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The demand for energy is increasing day by day globally. To overcome the problem of energy scarcity, solar energy promises to be one of the best solutions without a significant increase in the carbon footprint of the atmosphere. Currently, most Somalis do not have access to a regular source of power. The country does not have a national grid, relying on outdated, costly and inefficient diesel generators. The energy consumption in Somalia is dependent on firewood and charcoal, dependencies that rely on deforestation and desertification, which negatively influence the agricultural sector and also the environment. In this work, the potential of solar power in Somalia is assessed while estimating the cost of solar panels per household. The aim of this study is to assess the cost, ecological and economic efficiency of the off-grid PV home system in residential buildings in Baidoa, Somalia. A stand-alone solar home system of 1.98kW PV capacity with battery backup is designed by using HOMER software. The daily primary load considered is 7.530 kWh, with a peak of the nominal power of 1.60 kW. The results show that renewable energy sources can replace conventional energy sources and that they would be a viable solution for generating electrical energy in residential houses in Baidoa with a reasonable investment. It was also found that the amount of power produced by solar panels is 7,400kWh/year. With an initial investment of $5580, the annualized life cycle cost of the system is $0.483, the payback period of initial investment is 2 years and 8 months period, and the net present cost (NPC) of the project is $18,684.

In this contribution, researchers have provided a summary of the agricultural and industrial waste recoveries to be deployed as the composite reinforced materials. It covers the work of previous researchers related to this area and addressed the key challenge to overcome for further development and advancement. The major contributions of this work were a comprehensive review on a wide variety of Sever Plastic Deformation (SPD) techniques implementation in development of the waste materials based reinforced metal matrix composite. The waste materials can be derived from either industrial or natural sources. Also, it discusses the range of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) applications in engineering and related manufacturing techniques with further emphasized on the process parameters which directly determine the material properties. Some useful suggestions were proposed to the industrialists, academicians and scientists to further improve the performance aspect of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) for commercialization reason. Furthermore, industrial and natural waste enhancement materials have been strongly proposed because of their higher reinforced content particulates such as alumina (Al2O3) and silica (SiO2). Also, the mechanical and physical properties are directly influenced by the size, shape and weight-volume friction of the composites as same as the potential reactions between matrixes/reinforced materials interface

Products by solid-state recycling of aluminum chips in hot extrusion process were controlled by temperature related parameters using preheating temperature 450 °C, 500 °C, and 550°C for 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr preheating time. By using Design of Experiments (DOE), the results found that the preheating temperature is more important to be controlled rather than the preheating time in analysis both mechanical and physical properties. The results also found that increasing of temperature led to the high tensile strength and low microhardness. The profile extruded at 550 °C with 3 hr duration had gained the optimum case to get the maximum tensile strength and the profile extruded at 450 °C with 1 hr had result the optimum case to gain the maximum microhardness. For the optimum cases, heat treatment was carried out using quenching temperature at 530 ºC for 2 hr and aging process at 175 ºC for 4 hr. The tensile strength and microhardness of extrudes specimens were improved significantly by heat treatment.

This paper presents a modeling of the Brushless DC motor based on the system identification method. The input and output data were collected and simulated based on the real-time experiment. Taking a continues time form for the system model, a transfer function was selected in this work. The potentiometer has been used to send  Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals as input signal to the Brushless DC motor to determine the open-loop model of brushless DC motor (BLDC). LM2907 Tachometer attached with Brushless DC motor driver to measure the output speed. The input signal and measured output data were interfaced to plant by C code generation Matlab/Simulink through Arduino Mega controller. System identification toolbox was used for collecting data to obtain the estimates model. The best fit found for the system was 90.2%. The PID controller was developed to control the desired speed based on the given speed to demonstrate the feasibility of the given method.  &nbsp