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Mixed neuroendocrine–nonneuroendocrine epithelial neoplasms are rare malignant neoplasms that may occur in the bladder with highly aggressive behavior. Because of its worse prognosis, when compared to the pure urothelial carcinoma without the neuroendocrine component, the bladder mixed neuroendocrine–nonneuroendocrine epithelial neoplasm may be considered a distinct clinicopathologic entity. We present a case of mixed neuroendocrine–nonneuroendocrine epithelial neoplasm occurring in the urinary bladder of an elderly female with a personal history of chronic kidney disease, drug-resistant urinary tract infections, and neurogenic bladder. Her presenting symptoms included complaints of abdominal pain, urinary urgency, oliguria, dysuria, and occasional hematuria. Recognition of the clinicopathologic features of these rare aggressive neoplasms is important for accurate early diagnosis, necessitating appropriate therapeutic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomembranes in the large and small intestines are common in hospitalized patients that are immunosuppressed or on certain oral antibiotics. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, histologically characterized by volcanic-like eruption of inflammatory cellular exudate from the mucosal surface, is mainly attributed to Clostridium difficile toxins and often presents with symptomatic diarrhea. Rarely, there are case reports of similar pseudomembranous lesions limited to the stomach in the absence of intestinal involvement. In this paper, we present a case of localized pseudomembranous gastritis in a 76-year-old patient with personal history limited to prior gastrointestinal bleed, liver cirrhosis, alcohol dependence, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension who was referred to the emergency department from his primary care physician's office due to low hemoglobin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solitary gliomas have been well described in the literature. Multiple gliomas, however, have not received the same notoriety, and as such further studies may be helpful in elucidating their unique clinicopathologic features and molecular basis. We present two patients, each with multiple high-grade gliomas, and describe their clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics in comparison with those reported in the literature in an attempt to better understand their shared tumorigenic mechanisms. Extensive molecular, FISH and genomic profiling studies detected multiple unique abnormalities in our two cases with shared molecular features of retained ATRX, wild-type IDH, losses of CDKN2A genes and alterations in the PTEN–PI3K Axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]