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The consequences of fisheries-induced evolution on stock productivity and yield depend, to a large extent, on the general prospects for growth and survival. Here, we compare the selection pressures imposed by two distinct patterns of exploitation—principally targeting spawning or non-spawning aggregations—on age at maturity among 15 Canadian stocks of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) that have exhibited a consistent pattern of length-at-age responses to common large-scale environmental drivers since the 1960s. In accordance with expectations for maturity-dependent harvesting, the establishment of a spawner-targeted fishery in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence coincided with a shift towards delayed maturity in both resident stocks, whereas stocks elsewhere subject to fisheries that also exploited juveniles more commonly exhibited trends towards earlier maturity. Despite these differences, we find that environmentally driven changes in length at maturation, combined with total mortality, may overwhelmingly determine lifetime reproductive success and possibly fitness. By linking phenotypic changes experienced in the juvenile period to simple correlates of egg production in mature age classes, our study highlights the importance of managing fisheries in the context of ubiquitous but contrasting environmental constraints on life histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the tools of comparative history to address an important aspect of the Spanish Civil War: the fact that it generated waves of both internally displaced persons and cross-border refugees. Situating the conflict within the context of inter-war Europe, and particularly historical processes of deportation, forced migration, and exile, it analyses the challenges that the crisis of the war and subsequent post-war period in Spain introduced in the realm of humanitarian protection for displaced populations, and how existing international policies largely failed to protect those displaced by the conflict. Drawing on the Spanish Civil War example, the article shows how this kind of engagement with the history of refugees can produce insights that are useful for the broader body of scholarship on refugees, even for scholars who are not historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological differentiation among diverging species is an important component of the evolutionary process and can be investigated in rapid and recent radiations. Here, we use whole genome sequences of five species from the genus Leopardus , a recently diversified Neotropical lineage with species bearing distinctive morphological, ecological, and behavioral features, to investigate genome-wide diversity, comparative demographic history and signatures of positive selection. Our results show that divergent ecological strategies are reflected in genomic features, for example a generalist species shows historically larger effective population size and higher heterozygosity than habitat specialists. The demographic history of these cats seems to have been jointly driven by climate fluctuations and habitat specialization, with different ecological adaptations leading to distinct trajectories. Finally, a gene involved in vertebrate retinal neurogenesis (POU4F2) was found to be under positive selection in the margay, a cat with notoriously large eyes that are likely associated with its nocturnal and arboreal specializations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

California pistachios are threatened by several stink bug species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), including the native Thyanta pallidovirens (Stål) and Chlorochroa uhleri (Stål), as well as the invasive Nezara viridula (L.). In pistachio, control tactics often target specific life stages, which makes knowledge about life histories fundamental to successful IPM programs. For that purpose, life history parameters of these stink bug species were assessed. Nymphal development and survivorship at seven constant temperatures, upper and lower development thresholds, thermal constants, adult longevity and fecundity, and life table parameters were evaluated. No species completed development at 15°C or 35°C. For N. viridula, egg to adult development was fastest at 30°C, whereas for T. pallidovirens there was no significant difference between 27.5 and 30°C and C. uhleri development was similar between 25 and 30°C. Egg to adult survival was highest at 22.5°C and 27.5°C. The thermal requirements as degree-days (DD) to complete immature development were estimated to be 714.3, 370.4, and 434.8 for C. uhleri, T. pallidovirens, and N. viridula, respectively. For C. uhleri, life table calculations produced a value of 56.7 d for mean generation time (To), 24.89 for net reproductive rate (Ro) and 0.057 for the intrinsic rate of increase (r). Thyanta pallidovirens had a To of 39.9 d, a Ro of 81.10 and a r of 0.11. The results are discussed with respect to the improvement of IPM in California pistachios, and the information presented may contribute to the control of these pest species in other ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the expansion of open vegetation within Amazonia was the basis for the Forest Refugia hypothesis, studies of Amazonian biota diversification have focussed mostly on forest taxa. Here we compare the phylogeographic patterns and population history of two sister species associated with Amazonian open-vegetation patches, Elaenia cristata and Elaenia ruficeps (Aves: Tyrannidae). We sampled individuals across Amazonia for both species, and in the central Brazilian savannas (Cerrado) for E. cristata. We sequenced one mitochondrial (ND2) and two nuclear (BFib7 and ACO) markers. We tested for population structure, estimated migration rates and elucidated the historical demography of each species. The Amazon River is the strongest barrier for E. ruficeps and the Branco River is a secondary barrier. For the more broadly distributed E. cristata , there was no discernible population structure. Both species attained their current genetic diversity recently and E. cristata has undergone demographic expansion since the Last Glacial Maximum, The results suggest distinct effects of recent landscape change on population history for the two species. E. ruficeps , which only occurs in Amazonian white sand habitats, has been more isolated in open-vegetation patches than E. cristata , which occupies Amazonian savannas, and extends into the Central Brazilian Cerrado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article starts from the fact that there is a substantial gap in terms of International Relations (IR) theory production between the West and the rest. Its aim is to investigate how that gap might be closed, and for this purpose, the article takes a broad view of what counts as theory. Its method is comparative history: to observe how IR theory has developed not just in the West, which is well-studied, but also in the periphery, which is not. The idea is to identify what material conditions and motivations in both locations were associated with the emergence of theoretical thinking about IR, and how and why theoretical differentiations emerged, particularly within the West. It also looks at conditions and circumstances that seem to work against the successful production of IR theory. The article concludes with a brief consideration of IR theory development in China on the basis of the lessons drawn from the history of IR theory development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sub-Saharan Africa's recent economic boom has raised hopes and expectations to lift the regions' 'bottom millions' out of poverty by 2030. How realistic is that goal? We approach this question by comparing the experiences of three front-runners of region-specific development trajectories – Britain's capital-intensive, Japan's labour-intensive, and Ghana's land-extensive growth path, highlighting some historical analogies that are relevant for Africa, but often overlooked in the current 'Africa rising' debate. We draw particular attention to Africa's demographic boom and the possibilities for a quick transition to labour-intensive export-led industrialization. Although our exercise in diachronic comparative history offers little hope for poverty eradication by 2030, we do see broadened opportunities for sustained African economic growth in the longer term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In virtually every conceivable sort of scholarly and educational endeavor Peter Stearns has made major contributions to the increasingly important subfield of global history. The article focuses on his many books and essays on the centrality of the industrial revolution in the profound transformations in virtually all aspects of human societies and the planet they inhabit in the last three centuries CE. Stearns's unobtrusive, but sophisticated, use of the comparative method yields both original insights into the origins, nature and impact of industrialization and allows him to engage productively in ongoing debates regarding these pivotal historical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses efforts to develop a U.S. history survey course within a globalized, or internationalized, context, including through referencing the textbook "Global Americans: A History of the United States," edited by Maria Montoya. The teaching of comparative history in the aforementioned course is discussed.

The article discusses how local middle class Europeans in certain areas were responsible for writing and maintaining local, personal chronicles from the late middle ages until the nineteenth century in locales including Bristol, England, Augsburg, Germany, and Barcelona, Spain. It presents a comparative study of such accounts of both local and persoanl news written between 1500 and 1800 in Western and Central Europe. It reports how accounts were copied and shared in various urban centers, generally among men, which encouraged others to write their own accounts.

This article investigates cities and their political cultures in Italy and the Near East in the later Middle Ages. Cities in these two regions have traditionally been viewed in diverging ways. European cities have been understood as unitary entities which stood out on account of their urban governments and the political order of which foreshadowed the rise of modern states. The absence of comparable institutions has meant that Near Eastern cities have often been seen as very unlike their European counterparts. Focusing on the political cultures of Damascus and Bologna in the eighth/fourteenth and ninth/fifteenth centuries, this article suggests that a different understanding of cities is necessary. Partly as a result of demographic growth and the breakdown of larger political structures in earlier centuries, these cities can be understood as polycentric arenas in which public life took place around multiple units of political organisation which ranged from neighbourhoods to parties. Conflicts, including civil war and revolt, were an ordinary part of their political cultures: they were expressive of fragmentation, but equally of a shared public arena in which contending groups were stake-holders. As arenas, cities on either side of the Mediterranean world gave rise to a distinctive form of political order. They did not foreshadow forms of order associated with the modern state and, particularly in the Mediterranean regions under analysis here, often remained among its greatest obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the role of the armed forces in the Arab Spring uprisings, comparing the cases of Tunisia, Egypt, and Syria. It notes that the ability and willingness of the military to use force to defend the incumbent regime is a critical factor in the outcome of popular uprisings such as those of the Arab Spring. It analyses why the outcomes in the three cases differed, with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad remaining in power while Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Tunisian President Zein al-Abidin Ben Ali were overthrown. It focuses on the actions and structures each regime had created in order to prevent military coups d'etat, called coup-proofing, as well as on the relationship between the top layer of military officers and the junior and mid-ranking officers.

“The quality of mercy is not strain’d, It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven”. This quotation from William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice was still used in the 1950s as the motto of the Boston Juvenile Court. It tended to replace the traditional repressive function of the Law by an ideological function expressed by Love. The ideology of compassion and child’s interest, modernized and more or less dechristianized, ensured the smooth running of juvenile courts; it was combined with a certain dose of violence varying from one country to another. While comparative history has been supplemented for several years by studies on Europe and Canada, almost nothing exists on the relationship between France and the United States. Thanks to newly discovered court records, it is possible to address the history of this novel form of justice, which was defined as “neohumanist” by the French juvenile judge Jean Chazal in 1952, and which achieved worldwide success in the twentieth century. Given the magnitude of the task, the focus will be on the comparison of two dynamic and pioneering juvenile courts, Boston and Paris, during the 1940s and 1950s. The article will successively analyze legal frameworks, populations targeted and judges’ decisions, indicative of new ways of thinking and of controlling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents one of the main findings from a recent study of the culture of the highly educated middle class in Norway; namely, the significance of morality in their discourse and the composition of this value universe, and suggests elements of cultural-historical continuity to explain the pattern observed. Such a result diverges in certain ways from the conventional wisdom of social theory. In the article, we argue for the existence of a Nordic case of middle class culture, by examining our evidence in the light of some central contributions to Western, comparative social history and cultural sociology. Our point of departure is the project on the European Bürgertum led by German historians, and the study by Michèle Lamont comparing the upper middle classes in France and the United States. In a methodological argument, we suggest that the question of what constitutes classes historically in existing social formations needs to be revisited in terms of cultural processes as well as forms of societal interaction. The content of Norwegian middle-class morality emerges as different cultural repertoires that can be represented by two ideal, moral types: “The Good Samaritan” and “the socially responsible citizen.” In the last part of the article, we discuss a set of hypotheses to explain such findings in terms of moral repertoires historically embedded in Norwegian culture, and suggest the existence of a specific regime of moral action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the historiography of Great Britain's involvement in World War I, or the Great War, including in regard to historians' perspective on the 1915 British campaign in the Gallipoli Peninsula, Turkey. The article also discusses the comparative historiography regarding Great Britain's involvement in World War I and in World War II.

The article discusses the comparative framework with which European scholars approach the study and writing of U.S. history. The article examines the interest European scholars have in U.S. conservatism, comparative history approaches in subfields such as labor history, welfare policy, and modernization, and American themes in European national histories. The article also discusses presenting U.S. history to European audiences, ambivalence toward the concept of American exceptionalism among European scholars, and the importance of location of European scholars.

The article compares eighteenth century poor relief and settlement regulations in England and Wales with relief and regulations in the Southern Low Countries, or modern-day Belgium. It notes how settlement policies determined communities' responsibilities for individual paupers. The authors comment on the relationship between central legislation, local conditions, and inter-parish bargaining. Other topics include migrations of the poor, relief policies toward migrants, and the issue of local autonomy versus integration.

This article compares American and Russian colonization of continental interiors and the consequences for the indigenous Sioux and Kazakhs, focusing on imperial perceptions, social and economic dislocation, political sovereignty, and sedentarization. It provides a critical, comparative analysis of internal colonization exercised by the United States and Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study is presented on the torture practices, which are referred to as torture rites, of the Geneva, Switzerland executive city council the Petit Conseil towards alleged criminals during the Reformation. The impact of Calvinism on the use of torture, including for alleged moral crimes, sexual crimes and on sexual deviants, is discussed. The article compares French and Geneva law courts' use of torture.

An essay is presented which discusses the religious violence between Catholics and Huguenots in 16th century France, known as the Wars of Religion, often referencing the essay "The Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in Sixteenth-Century France," by Natalie Zemon Davis. Particular focus is given to using Davis' concept of pollution and purification to compare the Wars of Religion with the religious violence in late medieval Iberia and 16th century Dijon, France.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the health food movement of the 1830s in the U.S. led by William Sylvester Graham, and the organic foods movement in the U.S. of the 1960s and 1970s. The author contrasts the movements by focusing upon their differences in issue framing, the religious significance placed upon diet, and the relationship between personal growth and social change. The author asserts that many of the characteristics of the Grahamite movement were similar to the evangelical Christianity movement, while the organic foods movement's tactics resembled those of the New Left, environmentalism, and the counterculture of the era.

Much has been written of the early history of comparative embryology and its influence on the emergence of an evolutionary developmental perspective. However, this literature, which dates back nearly a century, has been focused on metazoans, without acknowledgment of the contributions of comparative plant morphologists to the creation of a developmental view of biodiversity. We trace the origin of comparative plant developmental morphology from its inception in the eighteenth century works of Wolff and Goethe, through the mid nineteenth century discoveries of the general principles of leaf and floral organ morphogenesis. Much like the stimulus that von Baer provided as a nonevolutionary comparative embryologist to the creation of an evolutionary developmental view of animals, the comparative developmental studies of plant morphologists were the basis for the first articulation of the concept that plant (namely floral) evolution results from successive modifications of ontogeny. Perhaps most surprisingly, we show that the first person to carefully read and internalize the remarkable advances in the understanding of plant morphogenesis in the 1840s and 1850s is none other than Charles Darwin, whose notebooks, correspondence, and (then) unpublished manuscripts clearly demonstrate that he had discovered the developmental basis for the evolutionary transformation of plant form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, part of a forum on the historiography of transnational sexuality, discusses the integration of the history of sexuality into all other fields of modern European historiography in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Three influential developments in approaches to the history of sexuality are first discussed, described as "archaeological," "integrationist," and "comparativist" approaches. Relevant topics studied by historians of Europe since the 1990s are then reviewed, followed by a lengthy discussion of the phenomenon of historical cycles of liberalism and conservatism regarding sexual norms in the societies of Western Europe.

The article focuses on visionary mining engineer Michel Chevalier and the historiographic interpretation of his writings and ideas. It reveals the extent to which Chevalier's works and vigorous political activism had an impact on his time and at the present times. A comparison of his works about free trade to the writings of several liberals such as Adolphe Blanqui, Charles Dunoyer, and Joseph Garnier is also offered. An overview of Chevalier's life and status during the Second Empire is presented.

This article presents a historian's perspective on the state of his profession and the clash of ideologies and dominant trends in historiography. He wrote a book called "A Crooked Line" that was part memoir and part history of history-writing. The major clash during his career has been between social history and cultural history. He feels that after a period of divisiveness the two approaches are learning to complement each other. He also wanted to examine the relationship between history, and the historian, to politics.

This article presents the author's perspective on historian Geoff Eley's book "A Crooked Line." The book charts developments in the practice of history, as it moves from a reliance on social history to an emphasis on cultural history. Eley concludes by believing in a successful merging of the two perspectives. The author, however, believes cultural history lacks the capacity for meaningful engagement with the present. Whereas social history emphasized large structures, cultural history argued that history was far more fragmentary.

This article presents the author's perspective on historian Geoff Eley's book "A Crooked Line." Eley describes the change in historiography from social history to cultural history, as well as the inevitable merging of a historian's personal politics with his work. The author shares with Eley a skepticism regarding the linguistic and cultural emphasis of history. Eley is attempting to reiterate the importance of social history while acknowledging and incorporating the beneficial insights of the linguistic approach that has dominated historiography since the 1980s.

This article presents the author's perspective on historian Geoff Eley's book "A Crooked Line." He praises Eley's contribution to postwar historiography and the breadth of this work, as it encompasses many different types of history to create something new. In particular, Eley traces the rise and fall of social history and its successor, cultural history. He takes a middle ground between the two competing notions of history scholarship, advocating the importance of both. However, the author wishes he took a more forceful stance against contemporary historical practices.

The author proposes that historians examine the history of the British and Spanish Atlantic empires through the perspective "entangled" history rather than comparative history. The author believes that although historians use comparative history to rise above nationalistic agendas in Anglo-American and Spanish American historiographies, there are limitations in comparative history. The author claims that entangled histories are concerned with entanglements, or interconnections and mutual influences, in society, and not on the comparability of history. The author uses the history of the British and Spanish in North America and the story of British quartermaster Peter Vezian and black Spanish prisoner Francisco Menéndez to support his theories.

Background Comparative history applied to health education may be a tool to understand institutional key processes within our national health research evolution. In Colombia, first groups of undergraduates interested in research emerged in 1996, being called seedbeds. Universitary Foundation of Health Sciences (FUCS) developed its own seedbeds and created a National Meeting (NM) to join others as network. Objective here is to describe its evolution and perspectives along a 15-year timespan (2004-2019). Methods Ethically approved qualitative hermeneutic-interpretative research using content analysis, compared history and interviews to key figures. Data came from digital files with FUCS policies (statutes, education plans and rules), FUCS High Council meetings acts and audiovisual material directly pertaining the NM; files were condensed using Endnote X9 and NVivo 12 to generate categories, benchmarks and timeline. Results Three stages emerged: a) conception (2004-2009), seedbed was an external construct adopted by FUCS since formative research was embedded in its teaching activities; b) blooming (2010-2014), FUCS offices and areas participated in developing regulations and giving administrative/financial support, 19 seedbeds in 4 faculties were created, and first two NMs were advertised and executed, c) growth (2015-onwards) devoted to "maintenance & consolidation", with three events, country-wide participants from 57 universities and 370 research projects exhibited (2019). Conclusions The NM reflect FUCS institutional development and progress in teaching and promoting research through organized, dynamic and productive undergraduate research seedbeds. Key messages In Colombia, undergraduate seedbeds are promoted as paramount educational activity; in this endeavour, FUCS national meetings have become centre-piece after 15 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the history of women workers, focusing on comparative studies of women in labor in Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Topics considered include women's marital status, whether women's work was marked as such on census data, women in agriculture, women in industry, family and married women, and women household employees.

The article provides a list of essays within the book "The Atlantic World, 1450-2000," edited by Toyin Falola and Kevin D. Roberts, which include "The World of the Atlantic before the 'Atlantic World': Africa, Europe, and the Americas before 1450," by Patricia Pearson, "Contact and Conquest in Africa and the Americas," by Timothy P. Grady, and "Migrations and Frontiers," by Alison Games.