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This article presents a theory and analysis of the social aesthetics of digital diplomacy. Drawing inspiration from the sociology of taste and visual theory, we conceptualize social aesthetics as the encoding of social norms and hierarchies into visual representations. Through this lens, we examine how the multitude of images uploaded by diplomats on social media daily contribute to the symbolic authority of their profession, ritually conveying ideals of international mediation and sovereign equality. Using advancements in computer vision methods, we analyze over 55,000 images sourced from tweets by more than 1,000 ambassadors globally. In contrast to prevailing research highlighting how social media images disrupt traditional diplomatic norms, facilitate strategic nation-branding, or promote individuals, our large-scale analysis reveals a remarkable uniformity in these images across diplomats from different countries. We demonstrate how diplomatic images perpetuate a Western visual canon, thereby reinforcing structures of power and distinction, and delineating the normative boundaries of diplomacy as a global institution. The article contributes to debates about diplomacy, aesthetics, taste, rituals, and power in international relations. Furthermore, it underscores the value of computer vision and convolutional neural networks in uncovering large-scale social patterns and relationships within practices previously perceived as highly personalized or strategic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does technology influence international negotiations? This article explores "track-change diplomacy," that is, how diplomats use information and communication technology (ICT) such as word processing software and mobile devices to collaboratively edit and negotiate documents. To analyze the widespread but understudied phenomenon of track-change diplomacy, the article adopts a practice-oriented approach to technology, developing the concept of affordance : the way a tool or technology simultaneously enables and constrains the tasks users can possibly perform with it. The article shows how digital ICT affords shareability, visualization , and immediacy of information, thus shaping the temporality and power dynamics of international negotiations. These three affordances have significant consequences for how states construct and promote national interests; how diplomats reach compromises among a large number of states (as text edits in collective drafting exercises); and how power plays out in international negotiations. Drawing on ethnographic methods, including participant observation of negotiations between the European Union's member states, as well as in-depth interviews, the analysis casts new light on these negotiations, where documents become the site of both semantic and political struggle. Rather than delivering on the technology's promise of keeping track and reinforcing national oversight in negotiations, we argue that track-change diplomacy can in fact lead to a loss of control, challenging existing understandings of diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite concerns about the effects of pro-Russian disinformation on Western public opinion, evidence of its reach remains scarce. We hypothesize that conservative individuals will be more likely than liberals to be potentially exposed to pro-Russian disinformation in digital networks. We evaluate the hypothesis using a large data set of U.S.-based Twitter users, testing how ideology is associated with disinformation about the 2014 crash of the MH17 aircraft over eastern Ukraine. We find that potential exposure to disinformation is concentrated among the most conservative individuals. Moving from the most liberal to the most conservative individuals in the sample is associated with a change in the conditional probability of potential exposure to disinformation from 6.5% to 45.2%. We corroborate the finding using a second, validated data set on individual party registration. The results indicate that the reach of online, pro-Russian disinformation into U.S. audiences is distinctly ideologically asymmetric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the dynamics of digital (dis)information in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. International Relations scholars have presented the online debate in terms of 'information warfare'—that is, a number of strategic campaigns to win over local and global public opinion, largely orchestrated by the Kremlin and pro-western authorities. However, this way of describing the online debate reduces civil society to a mere target for manipulation. This article presents a different understanding of the debate. By examining the social media engagement generated by one of the conflict's most important events—the downing of the Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 (MH17) over Ukraine—we explore how competing claims about the cause of the plane crash are disseminated by the state, media and civil society. By analysing approximately 950,000 tweets, the article demonstrates how individual citizens are more than purveyors of government messages; they are the most active drivers of both disinformation and attempts to counter such information. These citizen curators actively shape competing narratives about why MH17 crashed and citizens, as a group, are four times more likely to be retweeted than any other type of user. Our findings challenge conceptualizations of a state-orchestrated information war over Ukraine, and point to the importance of citizen activity in the struggle over truths during international conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insight on the political views of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu on the international and transnational authority of state. The author says that Bourdieu considers the specificity of the state as an organization that has an innate power. She relates the international relations (IR) theory on the diplomacy for transnational power which make some states more powerful than others. Moreover, the role of sovereignty to the articulation of authorities are mentioned.