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The present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of beta‐lactamase and biofilm‐producing Escherchia coli and Salmonella in apparently healthy broiler birds reared in household and contract poultry farms. In total, 150 cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy broiler birds of various age groups reared in backyard (n = 100) and contract farms (n = 50) in West Bengal (India). The isolation rate of ESBL producers was significantly more (P < 0·05) reared in contract poultry farms than those reared in backyard. Majority of the E. coli isolates possessed blaCTX‐M followed by blaSHV and blaTEM. Majority of the Salmonella strains possessed blaTEM followed by blaCTX‐M, and no blaSHV was detected. The selected sequences of the PCR products were found cognate with blaCTX‐M‐1, blaCTX‐M‐2, blaCTX‐M‐9, blaCTX‐M‐14, blaCTX‐M‐15, blaSHV‐12 and blaTEM‐52. The study detected 46·8% of E. coli and 42·5% of Salmonella strains as biofilm producers. Beta‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae strains showed resistance against tetracycline, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, co‐trimoxazole and ampicillin and sensitivity to imipenem‐EDTA, colistin and gentamicin. The study revealed the partial clonal relationship of ESBL sequences possessed by the poultry isolates of the present study and local clinical isolates available in the database. The study made consumer awareness about careful handling of live birds or poultry meat to avoid the zoonotic transmission of antimicrobial‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health approach to address. The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence of beta‐lactamase and biofilm‐producing Klebsiella strains in rectal swabs (n = 624) collected from healthy dogs, cats, sheep and goats reared as companion or household animals in India. The dogs and cats were frequently exposed to third‐ or fourth‐generation cephalosporins for therapy. The sheep and goats were occasionally exposed to antibiotics and had environmental exposure. Phenotypical ESBL (n = 93) and ACBL (n = 88)‐producing Klebsiella were isolated significantly more (P < 0·05) from companion animals than household animals. Majority of the Klebsiella possessed blaCTX‐M‐15. The sequences blaCTX‐M‐15.2, blaCTX‐M‐197 and blaCTX‐M‐225 are reported first time from the companion animals. All ACBL‐producing isolates possessed blaAmpC. The present study detected 65·8% of Klebsiella strains as biofilm producers possessing the studied biofilm associated genes. The isolates showed phenotypical resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, co‐trimoxazole, ampicillin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. The present study showed that companion and household animals (dogs, cats, sheep, goats) may act as a carrier of ESBL/biofilm‐producing, multi‐drug resistant, high‐risk clonal lineage of Klebsiella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended spectrum β‐lactamases (ESBL) producing Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) are posing a constant threat to public health throughout the world leading to serious infections and raising key therapeutic issues. A total of 219 fecal samples were collected from piglets with diarrheoa, pig farmers and water sources in North East India; and were processed for isolation of Escherichia coli. The isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance and suspected isolates for ESBLs production by double‐disk synergy test (DDST). Escherichia coli isolates positive for DDST were subjected for detection of selected ESBL/beta‐lactamase genes and virulence associated genes by PCR. By DDST, 337 (67·94%) E. coli isolates were detected as ESBLs producer, of which 211 (66·98%), 117 (70·91%) and 9 (56·25%) isolates were from piglets, humans and water sources respectively. A total of 64 (12·90%) isolates were recorded as STEC, of which 48 (9·68%), 6 (1·21%) and 10 (2·02%) were from human, piglets and water respectively. Majority of the STEC isolates (64·06%) possessed multiple virulence genes, of which 59·38% also harboured ESBL/beta‐lactamase genes with 32·81% STEC isolates being positive for multiple ESBL/beta‐lactamase genes. Significance and Impact of the Study: Multidrug resistant (MDR) enteric bacteria are global concern. Association of MDR traits in STEC isolates are another rising issue in human and animal health perspective. The interaction of such organisms among the human, domestic animals and adjoining water sources require to be analysed systematically. The present study exhibited the possible transmission of MDR‐STEC among the human, domestic animals and water sources in the North eastern states of India. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such kind in India. Significance and Impact of the Study: Multidrug resistant (MDR) enteric bacteria are global concern. Association of MDR traits in STEC isolates are another rising issue in human and animal health perspective. The interaction of such organisms among the human, domestic animals and adjoining water sources require to be analysed systematically. The present study exhibited the possible transmission of MDR‐STEC among the human, domestic animals and water sources in the North eastern states of India. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such kind in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to detect the occurrence of beta‐lactamase and biofilm producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy ducks. A total 202 cloacal swabs were collected from ducks kept in organized (n = 92) and backyard (n = 110) farms in West Bengal (India). The ducks had no history of antibiotic intake. Among the 87 phenotypically beta‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli, 19 (17·43%), 6 (5·05%) and 15 (13·76%) isolates possessed blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX‐M respectively. Whereas, 5 (38·46%) Salmonella isolates were found to harbour blaCTX‐M. In K. pneumoniae 10 (33·33%), 3 (13·33%), 4 (13·33%) isolates possessed blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX‐M respectively. The sequences of selected PCR products were found 98% cognate with blaCTX‐M‐9, blaSHV‐12 and blaTEM‐1. Beta‐lactamase producing E. coli isolates belonged to 14 different serogroups such as O1, O2, O3, O5, O7, O8, O35, O83, O84, O88, O119, O128, O145 and O157. Moreover, 87 E. coli (79·82%), six Samonella (46·15%) and 13 K. pneumoniae (43·33%) isolates were detected as AmpC producers possessing blaAmpC. Majority of E. coli (46·79%), Salmonella (46·15%) and K. pneumoniae (70%) isolates were detected as biofilm producers and possessed the associated genes (csgA, sdiA, rcsA, rpoS). Significantly higher occurrence of beta‐lactamase and biofilm producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates was detected in backyard ducks than organized farms. Significance and Impact of the Study: Consumption of antibiotic through feed or during therapy is considered as potential reason for generation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in birds. This study provides valuable evidence that exposure to contaminated environment may be an additional source for generation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in backyard ducks. The backyard ducks are reared by marginal farmers in India who cannot offer antibiotics to them either through feed or during therapy due to high cost. The study also reveals a significant correlation between biofilm formation and possession of antimicrobial resistance genes in the bacterial isolates from the ducks. Significance and Impact of the Study: Consumption of antibiotic through feed or during therapy is considered as potential reason for generation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in birds. This study provides valuable evidence that exposure to contaminated environment may be an additional source for generation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in backyard ducks. The backyard ducks are reared by marginal farmers in India who cannot offer antibiotics to them either through feed or during therapy due to high cost. The study also reveals a significant correlation between biofilm formation and possession of antimicrobial resistance genes in the bacterial isolates from the ducks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In total, 363 Escherichia coli were isolated from 165 faecal samples of healthy buffaloes in West Bengal, India. Twenty-four of these isolates (6·61%) were found to carry at least one gene characteristic for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli ( STEC). These STEC strains belonged to 13 different O-serogroups. The stx 1 gene was present in 23 (95·8%) of total STEC isolates, whereas 20 (83·3%) STEC isolates carried the gene stx 2. Twelve strains of E. coli (50% of total STEC isolates) possessed enterohaemolysin ( ehxA) gene in combination with others. Fourteen (58·33%) isolates found to possess saa gene. However, no E. coli was detected harbouring gene for intimin protein ( eaeA). Of 23 stx 1-positive isolates, seven (30·43%) were positive for genes of the stx 1C subtype. Of the 20 isolates with the stx 2 gene, 25% (5/20) possessed stx 2C and 10% (2/20) possessed stx 2d gene. The phylogenetic analysis after RAPD of STEC strains revealed six major clusters. The isolated STEC strains were resistant most frequently to erythromycin (95·83%), cephalothin (62·5%), amikacin (54·17%), kanamycin (45·83%) and gentamicin (41·67%) group of antibiotics. No ESBL-producing ( bla CTXM , bla TEM , bla SHV) or quinolone resistance gene ( qnrA) was detected in the STEC isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To describe the occurrence and virulence gene pattern of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) in healthy goats of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Methods and Results: A total of 220 E. coli strains belonging to 60 different ‘O’ serogroups was isolated from 206 local (nonmigratory) and 69 migratory goats. All the 220 strains were screened for the presence of stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA genes. Twenty-eight E. coli (75·6%) strains from local and nine (24·3%) strains from migratory goats belonging to 18 different serogroups showed at least presence of one virulence gene studied. Twenty-eight strains (16·47%) (belonging to 13 different serogroups) from local goats carried stx1 gene alone or in combination with stx2 gene, while as only one strain (2%) from migratory goats possessed stx2 gene alone. Interestingly in the present study none of the STEC strains carried eaeA gene. Similarly, none of the strains from local goats possessed eaeA and none of the migratory goats possessed stx1 gene. Eight strains (16%) (belonging to four different serogroups) from migratory goats carried eaeA gene. Twenty-five (14·7%) and seven (14%) strains from local and migratory goats harboured hlyA gene respectively. Conclusions: Healthy goats of Jammu and Kashmir state serve as a reservoir of STEC and EPEC. Further studies in this direction are needed to work out whether or not they are transmitted to humans in this part of world. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study is the first report of isolation of STEC and EPEC strains from healthy goats in Jammu and Kashmir State of India, which could be a source of infection to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

s.a. wani, i. samanta, m.a. bhat and y. nishikawa. 2004.To investigate the presence or absence of shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) in avian species in India.Faecal samples originating from 500 chicken and 25 free flying pigeons were screened for the presence ofE. coli. A total of 426 (chicken, 401; pigeons, 25)E. colistrains were isolated. Of 426E. colistrains, 387 were grouped into 77 serogroups, while 70 and 59 strains were untypable and rough, respectively. All isolates were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) for the detection ofstx1,stx2,eaeA,hlyAandsaagenes. None of theE. colistrains studied showed the presence ofstx1,stx2 or their variants andsaagenes. Overall 11 (2·74%) and seven (1·74%) strains from chickens possessedeaeAandhlyAgenes, respectively, while as only six (1·49%) strains from chickens possessed botheaeAandhlyAgenes. O9, O8, O60 and O25 serogroups were most predominant of which there were 24 (5·63%), 23 (5·39%), 23 (5·39%) and 20 (4·69%) strains, respectively. None of the isolates from pigeons showed the presence of any of the virulence genes studied.STEC are absent in chickens and pigeons. However, further studies are required in this direction to confirm or contradict our findings.E. colistrains originating from birds are carrying a low percentageeaeAorhlyAgenes.The present study is the first attempt to investigate STEC in chickens and free flying pigeons in India. The chickens and pigeons cannot be considered as important carrier of STEC in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aims: To determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) in calves and lambs with diarrhoea in India. Methods and Results: Faecal samples originating from 391 calves and 101 lambs which had diarrhoea were screened for presence of E. coli . A total number of 309 (249 bovine and 60 ovine) E. coli strains were isolated. A total of 113 bovine and 15 ovine strains were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) for detection of stx 1 , stx 2 , eaeA and EHEC hlyA genes. STEC and EPEC belonging to different serogpoups were detected in 9·73% of calves studied. Six per cent and 26·66% of lambs studied were carrying STEC and EPEC, respectively. Majority of the STEC serogroups isolated in this study did not belong to those which have been identified earlier to be associated mainly with diarrhoea and enteritis in cattle and sheep outside India. The most frequent serogroup among bovine and ovine EPEC was O26 (40%). One of the most important STEC serogroup O157, known for certain life-threatening infections in humans, was isolated from both bovine and ovine faecal samples. Conclusions: A high percentage of STEC and EPEC belonging to different serogroups are prevalent in calves and lambs with diarrhoea in India and could be the cause of disease in them. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study reports, for the first time, the isolation and characterization of STEC and EPEC serogroups associated with diarrhoea in calves and lambs in India. Many STEC and EPEC strains belonged to serogoups known for certain life-threatening diseases in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]