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Introduction: Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract that contains gallic acid as the major phenolic compound has shown significant antihypertensive effect, however the amount of gallic acid was inversely-related with magnitude of this effect. This study aimed to conduct bioassay-guided fractionation of S. polyanthum leaves with gallic acid as a reference compound, and to screen for other possible compounds responsible for the antihypertensive effect. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The most active crude extract was fractionated using column chromatography and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) (n=3). Crude extracts and the derived fractions were intravenously administered into pentobarbital-anaesthetized Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (n=5) for recording of blood pressure parameters. Liquid Chromatography-Quadruple Time-Off-Flight/Mass Spectrometry was used for determination of chemical composition. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis using GraphPad® PRISM Version 6. Results: Fractionation of aqueous S. polyanthum leaves extract (ASP) afforded nine fractions, later combined into three fractions (F1ASP, F2ASP, and F3ASP) based on the thinlayer chromatography profiles. ASP has the highest TPC while F2ASP has the lowest TPC. All fractions exhibited significant antihypertensive property, but F2ASP was the most active fraction. Few phenolics with related antihypertensive effects such as 1-galloyl glucose (a gallic acid-derivative majorly found in F2ASP and F3ASP), and other compounds such as polydatin, sesamol, brazilin, eugenol, ellagic acid, kukoamine A, and cyclocurcumin were found across all active fractions. Conclusion: These phenolics may partly contribute to the antihypertensive effect of S. polyanthum leaves, thus further isolation study is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Triphala, the Ayurvedic herbal formulation composed of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae), Terminalia bellirica Roxb. (Combretaceae), and Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae) fruits. It has been reported the cholesterol-lowering effect that the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity was proposed as a key mechanism of action. Since, triphala formulations in equal proportion (1:1:1) and different ratios of its three fruit constituents (vata, pitta, and kapha) have been prescribed by the traditional practitioners due to the patient's body conditions. The biological activities of each formulation are needed to evaluate. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate phytochemicals, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory effect, and HMG-CoA reductase molecular modeling of triphala extracts. Materials and Methods: Four triphala extracts were prepared by decoction and determined the contents of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid as markers using high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. The in vitro HMG CoA reductase assay was performed based on ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and molecular modeling was simulated using Autodock 1.5.6 to characterize the binding energy, ligand efficacy, and H-bond interaction. Results: All extracts contained gallic acid and chebulagic acid in the high contents, whereas ellagic acid and chebulinic acid were found in a small amount. The enzyme assay revealed pitta extract (at 10 μg/mL) was the most potent enzyme inhibition of 58.4' ± 0.40' (P = 0.05). Moreover, the modeling results indicated that these four markers can interact the enzyme with different configurations and binding affinities. Conclusion: Pitta extract appeared to be a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. It was a potential natural product as an alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The data presented in the article is related to evaluation of Terminalia bellerica fruits methanol extract (METB) for the neurodegenerative disorders along with their antioxidant potential. Methods: Various phytoconstituents were identified with proximate phytochemical analysis of METB. Terminalia species are gallic acid and chebulaginic acid which are known to possess neuroprotective activity and are also known to contain various flavonoids and phenols as active constituents. The methanolic fruit extract of Terminalia bellerica was screened for its Neuroprotective Activity against Aluminium Chloride and Haloperidol Induced Amnesia in Mice. Results: In vitro AChEs assay, METB showed IC50 34.5μg/ml and also significantly reduced brain AChE. In addition, it exhibited remarkable radical scavenging potential in reducing power assay (increasing absorbance) and lipid peroxidation assays (IC50 39.25 μg/ml). In vivo neuroprotective activities were performed via the passive avoidance, plus maze tasks in aluminium chloride induced amnesia model and via rota rod apparatus, standard bar test in haloperidol induced catalepsy model. METB showed significant (p< 0.01, p< 0.05) improvement in cognitive impairment in aluminium chloride induced amnesia animal models and moderate inhibitory activities. The results demonstrate that the anti-amnesic effect of METB may be mediated via antioxidant capabilities, as well as inhibition of AChEs and due to the presence of various terpenoids, flavonoids and phenols as active constituents. Conclusion: Furthermore Terminalia bellerica ayurvedic plant can be used in various neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pomegranate is scientifically known as Punica granatum L. which is a nutrient dense fruit rich in phytochemical compounds. Phenolic content is the main compound attribute for the most of the functional properties in pomegranate. The aim of this study is to quantify and optimize the composition of phenolic acids extracted from pomegranate extract by using High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Method: The pomegranate extracted with three different methods by using two different solvents which is 50% ethanol and water. The methods were blended (aril+ seed), Soaking (aril+ seed) and soaking + squeezed manually. HPLC-PDA was used as equipment to quantify and optimize the phenolic acids extracted from pomegranate. Result: Validation method of HPLC was analysed according to the percentage of recovery, LOD, LOQ and coefficient correlation. Result showed that GA was detected in all sample from different method of extraction applied while CA compound not detected in any of extraction method applied. FA compound was only detected in blended method by 50% ethanol and water as solvent while EA compound was detected only in water extraction of all three methods applied. Conclusion: As a conclusion, according to the standard calibration data curve showed that this method proved to detect and quantify the targeted compounds. By comparing the data obtained from this study, it showed that water blended extract method is significantly higher content of targeted compound except for the CA compound. To the best of our knowledge, this sample can be a valuable source of antioxidant for better used in health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The genus Callistemon (family: Myrtaceae) contains 34 species which are widely distributed in the temperate regions and used in folk medicine. Methods: Chromatographic separation of 80% MeOH extract of the leaves of Callistemon viridiflorus (sims) Sweet (Cv) was performed. Results: Seven known polyphenolic compounds were isolated for the first time from this species: gallic acid, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, hyperin, 1,2:3,4-(bis(s)- hexahydroxy diphenoyl-β-D-glucopyranose, nilocitin and quercetin-3-O-α-L-glucuronopyranoside. The methanolic extract of Cv leaves exhibited a significant anti-microbial activity against the tested microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]