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To explore the motivations and expectations of the users of the Program for Healthy Centers in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and to evaluate its potential health impact.In-depth interviews were conducted (n = 34) and a self-administered survey was sent to users of the program (n = 605). An epidemiological model was developed to estimate the impact of the program on cardiovascular events (CVE) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).The main motivating factors for using the healthy centers were geographic and economic accessibility (free services) and satisfaction with the care received. 14.4% (95% CI, 10.3-18.5%) of hypertensive users and 24.8% (95% CI, 17.6-32.0%) of diabetic users reported having learned of their altered values in the healthy center. More than half of the respondents reported some improvement in their knowledge about the benefits of physical activity and healthy eating; this was more frequent among those who were younger, of lower educational level, users of the public health system, users of a healthy center in the South zone and those who had a cardiometabolic risk factor (p0.05). It was estimated that the healthy centers would prevent 12.5 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events per year in the assisted population (4.75 events/100 000) and 47.75 DALYs due to these causes.The healthy centers are a favorable space for the implementation of health promotion and prevention actions, contributing to the detection of and facilitating the monitoring of risk factors, with a potential to prevent cardiovascular events and its consequences.Explorar as motivações e expectativas dos usuários do Programa Estações Saudáveis na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires e avaliar seu impacto potencial na saúde.Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade (n = 34) e uma pesquisa auto-administrada (n = 605) a usuários do programa. Um modelo epidemiológico foi desenvolvido para estimar o impacto do programa em eventos cardiovasculares e anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (DALY).Os principais fatores motivadores para o uso do estações saudáveis foram a acessibilidade geográfica, econômica (serviços gratuitos) e a satisfação com o atendimento recebido. 14,4% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 10,3-18,5%) de usuários hipertensos e 24,8% (IC95% 17,6-32,0%) dos diabéticos relataram ter aprendido sobre seus valores alterados na estação saudável. Mais da metade dos entrevistados relataram alguma melhora no conhecimento sobre os benefícios da atividade física e da alimentação saudável, com maior freqüência entre os mais jovens, de menor escolaridade, usuários do sistema público de saúde, usuários de estações saudáveis na zona sul e aqueles que apresentaram algum fator de risco cardiometabólico (p0,05). Estimou-se que, devido à existência de estações saudáveis, 12,5 eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares por ano seriam evitados na população atendida (4,75 eventos/100 000) e 47,75 DALY por essas causas.As estações saudáveis são um espaço propício para a implementação de ações de promoção e prevenção da saúde, contribuindo para a detecção e facilitação do monitoramento dos fatores de risco, com potencial para prevenir os eventos cardiovasculares e suas consequências.

This report describes 1) the evaluation of the Familias Fuertes primary prevention program in three countries (Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador) and 2) the effect of program participation on parenting practices. Familias Fuertes was implemented in Bolivia (10 groups, 96 parents), Colombia (12 groups, 173 parents), and Ecuador (five groups, 42 parents) to prevent the initiation and reduce the prevalence of health-compromising behaviors among adolescents by strengthening family relationships and enhancing parenting skills. The program consists of seven group sessions (for 6-12 families) designed for parents/caregivers and their 10-14-year-old child. Parents/caregivers answered a survey before the first session and at the completion of the program. The survey measured two important mediating constructs: "positive parenting" and "parental hostility." The Pan American Health Organization provided training for facilitators. After the program, parents/caregivers from all three countries reported significantly higher mean scores for "positive parenting" and significantly lower mean scores for "parental hostility" than at the pre-test. "Positive parenting" practices paired with low "parental hostility" are fundamental to strengthening the relationship between parents/caregivers and the children and reducing adolescents' health-compromising behaviors. More research is needed to examine the long-term impact of the program on adolescent behaviors.

Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common disease in women and constitutes the second leading cause of cancer death in this population. The factors that contribute to the risk of occurrence are divided into nonmodifiable and modifiable factors. Although there are interventions in primary care to prevent the disease, these measures have not produced the desired changes in women’s health. This article reviews the major modifiable risk factors for breast cancer and describes how these factors can affect the incidence of cancer in women. This information shows that modifiable risk factors (such as physical activity, diet, obesity, and use of alcohol and tobacco) can influence the occurrence of breast cancer, in part depending on the life stage of a woman, including menopausal status. Timely prevention at the primary care level is one of the most important areas on which health professionals need to focus in order to help reduce the incidence of breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a school-based obesity prevention program that seeks to change food intake among students at schools in Rosario, Argentina. METHODS: This was a prospective study involving 405 children 9-11 years of age at six schools in the poor areas of Rosario, Argentina, in May-October 2008. After matching for socioeconomic status, schools were selected by simple randomization; participants were assessed at baseline (T1) and again 6 months later, after completion of the intervention (T2). The program focused on increasing the children's knowledge of healthy nutrition and exercise through four workshops; educating the parents/caregivers; and offering healthy options at the school snack bar. The main outcome measures were the children's intake of healthy and unhealthy foods (assessed with a weekly food frequency questionnaire) and their body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Of the 387 children assessed at T1, 369 were reassessed at T2 (205 intervention; 164 control). Girls at the schools where the intervention occurred increased their intake of three of the five healthy food items promoted by the program (fruits, vegetables, low-sugar cereals). Statistical significance was reached for skim milk (P = 0.03) and for pure orange juice (P = 0.05). Boys of both the intervention and control groups failed to improve their intake of healthy foods, but those of the intervention arm significantly reduced their intake of hamburgers and hot dogs (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Girls were more amenable to improving their dietary intake. Overall, the program was more likely to increase consumption of healthy food than to decrease intake of unhealthy foods. Gender differences should be taken into account when designing preventive interventions.

OBJECTIVE: To identify main barriers to preventing cardiovascular disease and implementing clinical practice guidelines in primary care, to pilot implementation of a tailored enactment of the adapted World Health Organization guidelines to prevent cardiovascular disease, and to assess the impact of the intervention in risk stratification. METHODS: A qualitative study was done with decision makers, health professionals, and staff from five primary health care centers, who were interviewed to identify the main barriers. A tailored intervention to apply the guidelines was then designed and implemented. To assess the impact of the intervention on risk factor screening, a before-and-after analysis was performed through a records review of independent samples of patients aged 40 years or older attending each center. RESULTS: The main barriers identified were lack of awareness of guidelines and lack of knowledge about preventing cardiovascular disease, communication problems within health teams, lack of motivation, and organizational problems. Before (n = 226) and after (n = 234) the intervention, screening of the main risk factors increased: blood pressure measurement from 44.3% to 72.6%, cholesterol measurement from 20.7% to 49.7%, smoking status assessment from 20.4% to 56.1%, diabetes status assessment from 25.5% to 93.6%, and previous vascular event status from 33.2% to 74.3%. Global risk stratification was not done at baseline, compared with 45.1% after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The main barriers identified were useful in designing a tailored intervention. Although no clinical outcomes were evaluated, this study shows that the implementation is feasible, with increased risk stratification as a first step at better patient management.OBJETIVO: Determinar las principales barreras en la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la aplicación de las directrices de práctica clínica en atención primaria, guiar la adecuada puesta en práctica de las directrices adaptadas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares, y evaluar la repercusión de la intervención en la estratificación del riesgo. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo dirigido a los encargados de adoptar las decisiones, los profesionales de la salud y el personal de cinco centros de atención primaria de salud, que fueron entrevistados con objeto de determinar las principales barreras. Posteriormente se diseñó y ejecutó una intervención adaptada para aplicar las directrices. Con objeto de evaluar la repercusión de la intervención sobre el tamizaje de los factores de riesgo, se llevaron a cabo un análisis anterior y posterior a la intervención mediante un examen de los registros de muestras independientes de pacientes de 40 años o mayores que acudían a cada centro. RESULTADOS: Las principales barreras detectadas fueron el desconocimiento de las directrices y la carencia de información sobre la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, los problemas de comunicación dentro de los equipos de salud, la falta de motivación y los problemas organizativos. Al comparar los datos previos a la intervención (n = 226) con los posteriores a esta (n = 234), se observó un incremento del tamizaje de los principales factores de riesgo: la medición de la presión arterial de 44,3 a 72,6%, la determinación del colesterol de 20,7 a 49,7%, la evaluación de la presencia de tabaquismo de 20,4 a 56,1%, la evaluación de la presencia de diabetes de 25,5 a 93,6% y la evaluación de la presencia de un episodio vascular anterior de 33,2 a 74,3%. Al inicio del estudio no se llevaba a cabo la estratificación del riesgo global, en comparación con el 45,1% de estratificación realizada posteriormente a la intervención. CONCLUSIONES: La determinación de las principales barreras fue útil para el diseño de una intervención adaptada. Aunque no se evaluaron los resultados clínicos, este estudio revela que la ejecución es factible, y que la mayor estratificación del riesgo constituye un primer paso en la mejora de la atención de los pacientes.

OBJETIVO: Describir las características de los binomios madre-hijo, la profilaxis antirretroviral, la evolución temporal de la transmisión vertical del VIH-1 y sus variables asociadas en una población asistida por un hospital público de complejidad terciaria de Argentina. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo desarrollado por el Grupo de trabajo en prevención de la Transmisión Vertical del Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Cosme Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina, entre 1998 y 2008. Se compararon los períodos 1998-2003 y 2004-2008, y se identificaron las variables asociadas a esta vía de contagio. RESULTADOS: De 357 binomios madre-hijo, 21,0% de las madres presentaron coinfección con el virus de la hepatitis C y 68,0% linfocitos CD4 < 500/µL. Durante el embarazo, 75,0% de las madres recibieron tratamiento antirretroviral: zidovudina (17,8%), zidovudina-lamivudina (19,8%), zidovudina-lamivudina-nevirapina (41,9%) y zidovudina-lamivudina-inhibidor de proteasa (11,4%). El 74% presentó una carga viral (CV) en el período periparto < 1000 copias/mL. La proporción de cesáreas fue de 58,0%. Se administró zidovudina durante el parto en 83,4% de los casos. El 98,0% de los neonatos recibió profilaxis; la más frecuente fue zidovudina en monoterapia (73,0%). El 15,4% presentó bajo peso neonatal y 6,7% fue prematuro. La transmisión vertical global fue de 3,3% (10/302). En la comparación entre ambos períodos se observó un aumento de la indicación del tratamiento antirretroviral triple, mayor frecuencia de CV < 1 000 copias/mL en el período periparto, y disminución de la ausencia de profilaxis materna-neonatal y de la transmisión vertical global en el período 2004-2008. Para este período, la transmisión vertical fue de 1,3% en el hospital frente a 6,3% en la ciudad de Buenos Aires (estadísticas oficiales). La ausencia de profilaxis materna/intraparto y la prematuridad se asociaron a la transmisión vertical (P < 0,01 y P = 0,01, respectivamente) CONCLUSIONES: Se observó un descenso en la transmisión vertical global entre ambos períodos, atribuible a la mayor cobertura antirretroviral materno-neonatal y al mayor uso de tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia. La ausencia de profilaxis materna/intraparto fue el principal factor asociado a esta vía de contagio, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad de mejorar la accesibilidad al sistema de salud de los binomios madre-hijo..OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of mother-child binomium (MCB), antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis, time trends, and variables associated with vertical transmission of HIV-1 in a population assisted by a tertiary public hospital in Argentina. METHODS: Prospective descriptive study undertaken by the Hospital Cosme Argerich s Vertical Transmission Working Group, Buenos Aires city, Argentina 1998-2008. Periods 1998-2003 vs. 2004-2008 were compared and variables associated with vertical transmission identified. RESULTS: Of 357 MCB, 21.0% of the mothers had HCV coinfection and 68.0% CD4 < 500/µL. During pregnancy, 75.0% received ARV: zidovudine (17.8%), zidovudinelamivudine (19.8%), zidovudine-lamivudine-nevirapine (41.9%), and zidovudinelamivudine-protease inhibitor (11.4%); 74.0% had viral load (VL) peripartum < 1 000 copies/mL. Caesarean delivery: 58.0%. Intrapartum zidovudine: 83.4%; 98.0% of infants received prophylaxis; zidovudine monotherapy was the most frequently used (73.0%). Of neonates, 15.4% had low birthweight and 6.7% were premature. The global vertical transmission was 3.3% (10/302). Comparing both periods, an increase in triple ARV and VL < 1 000 copies/mL in peripartum and a decrease in the absence of maternal/neonatal prophylaxis and overall VT was observed. The vertical transmission for 2004-2008 was 1.3% vs. 6.3% in Buenos Aires city (official statistics). Absence of maternal/intrapartum prophylaxis and prematurity were associated with vertical transmission (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A decline in overall vertical transmission between the two periods was observed attributable to increased coverage of maternal/neonatal ARV administration and increased use of triple therapy. The absence of maternal/intrapartum prophylaxis was the main factor associated with vertical transmission, emphasizing the need to improve accessibility of MCB to the local public health system.

OBJETIVO: Describir las características y la evolución del Programa de Prevención Temprana de la Violencia del Municipio de Medellín, Colombia, y evaluar los resultados de la primera etapa tres años después de su implementación. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un análisis anterior (año 2001) y posterior (año 2004) de cinco variables -síntomas de agresión directa, síntomas de agresión indirecta, síntomas de prosocialidad y rendimiento escolar- en una muestra por conveniencia de 339 niños y sus familias que habían participado en el programa. RESULTADOS: Se evidenciaron varios efectos positivos del programa. Se observó una disminución de los síntomas de agresión directa y de los de agresión indirecta, pero en este último caso sólo en niñas y en mayores de 12 años. Se evidenció asimismo un aumento en la prosocialidad en niños de todas las edades y de ambos sexos, incluso en los que presentaban menor grado de prosocialidad en 2001. También se observó en todo el grupo una mejora del rendimiento escolar. Estos resultados pueden haber sido afectados por algunas modificaciones en la implementación del programa de prevención y por la gran peligrosidad del barrio, que ocasionó una disminución de la frecuencia de las visitas domiciliarias a las familias. CONCLUSIONES: El programa parece tener efectos preventivos, puesto que se observa una disminución de la agresión directa en los niños con mayor nivel de agresión, y un efecto protector en el aumento de la prosocialidad en los niños menos agresivos.OBJECTIVE: To describe the components and development of the Early Prevention of Violence Program in the city of Medellín, Colombia, and to evaluate the results of its first phase, three years after implementation. METHODS: A before (2001) and after (2004) study of four variables-direct aggression, indirect aggression, prosocial behavior, and scholastic achievement-was conducted among a convenience sample of 339 program participants and their families. RESULTS: Several program benefits were noted. Decreases in both direct and indirect aggression were observed, though the latter was reduced only in girls and in those over 12 years old. Prosocial behavior increased among children of all ages and both genders, including those who exhibited low levels of prosocial behavior in 2001. In addition, improved school performance was seen in the group as a whole. Results may have been affected by some changes to the prevention program’s implementation and by the dangerous nature of the neighborhood, which limited the home visits. CONCLUSIONS: The program seems to be an effective intervention for highly aggressive children, among whom a decline in direct aggression was observed. It also offers preventive benefits, as evidenced by the rise of prosocial behaviors in less aggressive children.

During the last 22 years, the Region of the Americas has seen an upward trend in dengue incidence, with epidemics peaking ever higher and recurring every 3-5 years, almost regularly. A major factor in the spread of the disease has been the diminished capacity of national programs to respond with dengue prevention and control. This paper evaluates the Integrated Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control-approved by the 44th Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization in September 2003-and its preliminary results. The Integrated Strategy for Dengue is a management model designed to strengthen national programs, with a focus on reducing morbidity, mortality, and the societal and economic burdens produced by outbreaks and epidemics. Currently, 11 of the countries in the Region have developed a plan for or implemented a national strategy. In addition, a sub-Regional plan has been developed for Central America and the Dominican Republic. The Integrated Strategy for Dengue is expected to produce a qualitative leap forward in prevention and control through stronger partnerships among the State, its various ministries, and governing bodies, at all levels; private companies; and the range of community and civil groups. Once implemented, this strategy will reduce risk factors for dengue transmission, establish an integrated epidemiological surveillance system, decrease Aedes aegypti mosquito populations, prepare laboratories to better detect and identify the virus, optimize diagnosis and treatment, and, as a result, decrease the frequency, magnitude, and severity of dengue outbreaks and epidemics.

Objetivos. Desarrollar, aplicar y evaluar un modelo educativo de prevención primaria de enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS) y síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida) basado en los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) sexuales de los adolescentes y en sus percepciones y conductas al respecto, con el objetivo final de contribuir al desarrollo de herramientas educativas de prevención de las ETS y de la infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Métodos. Se aplicó un modelo de prevención primaria de ETS y VIH/sida a escolares adolescentes (12 a 15 años) de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Se formaron dos grupos con características similares: el grupo de intervención (grupo I, n = 358) y el grupo de control (grupo C, n = 288). Las escuelas se seleccionaron por criterios de inclusión, y los adolescentes de cada escuela, al azar. Se aplicó una guía de discusión a 16 grupos focales; con esta información se elaboró una encuesta sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) que, después de su validación, fue aplicada a ambos grupos. En el grupo I se implementó un programa educativo de prevención dirigido a estudiantes y docentes. Ocho meses más tarde se aplicó una segunda encuesta CAP a los dos grupos. Las diferencias en los CAP antes y después de la intervención fueron evaluadas utilizando la prueba de la ji². Resultados. No existieron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos antes de la intervención, pero después de ella las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (P = 0,012); se verificó un aumento de conocimientos sobre sexualidad y ETS/sida en el grupo I, aunque todavía no se ha evaluado la modificación de conductas a largo plazo. Conclusiones. Este estudio permitió validar un modelo multifactorial de prevención de ETS/sida adecuado a la realidad de los adolescentes, y sugiere la posibilidad de extrapolar la experiencia a escalas mayores en contextos similares a los de la población investigada.Objective. To develop, apply, and evaluate an educational model for the primary prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that was based on the sexual knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of adolescents and on their perceptions and behaviors in this area, with the ultimate goal of helping develop educational tools to prevent infection with STDs and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods. An STD/HIV/AIDS primary prevention model was applied with adolescent schoolchildren (12 to 15 years old) in the canton of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Two groups with similar characteristics were formed: the experimental group, with 358 students, and the control group, with 288 students. Schools were selected according to inclusion criteria, and adolescents at each school were chosen at random. A discussion guide was applied with 16 focus groups, and the resulting information was used to prepare a KAP survey. After being validated, the KAP survey was applied to the experimental group and to the control group. A prevention education program geared to students and teachers was implemented with the experimental group. Eight months later a second KAP survey was done with the experimental group and the control group. The differences in KAPs before and after the intervention were evaluated using the chi-square test. Results. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups before the intervention, but afterwards the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.012), with an increase in the knowledge of sexuality and STDs/AIDS in the experimental group, even though the long-term behavior changes have not been evaluated. Conclusions. This study validated a multifactorial STD/AIDS prevention model adapted to the reality of adolescents, and it suggests the possibility of extrapolating this experience more broadly to contexts similar to those of this Ecuador population.