latest system were distinct and corresponded to the major clades, but some sections are not monophyletic. On the basis of the phylogenetic relationship: (1) A. schimperianum is treated as a member of section Arisaema, rather than section Tenuipistillata or section Sinarisaema; and (2) section Fimbriata, which was synonymised into section Attenuata in the latest system but is morphologically distinct from the other species, is redefined as a monotypic section. In conclusion, we recognize 15 sections of Arisaema and species-level classifications are discussed in a phylogenetic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomic circumscription of Allium saxatile s.l. ( Amaryllidaceae), widely distributed from Italy to China, has been controversial with the number of accepted species ranging from three to seven. The aims of this study include a morphological and molecular revision of the group, a thorough nomenclatural study of available names and the reconstruction of possible phylogenetic relationships in the A. saxatile group. We studied c. 2000 herbarium specimens and successfully sampled 86 accessions of the A. saxatile group and a few related species to reconstruct a molecular phylogenetic tree based on internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) and two plastid DNA regions ( rpl32-trn L and trn L-trn F). The monophyletic A. saxatile group consists of 15 geographical entities united in two geographically justified clades. Two yellow-flowered species, A. obliquum and A. petraeum, were clearly nested in the A. saxatile clade in the ITS and plastid DNA analyses. The oldest names in the group, i.e. A. saxatile and A. globosum from the Caucasus, represent genetically identical populations and should be synonymized. The taxonomic conspectus in this article includes 15 species and a nothospecies. We describe five new species ( A . austrodanubiense sp. nov., A . schistosum sp. nov., A . cretaceum sp. nov., A . montanostepposum sp. nov., A . kirilovii sp. nov.), a nothospecies ( A . × agarmyschicum nothosp. nov.) and raise a variety to species level ( A . rubriflorum comb. nov.). © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178, 67-101. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the etymology of the English plant name flag for irises. The Danish, Dutch, and British Latin language versions of the word are mentioned, and the online Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the "Dictionary of Medieval Latin From British Sources" (DML), and the "Middle English Dictionary" (MED) are cited. The term as a place name, the spelling of the word since the 14th century, and the word's stratigraphy are discussed, as well as the word's toponymic meaning and relation to the term hawthorn tree.

Because species names play an important role in scientific communication, it is more important that species be understood to be taxa than that they be equated with functional ecological or evolutionary entities. Although most biologists would agree that taxa are composed of organisms that share a unique common history, 2 major challenges remain in developing a species-as-taxa concept. First, grouping: in the face of genealogical discordance at all levels in the taxonomic hierarchy, how can we understand the nature of taxa? Second, ranking: what criteria should be used to designate certain taxa in a nested series as being species? The grouping problem can be solved by viewing taxa as exclusive groups of organisms--sets of organisms that form a clade for a plurality of the genome (more than any conflicting set). However, no single objective criterion of species rank can be proposed. Instead, the species rank should be assigned by practitioners based on the semisubjective application of a set of species-ranking criteria. Although these criteria can be designed to yield species taxa that approximately match the ecological, evolutionary, and morphological entities that taxonomists have traditionally associated with the species rank, such a correspondence cannot be enforced without undermining the assumption that species are taxa. The challenge and art of monography is to use genealogical and other kinds of data to assign all organisms to one and only one species-ranked taxon. Various implications of the species-as-ranked-taxa view are discussed, including the synchronic nature of taxa, fossil species, the treatment of hybrids, and species nomenclature. I conclude that, although challenges remain, adopting the view that species are ranked taxa will facilitate a much-needed revolution in taxonomy that will allow it to better serve the biodiversity informatic needs of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with eight remedies from an otherwise lost pharmacological work of the Christian Arab translator-physician Hubaiš al-A'sam ad-Dimašqī (fi. second half of third/ninth century). The remedies, preserved as quotations in ar-Rāzī's (d. 313/925 or 323/935) medical encyclopedia al-Hāwī, are re-edited here, translated into English, and supplemented by an index of botanical names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the preparation of a World Rubiaceae Checklist, numerous unplaced taxa were encountered, including illegitimate and invalid names, and species for which generic placement is uncertain. In this contribution, 35 new combinations and 20 new names are proposed, and the names of three taxa are validated. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 157, 115–124. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed renaming of Pneumocystis carinii has caused much confusion and controversy among authors, peer reviewers, editors, and interested readers. Proponents of the new nomenclature emphasize the fact that the new names are judged to be "valid" by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. What is generally not appreciated is the fact that the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature does not make any determination as to the scientific correctness of proposed names; rather, it mandates the process of naming an organism. Thus, acknowledgement by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature that new names for P. carinii have been validly published does not mandate their use. Rather, the scientific community interested in P. carinii needs to be aware of the issues involved in changing the name and then decide for themselves as to the correctness of the newly proposed names. Use of the newly proposed names for P. carinii should not be mandated by journal reviewers or editors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A taxonomic revision of broad-leaved Potamogeton species ascribed to the ‘ P. schweinfurthii–thunbergii complex’ occurring in Africa and on surrounding islands is presented. Three species, P. nodosus, P. richardii and P. schweinfurthii, are recognized in the African mainland. The widespread species P. nodosus has been widely overlooked in sub-Saharan Africa. It is recorded here for the first time from eight countries of tropical and southern Africa and from six surrounding islands. The distribution of P. richardii is critically revised and the species is recorded for the first time from Cameroon, Swaziland and Madagascar. P. schweinfurthii is recorded for the first time from Algeria, Tunisia, Burkina Faso and Niger. The nomenclature of all three species is revised. Lectotypes are designated for six names. All original material of the name P. thunbergii Cham. et Schltdl. actually belongs to P. nodosus Poir. The correct name for the East and southern African species called ‘ P. thunbergii’ is P. richardii Solms. The lectotype of P. schweinfurthii designated by Dandy proved to be P. nodosus. A new type is therefore proposed for the species generally named P. schweinfurthii and the name itself is proposed for conservation. The morphology and stem anatomy of P. nodosus, P. richardii and P. schweinfurthii are described. In spite of some overlaps in the morphological variation in their vegetative characters, a detailed analysis of the variation patterns and instructions for reliable identification are given. The distributions of all three species are described, based solely on reliably identified specimens, many of which were also examined anatomically. Distribution maps are provided. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 148, 329–357. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous taxonomic-nomenclatural problems arise when more than two kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms are recognized. The current international codes of botanical and zoological nomenclature are inadequate, especially for a kingdom Protista that embraces many groups of species conventionally considered ("mini") plants or animals, but which definitely are not. Should the two codes be modified, united, or replaced by separate ones for every major kingdom proposed and accepted? Another problem discussed is the (unnecessary) proliferation of new names for redefined or reshuffled high-level taxa. (Accepted for publication 28 December 1982) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments on plant names. To appreciate the subject of plant nomenclature, some familiarity with botanical terminology and Latin language is necessary. The modern rules for naming plants are strict. They are laid down by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature so that the names in Latin, belong to the international language of science and allow a botanist in one country to know what those in another are talking about. The article presents a brief communication to help those ignorant of botany, uninterested in horticulture and unfamiliar with Latin, who are confronted one way or another with troublesome plant names.

The article presents the author's comments on the fairness of the process by which the name Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) came to be accepted by most Pneumocystis researchers, and alleges imposition of the name by editors and reviewers. The only objection raised to the name P. jirovecii was that it might be initially inconvenient for clinicians. Unlike most researchers, Dr. Francis Gigliotti advocates calling all organisms in the genus P. carinii. However, clinicians were included among the supporters of P. jirovecii, who pointed out that name changes routinely occur in the infectious diseases arena. This change may not be universally accepted, but such acceptance is not an appropriate criterion in these matters.

The author talks about scientific binomials which revolve around the debate that whether the organism should be called by its Latin names or as scientific names. He informs that scientific plant names have been formally published according to the International Code of Nomenclature. He also informs that in binomials, the words must follow the rules of Latin grammar.

A correction is presented to the article "Which are the major players, canonical or non-canonical strigolactones?" which appeared in the Vol. 69, No. 9, pages from 2231–2239.

Discusses the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), a Web-accessible database of official scientific names for seed plants. Details of the joint project of The Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, England, and the Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research; Discussion of a computer model that simulates the genetic regulation of body segmentation in Drosophila melanogaster; Development of technology which will play a key role in the identity of genes.

Corrections to articles in previous issues including "Geophysical Biology," by J. G. Weihaupt in the June issue and a research note on J. Frank McCormick in the July issue are presented.