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Background Limited understanding exists regarding the influences of engagement, persistence and adherence on the efficacy of cognitive training for age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative cognitive impairment. Methods This study conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We systematically searched MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and CINAHL databases from 1 January 2012 to 13 June 2023, and included RCTs assessing the effects of cognitive training in older adults, both with and without cognitive impairment. Hedges' g with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to synthesise cognitive training effect sizes on various neuropsychological tests. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on variables including engagement, persistence, adherence and cognitive conditions of normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or neurodegenerative dementia. Results This meta-analysis included 55 RCTs with 4,455 participants with cognitive conditions spanning normal cognition, MCI and neurodegenerative dementia. The mean age of participants was 73.9 (range: 65.7–84.5) years. Overall, cognitive training showed a significant cross-domain effect (Hedges' g  = 0.286, 95% CI: 0.224–0.348). Training effects are significant when engagement or persistence rates exceed 60% or when adherence rates exceed 80%. Higher levels of persistence are required to achieve significant training effects in memory, visuospatial ability and reasoning than in executive function and attention and language. Higher persistence is also required for older adults with normal cognition to achieve significant training gains compared to those with cognitive impairment. Conclusions This systematic review highlights the critical roles of engagement, persistence and adherence in augmenting the efficacy of cognitive training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether different types of visuoconstructional abilities are useful to distinguish individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) from healthy controls (HCs). Method We selected 20 patients with MCI and 14 with AD diagnosis based on standard criteria. The neuropsychological performance of MCI and AD groups were compared with that of a group of 11 HCs using a standard neuropsychological battery and visuoconstructional tasks that differed difficulty and type of implicated skills (graphomotor vs. non-graphomotor): two-dimensional (Clock Drawing Test, CDT; Block Design, BD; and Visual Puzzles, VP) and three-dimensional Block Construction (TBC). Results AD group scored significantly lower than HCs in BD, VP and TBC tasks, but no significant differences were found between HCs and MCI. CDT (copy condition) scores did not differ significantly among the groups. The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that BD [sensitivity (se) = .85, specificity (sp) = .90, Youden index (J) = .76], VP (se = .78 and sp = .72, J = .51) and TBC (se = .71, sp = 100, J = .71) were accurate tasks to discriminate between AD and HCs. Moreover, BD tasks (se = .85, sp = .70, J = .55) and TBC (se = .71, sp = .80, J = .51) showed fair accuracy to differentiate between MCI and AD groups. Conclusions These findings indicate that non-graphomotor visuoconstructional tasks are already impaired in the early stages of AD, but are preserved in MCI individuals when compared with HCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Value in evaluating error subtypes on visuospatial line orientation tests has been reported. Directional bias metrics for line orientation test errors represent easily quantifiable data that have not previously been studied. We evaluated whether patients with a clinical condition known to affect visuospatial functioning (Parkinson's disease [PD]) exhibited unique directional error patterns on the RBANS Line Orientation test relative to other neuropsychology-referred patients. Method: We compared overall directional bias in errors, directional bias by line location (left or right line and visual field), and absolute error rates (regardless of direction) by line location in a retrospective sample of patients with PD and a sample of neuropsychology-referred patients without PD. Groups were roughly matched on age, education, gender, and overall level of cognitive impairment. Results: Patients with PD exhibited higher rates of leftward bias in errors, both overall and for the left stimulus line in each pair. Directional bias error scores better predicted PD versus non-PD group status than RBANS Line Orientation raw scores. Classification accuracy data for these variables were modest in the entire sample but stronger in a subsample of patients with mild levels of overall cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Directional bias metrics for line orientation tests represent easily quantifiable data with potential theoretical and clinical value. In our sample, patients with PD made more left-biased line orientation errors than other neuropsychology-referred patients. By themselves, directional bias scores may have limited diagnostic potential, but they may be useful in diagnostic classification models and may have implications for clinical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Soroxchi/Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is a condition that can result in cerebral and pulmonary hypoxia. Neuropsychological research on AMS is minimal and the long-term effects on cognition and behavior are unclear. AMS is associated with cognitive impairments in processing speed, attention, and executive functions as well as neurobehavioral symptoms. This case study delineates the neuropsychological and neurobehavioral changes secondary to bilateral globus pallidus (GP) lesions associated with AMS. Case Description Patient is a 51-year old, primarily Spanish-speaking, male of Mexican descent with 9 years of education, and who had traveled to La Paz, Bolivia (4,070 MASL) for work. Upon arrival, fatigue and dizziness led to hospitalization to treat acute pulmonary edema and hypoxia. Brain MRI revealed hyperintense bilateral GP lesions. Medical history was notable for hyperlipidemia. Psychiatric history was unremarkable. Neuropsychological assessment 4 months post-AMS revealed impairments in visuo-conceptual and speeded complex visuospatial abilities, executive functions, and confrontation naming. Cognitive improvements were noted in delayed recall of non-contextual verbal information and confrontation naming ten months post-AMS. Significant mood and personality changes were reported; patient endorsed anhedonia, fatigue, alexithymia, avolition, and sleep difficulties. Family described patient as depressed, apathetic, and socially withdrawn. Pharmacological and psychotherapy treatments were recommended and initiated. Diagnostic Impressions and Outcomes Findings were consistent with a diagnosis of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder. His family denied neurobehavioral improvements post interventions. Discussion This case study is the first to characterize the long-term neuropsychological and neurobehavioral changes following bilateral GP lesions secondary to AMS. Declines in visual-conceptual abilities reveal a new finding for this type of cerebral incident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This case highlights the importance of understanding bilingualism, English as a second language (ESL), immigration as an older adult, and acculturation, in light of neuropsychological test results of an individual with MSA. Case Description Mrs. X is a right-handed, 73-year-old, South African woman. Her first language is Afrikaans while her second language is English. She has a history of MSA (2015). She reported a significant decline in her previously mastered English fluency. Challenges with language (i.e. reading comprehension, conversation), focus, balance, and activities of daily living, bilateral arm jerks, and difficulties with ambulation, Pisa Syndrome (left), loss of appetite, incontinence, fluctuating temperature, depression, personality changes, and suspected auditory hallucinations were also expressed. Diagnostic Impressions and Outcomes The neurocognitive findings indicated global impairment. Aside from an average score in her reading recognition, and low-average in a test of mental flexibility, Mrs. X had impairment in attention, learning, immediate and delayed memory, executive functioning, receptive and expressive language, confrontation naming, and visuospatial abilities. Mrs. X's motoric difficulties and parkinsonism made it difficult for her to participate in testing comfortably. Language barriers were prominent: Mrs. X occasionally required English-Afrikaans translation and multiple repetitions of prompts. Summary and impressions of test results acknowledged the cultural and linguistic limitations of the evaluation. She was diagnosed with Major Neurocognitive Disorder secondary to MSA. Discussion In patients with diffuse impairment, it is essential to understand the role of dual language processes, ESL, and cultural limitations of assessments in order to accurately differentiate between neurodegenerative processes (i.e. Alzheimer's Disease vs. other disorders), as well as to determine the impact of MSA on the linguistic abilities of bilingual individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Costa Rica has the highest percentage of older adults (65+) of the Central American and Latin American region. In fact, Costa Rica has the highest life expectancy within an advanced healthcare system and socioeconomic infrastructure that differentiates it from neighboring countries in Central America. Previous research has shown that older adults who engage in higher social engagement show overall better cognitive functioning (Chen et al. 2018); however, limited research has examined the impact of socialization on cognition across rural and urban regions and furthermore no research to date has examined these factors in Costa Rican older adults. This study examined the effects of community engagement on cognition in urban and rural older adults residing in Costa Rica. Participants and Method Participants were neurotypical older adults residing in San Jose (urban region, n = 156) and Guanacaste (rural region, n = 69). Those with a history of neurological conditions and major psychiatric disorders were excluded. Results Older adults residing in an urban area (M = 55.43, SD = 23.26) participate more in social engagement within the community compared to those residing in the rural region (M = 46.30, SD = 28.50), p = 0.019. Furthermore, in the urban sample, those with higher social engagement showed better performance on learning and encoding (r = 30), verbal memory (r = 0.26), and executive functioning (r =.20). In older adults residing in the rural region, higher social engagement was only associated with better visuospatial abilities (r = 0.27). Conclusions Findings suggest that social engagement in the community for older adults in Costa Rica may serve as a protective factor for their cognitive health. However, there are significant differences on what cognitive processes serve as a protective factor as a function of location (rural versus urban). This study highlights the importance of examining the quality of social engagement when evaluating the cognition of Costa Rican older adults. References Chen, Ya-Mei, Tu, Yu-Kang, Yu, Hsiao-Wei, Chiu, Tzu-Ying, Chiang, Tung-Liang, Chen, Duan-Rung, & Chang, Ray-E. (2018). Leisure time activities as mediating variables in functional disability progression: An application of parallel latent growth curve modeling.  PLoS ONE, 13 (10). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Often, individuals with lower educational attainment and limited proficiency in the English language get misdiagnosed and/or undertreated, which can impact their quality of life and other outcomes. The present case study intends to review and discuss the presentation of a monolingual, Spanish-speaking woman with Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (svPPA), who was originally referred for a neuropsychological evaluation to determine the severity of her existing Alzheimer's Disease (AD) diagnosis. Case Description Ms. X, is a 64-year-old, right-handed Hispanic woman with 6 years of education. Symptoms included forgetfulness, restlessness, and insomnia. Her family reported that she was repeating her ideas frequently during conversations and failing to recognize previously acquainted people, including her own relatives. A recent MRI of the brain showed anterior temporal lobe atrophy. Diagnostic Impressions and Outcomes Overall, she showed naming deficits (anomia), impaired verbal fluency, surface dyslexia, and significant problems with comprehension. Executive functioning, sentence repetition, working memory, and attention were generally intact. Qualitatively, her speech was apparently fluent and automatic, yet clearly empty in meaning. In Ms. X's case, collateral reports of word-finding difficulties, tendency to repeat her thoughts incessantly, associative agnosia and prosopagnosia, and spared repetition and motor speech are strongly indicative of svPPA. Discussion svPPA primarily impacts language production and comprehension, and is characterized by severe anomia, word-finding difficulties, impaired single word comprehension, and in some cases, defective recognition of familiar faces. On testing, impairments can be observed in confrontation naming, with motor speech and repetition, working memory, episodic memory, visuospatial skills, and problem-solving skills relatively intact. Language symptoms are thought to stem from deficits of the semantic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Walking while simultaneously engaged in another activity becomes more difficult as one grows older. Here, we address the issue of changes in dual-task behavior at different stages of life, particularly in the latter stages. Methods. We developed a dual task that combined walking along an 8-m walkway with a multiple object tracking (MOT) task of increasing difficulty. This secondary cognitive task imitates visuospatial daily activities and provides reliable quantitative measurements. Our dual-task paradigm was tested on 27 young adults (23.85 ± 2.09 years old) and two groups of older adults (18 young-old and 18 old-old adults, aged 63.89 ± 3.32 and 80.83 ± 3.84 years, respectively). Results. Significant decrease in tracking performance with increasing complexity of the MOT task was found in all three groups. An age-related decrease in MOT and gait performance was also found. However, young-old adults performed as well as young adults under low attentional load conditions (in the MOT task and simple walking), whereas their performance was as impaired as those of old-old adults under high attentional load conditions (in the MOT task and walking under dual-task condition). Discussion. These different profiles between the two groups of older participants could be explained in terms of compensation strategies and risk of falling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), a relatively rare condition presenting as severe thunderclap headache with or without neurological deficits, is characterized by vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries which often resolves within three months and may be associated with stroke. Previous case reports examining neuropsychological profiles of RCVS patients demonstrated stroke-specific and/or diffuse global impairments that often exceed impairment expected post-acute phase of clinical stroke and possibly suggest residual deficits related to RCVS alone (Perdices & Herkes, 2018). Method The present case is a 36-year-old right-handed African-American male who sustained a left thalamic hemorrhage with extension into the ventricular system following marijuana use. Cerebral angiogram was suggestive of RCVS. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Western Aphasia Battery (WAB), Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status- Update (RBANS), and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Teat- 4th edition (PPVT-4) were administered at bedside. Results Neuropsychological testing was abnormal with severe global impairments on tasks requiring attention and processing speed, visuospatial abilities, immediate and delayed memory, and executive functioning. The patient's expressive speech was characterized by fluent output with pronounced provoked and unprovoked phonemic and semantic paraphasias. Additionally, he evidenced confabulatory responses during memory testing and lost mental set during tasks requiring simultaneous attention. Conclusions Considering the patients clear sensorium at the time of the evaluation, these deficits extend beyond what would be expected by a single thalamic lesion and implicate more generalized cerebral dysfunction secondary to his RCVS. Consistent with previous case studies, this case demonstrates how RCVS may confound and contribute to neurocognitive deficits even after hemorrhagic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The primary objective of this study was to compare the utility of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR) with the Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (RIST) as a measure of premorbid cognitive functioning among blast-exposed Veterans. Method Sixty-nine Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) Veterans enrolled at the VA Portland Health Center who passed the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) were given the WTAR, RIST, and the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB). Data was analyzed using bi-variate correlational analyses and linear regressions. Results Scores on the WTAR were correlated significantly (p <.05) with RIST, academic achievement, executive functioning (phonemic fluency), and multiple measures of attention, verbal learning and memory, and visuospatial skills. The WTAR was more consistently and strongly associated with those cognitive outcomes than the RIST. A stepwise linear regression was conducted to examine which of these cognitive domains loaded the highest on the WTAR. The overall attention index was the single most significant contributor to WTAR score, F(1,67) = 23.23, p <.001. Phonemic fluency added a significant proportion to the variance in WTAR scores Δr2 =.10, F (2, 66) = 18.30, p <.001. Conclusions The utility of word reading measures as indicators of premorbid functioning across multiple domains has been recently questioned. The current data suggests that for blast-exposed Veterans, the WTAR is indeed associated with cognitive functioning in attention, learning/memory, and executive functioning, even more so than the RIST. In particular, the WTAR appears related to attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We developed a cloud-based platform, Philips Intellispace Cognition (ISC), containing tablet-based versions of conventional cognitive tests. We investigated the battery's sensitivity for subtle cognitive impairment in a mixed clinical sample. Method The sample consisted of 221 healthy participants and 98 traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke patients who all scored above the MMSE-2 cutoff of 24, but reported subjective cognitive complaints. All completed the following ISC tests: Phonetic Fluency; Semantic Fluency; Trail-Making; Stroop; O-Cancellation; Star-Cancellation; Digit Span; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning; Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. We used ROC analyses to investigate our ability to distinguish the patient and healthy samples. Specifically, we assessed the area under the curve (AUC), where a value of.50 indicates random classification and 1 indicates perfect distinguishability. To this end, we compared sensitivity of cognitive domain scores distilled from the ISC tests (using confirmatory factor analysis) with the sensitivity of MMSE-2 scores. The cognitive domains were executive functioning, processing speed, working memory, memory, and visuospatial ability. Results The AUC of the MMSE-2 was.46, as expected given the fact that all patients scored above the cut-off. The AUCs of the model domain scores ranged from.56 to.73. The differences between these AUCs and the MMSE AUC were all significant (ps ≤.004), except for visuospatial ability (p =.070). Conclusions The ISC test battery was able to pick up on cognitive impairment in a mixed clinical sample consisting of patients that all scored normally on the MMSE-2. These findings show the usefulness of the digital platform in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Following recent (meta-)analyses showing that the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model outperforms traditional neuropsychological models of cognition, we investigated the relative performance of the traditional neuropsychological model (TNM) of cognitive functioning and the CHC model using the digital Philips IntelliSpace Cognition (ISC) test battery. Method The ISC battery consists of 11 conventional cognitive tests, which were administered to 221 healthy participants. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to map outcome measures to cognitive domains. Both models contained processing speed, working memory, memory, and visuospatial ability. TNM included executive functioning consisting of TMT B, Stroop interference, and Phonetic and Semantic Fluency. In the CHC model, these outcome measures were distributed over processing speed and a word fluency domain. The models' fit was compared through Vuong test for non-nested models. Results Both models were a good fit (TNM: χ2(64) = 91.95, p =.013, CFI =.971, RMSEA =.044; CHC: χ2(64) = 83.66, p =.050, CFI =.979, RMSEA =.037). The Vuong test showed that the models could be significantly distinguished based on the observed data, ω2 = 0.21, p <.001. However, the non-nested likelihood ratio test did not offer evidence that either model was a better fit, z = -0.61, p =.727. The 95% confidence interval of the AIC difference contained zero [-18.60, 35.20]. Conclusions Recent findings showing that the CHC model outperforms the TNM are not corroborated by our findings. Instead, both models captured the data equally well, suggesting that the two theoretical frameworks are not necessarily mutually exclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) is a widely used measure of visuoconstruction and memory. Prior research examined contributions of cognitive domains other than visuospatial ability on RCFT performance. This study compared processing speed, visuospatial ability, and executive function in predicting RCFT copy (RCFT-C) trial performance in a rehabilitation setting. Method Participants (N = 156) were categorized by diagnosis into TBI (n = 99), stroke (n = 34), and mixed (n = 23) groups. Outcome measures included the RCFT, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), Trail Making Test (TMT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and phonemic word generation (FAS). Diagnostic groups were compared on the RCFT-C. Outcome measure correlations were calculated. Measures were combined using principle components analysis into executive function (EXFX: TMT-B, FAS, and WCST), processing speed (SPD: TMT-A, Coding, and Symbol Search), and visuospatial ability (VIS: Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, and Visual Puzzles) scores. Nested regression models predicting RCFT-C were fitted using four predictor blocks (demographics, SPD, EXFX, and VIS). Results Groups differed on RCFT-C (p <.001) with the stroke and mixed groups performing worse than the TBI group. RCFT and WAIS-IV subtests showed the following correlations: verbal (r =.27-.42, p <.001); visuospatial (r =.38-.42, p <.001); working memory (r =.20-.30, p <.02); and processing speed (r =.33-.35, p <.001). Regression models supported independent contributions of EXFX, SPD, and VIS with R2 changes of.06,.16, and.08, respectively. Conclusions In addition to expected contributions from executive function and visuospatial ability, processing speed contributes significantly to RCFT-C performance in rehabilitation patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To examine the relationship between different cognitive measures and Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) during midlife. Methods Data was derived from a de-identified MIDUS-II database (n = 328, 57.8% male, Mage = 48.14, Meducation = 15.8, 93% Caucasian). All participants were administered cognitive tests consisting of several measures of cognitive ability (Trails-B, Vocabulary, Forward & Backward-Digit-Span, and Digit-Symbol-Substitution-Test (DSST)) and RPM. Results Pearson correlations were conducted between cognitive performance on various measures and performance on RPM. Using a Bonferroni correction across all correlations, p-value was set at.001. Better performance on RPM was negatively associated with Trails-B (r(139) = -.446,p =.001) and positively associated with Vocabulary (r(168) =.424,p =.001), Forward-Digit-Span (r(168) =.318,p =.001), Backward-Digit-Span (r(166) =.257,p =.001), DSST (r(166) =.516,p =.001). Conclusions Results suggest that DSST is the strongest predictor of RPM performance, followed by Trails-B. Reasons for the strong DSST correlation suggest the shared component of sustained attention, processing speed, working memory and set shifting. A moderate association with Trails-B implies the shared components of visual-conceptualization, visual motor tracking, and working memory. Both DSST and Trails-B not only require working memory, but also visuospatial skills, suggesting the use of high-level processes may be required for successful performance on the RPM. Moreover, visuospatial skills may be more strongly related to fluid intelligence than other abilities. This suggests that visualization skills to perceive and mentally reproduce patterns, mental rotation, and flexibility of closure to detect a stimulus hidden within a complex figure are all essential in RPM performance. Future studies should focus on gender and age differences in relation to visuospatial skills, specifically the age at which these differences occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) affects 33-46% of patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) and may be a risk factor for neuropsychological impairment. However, the cognitive profile in PD patients with RBD has yet to be fully determined. This study examined differences in neuropsychological performance among non-demented PD patients with (PD/RBD+) and without RBD (PD/RBD-), and healthy controls (HC). Methods One hundred seventy-five participants, including 45 PD/RBD+ patients, 78 PD/RBD- patients, and 52 HC, completed the RBD sleep questionnaire and underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing attention/working memory, language, visuospatial function, verbal and visual learning and memory, and executive function. Results The PD/RBD+ group demonstrated significantly poorer global neuropsychological performance compared to both the PD/RBD- and HC groups (p's <.003; η_p^2 =.16). MANOVA demonstrated significant group differences on all individual cognitive domains (p's <.001), except visuospatial function (p =.10). Both PD/RBD+ and PD/RBD- patients had significantly lower scores compared to the HCs in the domains of attention/working memory, language, learning, and memory. Additionally, the PD/RBD+ group had significantly lower executive functioning scores compared to the HCs, and poorer learning performance compared to the PD/RBD- group. Conclusions Compared to PD patients without RBD, PD/RBD+ patients have greater levels of cognitive impairment specific to the acquisition of new information. Moreover, PD/RBD+ patients have greater executive dysfunction compared to HCs, underscoring the importance of RBD assessment for improved detection and treatment of neuropsychological impairment (e.g. targeted cognitive interventions). Longitudinal investigations are needed to determine the enduring effects of RBD in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) frequently experience cognitive and functional difficulties, even in the absence of dementia. However, there is limited understanding of the relationship between specific cognitive abilities and functional skills, such as financial management, in these individuals. Understanding the potential impact of cognition on financial skills in non-demented PD will help discern neuropsychological predictors of real-world performance. 171 non-demented PD patients were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery including a measure of financial skills (University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment; UPSA). Composite scores were created for five cognitive domains: [1] memory, [2] language, [3] executive function, [4] attention, and [5] visuospatial function. Bivariate correlations and hierarchical regressions were conducted to evaluate the associations between UPSA and cognition. There was a significant, positive association between financial skills performance and executive function, memory, attention, and language (r =.165 –.265; all p's <.04), but not visuospatial function (r =.071, p =.37). Controlling for demographic factors, multiple linear regressions revealed that higher levels of executive function significantly predicted better UPSA performance (B =.323, p <.01). Findings suggest that several cognitive abilities are associated with adequate financial management, but that executive function, above and beyond other cognitive abilities, is the best predictor of this particular skill in non-demented PD. The assessment of cognition – specifically executive function – may be useful in identifying PD patients who may be at risk for financial management difficulties. Furthermore, findings have implications for the implementation of executive function-based interventions for the enhancement of everyday financial tasks in non-demented PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]