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The mechanisms by which taste and odor are combined in determining food choice behavior are poorly understood. Previous work in human subjects has yielded mixed results, potentially due to differences in task context across studies, and a lack of control over flavor experience. Here, we used rats as a model system to systematically investigate the role of experience and unisensory component liking in the multisensory interactions underlying consumption behavior. We demonstrate that taste–smell mixture consumption is best explained by a linear average of component liking. The observed pattern of results was not dependent on prior experience with specific taste–smell combinations, and unique for multisensory as opposed to unisensory mixture consumption. The results are discussed with respect to existing models of flavor integration, and a maximum-likelihood integration model previously described for multisensory judgments in other systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene duplication contributes to evolutionary potential, yet many duplications in a genome arise from the activity of "selfish" genetic elements such as transposable elements. Fungi have a number of mechanisms by which they limit the expansion of transposons, including Repeat Induced Point mutation (RIP). RIP has been best characterized in the Sordariomycete Neurospora crassa, wherein duplicated DNA regions are recognized after cell fusion, but before nuclear fusion during the sexual cycle, and then mutated. While "signatures" of RIP appear in the genome sequences of many fungi, the species most distant from N. crassa in which the process has been experimentally demonstrated to occur is the Dothideomycete Leptosphaeria maculans. In the current study, we show that similar to N. crassa, nonlinked duplications can trigger RIP; however, the frequency of the generated RIP mutations is extremely low in L maculans (, 0.1%) and requires a large duplication to initiate RIP, and that multiple premeiotic mitoses are involved in the RIP process. However, a single sexual cycle leads to the generation of progeny with unique haplotypes, despite progeny pairs being generated from mitosis. We hypothesize that these different haplotypes may be the result of the deamination process occurring post karyogamy, leading to unique mutations within each of the progeny pairs. These findings indicate that the RIP process, while common to many fungi, differs between fungi and that this impacts on the fate of duplicated DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Clinical guidelines for the use of opioids in chronic noncancer pain recommend assessing risk for aberrant drug-related behaviors prior to initiating opioid therapy. Despite recent dramatic increases in prescription opioidmisuse and abuse, use of screening tools by clinicians continues to be underutilized. This research evaluated natural language processing NLP) together with other data extraction techniques for risk assessment of patients considered for opioid therapy as a means of predicting opioid abuse. Design. Using a retrospective cohort of 3,668 chronic noncancer pain patients with at least one opioid agreement between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2012, we examined the availability of electronic health record structured and unstructured data to populate the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) and other selected outcomes. Clinician-documented opioid agreement violations in the clinical notes were determined using NLP techniques followed by manual review of the notes. Results. Confirmed through manual review, the NLP algorithm had 96.1% sensitivity, 92.8% specificity, and 92.6% positive predictive value in identifying opioid agreement violation. At the time of most recent opioid agreement, automated ORT identified 42.8% of patients as at low risk, 28.2% as at moderate risk, and 29.0% as at high risk for opioid abuse. During a year following the agreement, 22.5% of patients had opioid agreement violations. Patients classified as high risk were three times more likely to violate opioid agreements compared with those with low/moderate risk. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that NLP techniques have potential utility to support clinicians in screening chronic noncancer pain patients considered for long-term opioid therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticoagulant rodenticides, mainly second-generation forms, or SGARs, dominate the global market for rodent control. Introduced in the 1970s to counter genetic resistance in rodent populations to first-generation compounds such as warfarin, SGARs are extremely toxic and highly effective killers. However, their tendency to persist and accumulate in the body has led to the widespread contamination of terrestrial predators and scavengers. Commercial chemicals that are classified by regulators as persistent, bio-accumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals and that are widely used with potential environmental release, such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have been removed from commerce. However, despite consistently failing ecological risk assessments, SGARs remain in use because of the demand for effective rodent-control options and the lack of safe and humane alternatives. Although new risk-mitigation measures for rodenticides are now in effect in some countries, the contamination and poisoning of nontarget wildlife are expected to continue. Here, we suggest options to further attenuate this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Functional outcome measurement tools exist for individual diagnoses (eg, stroke), but no prospectively validated mobility measure is available for physical therapists' use across the breadth of acute hospital inpatients. The modified Iowa Level of Assistance Scale (mILOA), a scale measuring assistance required to achieve functional tasks, has demonstrated functional change in inpatients with orthopedic conditions and trauma, although its psychometric properties are unknown. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess interrater reliability, known-groups validity, and responsiveness of the mILOA in acute hospital inpatients. Design. This was a cohort, measurement-focused study. Methods. Patients at a large teaching hospital in Melbourne, Australia, were recruited. One hundred fifty-two inpatients who were functionally stable across 5 clinical groups had an mILOA score calculated during 2 independent physical therapy sessions to assess interrater reliability. Known-groups validity ( "ready for discharge"/ "not ready for discharge ") and responsiveness also were assessed. Results. The mean age of participants in the reliability phase of the study was 62.5 years (SD = 17.7). The interrater reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1] = .975; 95% confidence interval=.965, 982), with a mean difference between scores of - .270 and limits of agreement of ±5.64. The mILOA score displayed a mean difference between 2 known groups of 15.3 points. Responsiveness was demonstrated with a minimal detectable change of 5.8 points. Limitations. Participants were included in the study if able to give consent for themselves, thereby limiting generalizability. Construct validity was not assessed due to the lack of a gold standard. Conclusions. The mILOA has excellent interrater reliability and good known-groups validity and responsiveness to functional change across acute hospital in-patients with a variety of diagnoses. It may provide opportunities for physical therapists to collect a functional outcome measure to demonstrate the effectiveness of inpatient therapy and allow for benchmarking across institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To review the published, peer-reviewed literature on clinical research data warehouse governance in distributed research networks (DRNs). Materials and methods Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and INSPEC were searched for relevant documents published through July 31, 2013 using a systematic approach. Only documents relating to DRNs in the USA were included. Documents were analyzed using a classification framework consisting of 10 facets to identify themes. Results 6641 documents were retrieved. After screening for duplicates and relevance, 38 were included in the final review. A peer-reviewed literature on data warehouse governance is emerging, but is still sparse. Peer-reviewed publications on UK research network governance were more prevalent, although not reviewed for this analysis. All 10 classification facets were used, with some documents falling into two or more classifications. No document addressed costs associated with governance. Discussion Even though DRNs are emerging as vehicles for research and public health surveillance, understanding of DRN data governance policies and procedures is limited. This is expected to change as more DRN projects disseminate their governance approaches as publicly available toolkits and peer-reviewed publications. Conclusions While peer-reviewed, US-based DRN data warehouse governance publications have increased, DRN developers and administrators are encouraged to publish information about these programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,2′,4,4′,5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) is a brominated flame retardant congener that has pervaded global food chains, being reported in avian egg and tissue samples throughout the world. Its effects on birds are not well known, but there is evidence in exposed mammals that it directly mediates and causes neurotoxicity, alters thyroid hormone homeostasis, and lowers sex steroid hormone concentrations. In birds, those processes could disrupt the song-control system and male mating behavior. In this study, the effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 were assessed in a model songbird species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). A tissue residue study in which zebra finch nestlings were orally exposed to 0, 2.5, 15.8, or 50.7 ng BDE-99/g body weight (bw) per day over the 21-day nesting period validated dosing methods and confirmed dose levels were environmentally relevant (332.7 ± 141.0 to 4450.2 ± 1396.2 ng/g plasma lipid). A full-scale study exposing nestlings to 0, 2.5, 15.8, 50.7, or 173.8 ng BDE-99/g bw/day was carried out to investigate long-term effects of BDE-99 on the adult song-control nuclei volumes, song quality, and male mating behavior. Early exposure to BDE-99 had significant effects on male mating behavior and the response of clean experienced females to exposed males. There was no effect on male song-control nuclei or song quality, and there were nondose-dependent effects on female song-control nuclei. The results demonstrate that early exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 affects the behavior of zebra finches. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Cox2 subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome c oxidase is synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix as a precursor whose leader peptide is rapidly processed by the inner membrane protease following translocation to the intermembrane space. Processing is chaperoned by Cox20, an integral inner membrane protein whose hydrophilic domains are located in the intermembrane space, and Cox20 remains associated with mature, unassembled Cox2. The Cox2 C-tail domain is exported post-translationally by the highly conserved translocase Cox18 and associated proteins. We have found that Cox20 is required for efficient export of the Cox2 C-tail. Furthermore, Cox20 interacts by co-immune precipitation with Cox18, and this interaction requires the presence of Cox2. We therefore propose that Cox20 binding to Cox2 on the trans side of the inner membrane accelerates dissociation of newly exported Cox2 from the Cox18 translocase, promoting efficient cycling of the translocase. The requirement for Cox20 in cytochrome c oxidase assembly and respiratory growth is partially bypassed by yme1, mgr1 or mgr3 mutations, each of which reduce i-AAA protease activity in the intermembrane space. Thus, Cox20 also appears to stabilize unassembled Cox2 against degradation by the i-AAA protease. Pre-Cox2 leader peptide processing by Imp1 occurs in the absence of Cox20 and i-AAA protease activity, but is greatly reduced in efficiency. Under these conditions some mature Cox2 is assembled into cytochrome c oxidase allowing weak respiratory growth. Thus, the Cox20 chaperone has important roles in leader peptide processing, C-tail export, and stabilization of Cox2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part I of this series, [doi:10.1093/llc/fqp029], applied our ‘new-optics’ methodology to the ‘Shakespeare’ scenes in STMO and concluded that it had too much Shakespeare discrepancy to fit comfortably into the Canon. We considered it an improbable, but not impossible Shakespeare ascription for the 1600s and placed it for now in the High Apocrypha. We thought it extremely improbable that the whole of STMO could be by Shakespeare, or that the ‘Shakespeare’ parts could have been written in the 1590s. Part II, published here, addresses the ‘Shakespeare’ scenes of Edward III. Taken separately, four of the five ‘Shakespeare’ blocks of Edw3 fall inside our Shakespeare ballpark. So does a sixth block, scenes 4.05–4.09. If we followed the consensus strictly, all five Shakespeare blocks, taken as a group, would not make a probable solo Shakespeare ascription. However, if we switched 4.04 to ‘non-Shakespeare,’ and 4.05–4.09 to ‘Shakespeare,’ the revised Shakespeare blocks would be a plausible Shakespeare ascription even as a group, justifying the inclusion of Edw3 in the Canon as partly Shakespeare's: 1.02; 2.01–2.02; and 4.05–4.09. The odds that the ‘non-Shakespeare’ scenes, collectively, or individually (except for 4.05–4.09) could be his are vanishingly low. The full article may be found online at http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/facultysites/govt/ FacMember/welliott/UTConference/2ToughNuts.pdf [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mutualisms may cause coupled population expansion or decline if both partners respond to variation in the other's abundance. Many studies have shown how the abundance of animal mutualists affects plant reproduction, but less is known about how the abundance of plant mutualists affects animal reproduction. Over 2 yr, I compared reproduction of the bumble bee, Bombus apposihis, across meadows that varied naturally in flower density, and I compared reproduction between fed colonies and unfed control colonies. Colony reproduction (gyne, worker, and male production) was constant across meadows that varied naturally in flower density. Forager densities per flower did not vary among meadows, and daily nectar depletion was consistently low across meadows, suggesting that bees had ample nectar in all meadows. However, colonies directly fed with supplemental nectar and pollen generally produced over twice as many gynes as control colonies. Feeding did not affect male or worker production. Although colonies may benefit from food supplementation at the nest, it is possible that they may not benefit from additional flowers because they have too few workers to collect extra resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess the incidence and timing of atrial fibrillation (AF), describe antithrombotic therapy use, and evaluate the association of AF with 90 day mortality and other secondary clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Bees feed almost exclusively on nectar and pollen from flowers. However, little is known about how food availability limits bee populations, especially in high elevation areas. Foraging distances and relationships between forager densities and resource availability can provide insights into the potential for food limitation in mobile consumer populations. For example, if floral resources are limited, bee consumers should fly farther to forage, and they should be more abundant in areas with more flowers. I estimated subalpine bumble bee foraging distances by calculating forager recapture probabilities at increasing distances from eight marking locations. I measured forager and flower densities over the flowering season in six half-hectare plots. Because subalpine bumble bees have little time to build their colonies, they may forage over short distances and forager density may not be constrained by flower density. However, late in the season, when floral resources dwindle, foraging distances may increase, and there may be stronger relationships between forager and flower densities. Throughout the flowering season, marked bees were primarily found within 100 m (and never >1,000 m) from their original marking location, suggesting that they typically did not fly far to forage. Although the density of early season foraging queens increased with early-season flower density, the density of mid- and late-season workers and males did not vary with flower density. Short foraging distances and no relationships between mid- and late-season forager and flower densities suggest that high elevation bumble bees may have ample floral resources for colony growth reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Determine whether lectures by national experts and a publicly available online program with similar educational objectives can improve knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) important to chronic pain management. Design. A pretest–posttest randomized design with two active educational interventions in two different physician groups and a third physician group that received live education on a different topic to control for outside influences, including retesting effects, on our evaluation. Participants. A total of 136 community-based primary care physicians met eligibility criteria. All physicians attended the educational program to which they were assigned. Ninety-five physicians (70%) provided complete data for evaluation. Measurements. Physician responses to a standardized 50-item pain management KAB survey before, immediately after, and 3 months following the interventions. Results. The study groups and the 41 physicians not providing outcomes information were similar with respect to age, sex, race, percent engaged in primary care, and number of patients seen per week. Physician survey scores improved immediately following both pain education programs (live: 138.0→150.6, P < 0.001; online: 143.6→150.4, P = 0.007), but did not change appreciably in the control group (139.2→142.5, P > 0.05). Findings persisted at 3 months. Satisfaction measures were high (4.00–4.72 on 1–5 scale) and not significantly different ( P = 0.072–0.893) between groups. Conclusions. When used under similar conditions, national speakers and a publicly available online CME program were associated with improved pain management KAB in physicians. The benefits lasted for 3 months. These findings support the continued use of these pain education strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence from genetics, co-precipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation suggest that three CESAs implicated in making primary wall cellulose in Arabidopsis thaliana form a complex. This study shows the complex has a Mr of approximately 840 kDa in detergent extracts and that it has undergone distinctive changes when extracts are prepared from some cellulose-deficient mutants. The mobility of CESAs 1, 3, and 6 in a Triton-soluble microsomal fraction subject to blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was consistent with a Mr of about 840 kDa. An antibody specific to any one CESA pulled down all three CESAs consistent with their occupying the same 840 kDa complex. In rsw1, a CESA1 missense mutant, extracts of seedlings grown at the permissive temperature have an apparently normal CESA complex that was missing from extracts of seedlings grown at the restrictive temperature where CESAs precipitated independently. In prc1-19, with no CESA6, CESAs 1 and 3 were part of a 420 kDa complex in extracts of light-grown seedlings that was absent from extracts of dark-grown seedlings where the CESAs precipitated independently. Two CESA3 missense mutants retained apparently normal CESA complexes as did four cellulose-deficient mutants defective in proteins other than CESAs. The 840 kDa complex could contain six CESA subunits and, since loss of plasma membrane rosettes accompanies its loss in rsw1, the complex could form one of the six particles which electron microscopy reveals in rosettes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background. Despite a need for better physician pain management education, there are no widely accepted assessment or outcome measures to support this work. Objective. Create a self-assessment tool to measure physician educational needs and the effectiveness of chronic pain educational programs. Design. We used expert consensus to draft a 142-item survey that covered essential areas of chronic pain management. We tested the survey in 106 physicians, including 22 pain management experts and used predefined psychometric criteria to eliminate 70 items. We then eliminated 22 remaining items that did not correlate with the management of a standardized chronic pain patient by 27 academic physicians. We evaluated internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. Results. The final 50-item survey assessed physician knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in: 1) initial pain assessment; 2) defining goals and expectations; 3) development of a treatment plan; 4) implementation of a treatment plan; 5) reassessment and management of longitudinal care; and 6) management of environmental issues. The survey demonstrated good internal consistency in all physician populations studied (α = 0.77−0.85). Average scores in 84 “pilot” physician users of a CME Website (135.8–138.5) were significantly lower ( P < 0.01) than scores in 27 academic physicians (150.0), or 22 pain experts (177.5). Conclusions. This survey, the KnowPain-50, has good psychometric properties, correlates with clinical behaviors, and appears to distinguish between physicians with different levels of pain management expertise. It may be a useful measure of the effectiveness of physician pain management education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptosphaeria maculans, a pathogen of Brassica napus, is unable to invade most wild-type accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, although several mutants are susceptible. The infection pathway of L. maculans via a non-invasive inoculation method on A. thaliana lms1 (undefined), pmr4-1 (defective in callose deposition), and pen1-1 and pen2-1 (defective in non-host responses to several pathogens) mutants is described. On wild types Col-0 and Ler-0, hyphae are generally arrested at stomatal apertures. A T-DNA insertional mutant of L. maculans (A22) that penetrates stomatal apertures of Col-0 and Ler-0 five to seven times more often than the wild-type isolate is described. The higher penetration frequency of isolate A22 is associated with an increased hypersensitive response, which includes callose deposition. Complementation analysis showed that the phenotype of this isolate is due to T-DNA insertion in an intronless gene denoted as ipa (increased penetration on Arabidopsis). This gene is predicted to encode a protein of 702 amino acids with best matches to hypothetical proteins in other filamentous ascomycetes. The ipa gene is expressed in the wild-type isolate at low levels in culture and during infection of A. thaliana and B. napus. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We have analyzed the mitochondrial editing behavior of two Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, Landsberg erecta (Ler) and Columbia (Col). A survey of 362 C-to-U editing sites in 33 mitochondrial genes was conducted on RNA extracted from rosette leaves. We detected 67 new editing events in A. thaliana rosette leaves that had not been observed in a prior study of mitochondrial editing in suspension cultures. Furthermore, 37 of the 441 C-to-U editing events reported in A. thaliana suspension cultures were not observed in rosette leaves. Forty editing sites that are polymorphic in extent of editing were detected between Col and Lez Silent editing sites, which do not change the encoded amino acid, were found in a large excess compared to nonsilent sites among the editing events that differed between accessions and between tissue types. Dominance relationships were assessed for 15 of the most polymorphic sites by evaluating the editing values of the reciprocal hybrids. Dominance is more common in nonsilent sites than in silent sites, while additivity was observed only in silent sites. A maternal effect was detected for 8 sites. QTL mapping with recombinant inbred lines detected 12 major QTL for 11 of the 13 editing traits analyzed, demonstrating that efficiency of editing of individuai mitochondrial C targets is generally governed by a major factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the practice of the English common law. It selects the literary property debate of the later 18th-century in Great Britain as an exemplary case of the interaction of common law and made law. It focuses on the right of copy as one of those common laws that are to such an extent part of the presumed inheritance of the free-born subject that there is no record of them. The article uses the material to argue both for a change in attitudes to the interrelation of made and common law.

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American authorities, persuaded by Donald Foster's stylometric evidence, believe that Funeral Elegy by W. S. (FE) is at least possibly, and perhaps indisputably by Shakespeare. British authorities disagree sharply. Brian Vickers, Richard Kennedy, and Gilles Monsarrat argue that John Ford wrote the Elegy. We examine both ascriptions by applying to Ford's poems the same kind of common-authorship, exclusionary-evidence tests that we previously applied to Shakespeare's poems and play verse. We conclude that the odds are strongly against the Americans. If W. S. is either Ford or Shakespeare, Ford seems by far the more likely candidate. Counting firm rejections only, the Elegy fails sixteen of thirty-three Shakespeare tests and only one of twenty-nine Ford tests. If the distinguishing traits of both authors are Poisson-distributed—as some seem to be—the odds that the Elegy's scores could have arisen by chance from one corpus or the other are about 3,000 times better for Ford than they are for Shakespeare. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article replies to a comment on an article previously published in the journal comparing the views of economists Karl Marx and Joseph Schumpeter on capitalist transformation. Author John Bellamy Foster complained that the article overemphasizes points of overlap and neglects important differences between the two theories. The author explained that his article identifies several important differences between the Marxian and Schumpeterian visions of capitalism's change and future. He declared that the central point of his article is that Marx and Schumpeter each perceive capitalism as a revolutionary and creative economic system.

Compares and contrasts Karl Marx's and Joseph Schumpeter's views of capitalism's creative destruction with emphasis on three themes. Capitalism as a revolutionary economic system; Capitalism's economic dysfunctioning from a creative destruction perspective; Capitalism's transformation and socialization.

We have shown previously that clonal immunogenic variants of murine mammary adenocarcinoma 10.1 can be isolated after treatment in vitro with the DNA-hypometrhylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-aza). Such immunogenic variants frequently express elevated class I major histocompatibility complex antigens relative to the level of expression in the parent tumor and are rejected in syngeneic mice by a T-cell-dependent proces. To ascertain whether elevated immunogenicity is a function of increased class I antigen expression, we isolated high class I antigen expressors from 5-aza-treated 10.1 cells by using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Clonal variants displaying any increase in class I antigen expression were more efficient stimulators of allo-class I antigen-specific cytolytic T-cell precursors. However, these variants displayed unaltered tumorigenicity in immunocompetent syngeneic mice. Thus, phenotypic changes other than, or in addition to, elevated class I antigen expression cause the reduced tumorigenicity of immunogenic clones of 10.1 cells isolated after 5-aza treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the concept of economic planning. Economic planning may be approached in either one of the two different ways. In the first approach the term connotes a type of economy or society characterized by one or a number of particular traits. The second approach is the attempt to apply reason and foresight to the ordering of human affairs and the attainment of human purposes. In the article, the various ways of structuring economic planning and its recognition as a dynamic process was also discussed.

We examined the binding of radiolabeled angiotensin II (AII) to human platelets to characterize the apparent increase in AII receptors observed in older subjects.At 22 °c, the amount of radioactivity associated with platelets from older subjects increased continuously for more than 2 hours.The same amount of radioactivity was displaced by addition of unlabeled AII at 30 min and 60 min.In the presence of phenylarsine oxide, in the cold, or when labeled antagonist was the ligand, binding came to equilibrium by 30 min.High pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated that I-AII was the major radioactive compound in the supernatant and platelets after incubation, but the platelets also contained radiolabeled AII fragments.Thus, some degradation accompanied interaction of all and platelets.Phenylarsine oxide did not prevent degradation of bound AII, suggesting that degradation precedes internalization.On average, maximum binding was greater in older subjects whether platelets were incubated with I-AII alone, with I-AII and phenylarsine oxide to prevent internalization, or when the competitive inhibitor I-sar,ile-AII was the radioligand.Variability of binding among subjects also increased with age.Thus, platelets bind, degrade, and internalize all, and the three processes occur to a greater extent in platelets from some, but not all older subjects [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]