Search

Introduction: An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial drug discovery have focused researchers on alternative therapies, including plant-based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics may be a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of Terminalia bellericia fruit extracts was investigated by disc diffusion assays and quantified by liquid dilution and solid phase MIC assays. The extracts were also combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The SFIC values obtained from these assays were used to determine the class of combinational effects. Toxicity was evaluated by Artemia nauplii mortality and HDF cytotoxicity assays. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. bellericia fruit extracts had noteworthy growth inhibitory activity against the microbial triggers of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases including P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, K. pneumoniae, A. baylyi, P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes. Of further interest, some combinations of the T. bellericia fruit extracts and conventional antibiotics potentiated bacterial growth inhibition compared to the individual components alone. Seven synergistic and seven additive interactions were noted, particularly in combinations containing chloramphenicol as the antibiotic component. Notably, no antagonistic interactions were evident, indicating that all combinations could be used without decreasing the antibacterial activity of the individual components. All extracts were nontoxic in the ALA and HDF assays. Conclusion: Terminalia bellericia fruit extracts have potential as inhibitors of bacterial triggers of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, extract components may also potentiate the activity of three antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation and identification of these compounds may be beneficial in drug design against several bacteria, including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis and rheumatic fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue infection has become one of the most important mosquito-borne diseases worldwide and is caused by the dengue virus (DENV). Recently, neither patent drug, phytopharmaceutical medicine, nor standardized herbal medicine has been officially available against DENV. Dried red jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba) ethanol extract has been proven to have an antiviral effect, anti-inflammatory efficacy, and antioxidant properties, which have potential activity against DENV infection. This research was conducted to analyze the antiviral activity of dried red jujube fruit ethanol extract against DENV-2 in vitro. The halfmaximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were examined on Vero cells by a 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, whereas the halfmaximal effective concentration (EC50) was determined using luminescence assay. The selectivity index (SI) value was determined from the ratio of CC50 and EC50. Dried red jujube fruit ethanol extracts inhibited DENV-2 in 24.59%, 22.39%, 17.98%, 14.5%, 6.42%, and 1.28% at 80 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL, 10 μg/ mL, 5 μg/mL, and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively. The extract exhibited antiviral activity against DENV-2, showing a CC50 of 67.73 μg/mL, an IC50 value of 166.18 μg/mL, and an EC50 of 64.87 μg/mL, with an SI of 1.04. The LD50 value was 707.95 mg/kg. Dried red jujube fruit ethanol extract could be a potential candidate for developing an antiviral against DENV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to assess the potential antidiabetic properties of aqueous extracts derived from the peels of specific fruits, including A.squamosa, C. melo, A. deliciosa and M. pumila. Materials and Methods: Male rats of the Wistar albino strain, weighing 180-200 g, were divided into 12 groups, with one group as the control. Diabetes was induced using alloxan, followed by treatment with fruit peel extracts and a polyherbal mixture. After a 28-day experimental window, the rats were euthanized and specimen pancreatic tissues and blood samples were analyzed. Results: The findings indicated that blood glucose concentrations were substantially reduced by all selected extracts and the polyherbal mixture. Moreover, they demonstrated positive effects on serum lipid profiles, decreasing triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL, while increasing HDL levels and insulin concentrations. Notably, the polyherbal mixture and M. pumila (apple) peel extract exhibited robust anti-diabetic effects, even at lower doses, surpassing the other three extracts. Results were correlated strongly with histopathological analysis of pancreatic tissue. Conclusion: This study highlights the considerable therapeutic potential of selected extracts of the fruit peels and their mixture in diabetes management. Their ability to mitigate pancreatic damage positions them as promising candidates for the development of potent antidiabetic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication, characterized by increased blood glucose levels that occur during pregnancy. Oxidative stress in hyperglycemia increases the inflammatory response in GDM by stimulating pro-inflammatory genes. IL-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is generally involved in inflammatory responses . This research aims to determine the effect of ciplukan fruit extract against IL-12, and Oxidative Stress in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus mice . The method used in this research is RAL (Completely Randomized Design). Analysis of cytokine levels using the ELISA reading method was followed by data analysis using the ANOVA test . The results showed that the treatment given gradually increased the highest cytokine levels in the P4 group showing the highest increase with IL-12 levels of 0.246 pg/mL, SOD of 0.160 U/mg protein, and MDA of 0.070 µmol/L. In this study it can be concluded that the P4 group showed the strongest effect in all parameters, indicating the potential of the agent or intervention as an immunomodulator and antioxidant, although it requires good management of oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell. fruit have been used by the First Australians as a nutritious food and as a medicine for thousands of years. The antibacterial properties of T. ferdinandiana fruit extracts are well reported. However, the therapeutic potential of plants growing in different locations and environmental conditions have not previously been compared. Aim: This study compares the antibacterial efficacy of fruit harvested from two distinct locations in Australia and correlates these activities with their physiochemical properties. Materials and Methods: The growth inhibitory activity of the T. ferdinandiana fruit extracts were evaluated using solid phase disc diffusion and liquid microdilution MIC assays. Artemia nauplii bioassays were used to screen and compare the extracts from both locations. Results: The T. ferdinandiana extracts prepared from fruits sourced from the two distinct regions of Australia inhibited the growth of the panel of bacteria screened, including a highly antibiotic MRSA strain. In general, the methanolic extracts were substantially better inhibitors of bacterial growth than the aqueous extracts, and extracts prepared using the Northern Territory (NT)-derived fruit were substantially more potent than the Western Australian (WA) fruit extracts. MICs substantially <1000 μg/mL were noted for the NT methanolic fruit extract against the reference S. aureus and MRSA bacterial strains respectively. The potency of this extract against the MRSA strain indicates that this extract may function via a distinct mechanism compared to the standard antibiotics tested. Interestingly, the greater antibacterial potency of the NT fruit extracts correlated to high ascorbic acid levels, indicating that the antibacterial mechanism may involve modulation of the redox state. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia nauplii toxicity assay, indicating their safety for therapeutic usage. Conclusion: The T. ferdinandiana fruit extracts prepared from both NT and WA each had noteworthy antibacterial activity, although greater activity was noted for the NT fruit extracts. This activity correlated with the antioxidant/ascorbic acid content of the extracts. All extracts were also nontoxic in the Artemia nauplii bioassay, although future studies using mammalian cell lines are required to confirm their safety for therapeutic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anabolic steroids, like Oxymetholone (OM), can imitate testosterone and cause harm to the liver and kidneys. Objectives: In this study, the ameliorative effects of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. (V. arctostaphylos) on OM-induced liver and kidney damage were investigated using various methods. Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice (Thirty-six in 6 group/6 mice) were included as sham, OM, three OM groups treated with different doses of V. arctostaphylos fruit extract (OM+100, OM+200, and OM+400 V. arctostaphylos), and a group solely treated with 400 V. arctostaphylos. Blood samples collected on the 51st day assessed biochemical parameters and oxidative stress factors in the liver and kidney. Stereological and histopathological analyses were conducted using isolated liver and kidney tissues, while immunohistochemistry measured apoptosis levels using p53 and Bcl-2 positive cells. Results: The results indicated that V. arctostaphylos fruit extract protected the liver and kidney from OM-induced damage and maintained their normal function. Liver enzyme levels and kidney functional parameters were close to normal, and SOD and GPx activity increased while NO levels decreased. Stereological analysis showed that V. arctostaphylos preserved the normal structure of the liver and kidney and reduced the p53 positive cells while increasing Bcl-2 cell count. Conclusion: These findings suggest that V. arctostaphylos fruit extract, rich in polyphenols and possessing antioxidant properties, can enhance protection against OM-induced hepato-renal oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence shows that people have used medicinal plants and plant components to treat various conditions since ancient times. Asparagus racemosus have a wide range of therapeutic potential Antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory. Aim and Objectives: The current study sought to identify potential bioactive molecules present in the petroleum ether extract of Asparagus racemosus. Materials and Methods: The presence of different molecules was identified by Gas Chromatography. Mass spectroscopy and FTIR analysis confirmed the molecular structure. The identified molecule was analyzed for drug likeliness, bioactivity, and target prediction analysis by in silico approaches using Swiss ADME, Swiss target prediction, Oasis datawarior, and mole inspiration software. Results: The petroleum ether extract is the highest source of alkaloids and steroids. The molecule (5.beta.) Pregnane-3,20, beta.-diol, 14.alpha.,1, 8. alpha.-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4-azabutane-1,4-diyl)]- diacetate was found in the highest concentration (37.33%). The identified molecule is steroidal. The in silico study exhibited good drug likeliness and therapeutic potential for the reported molecule. The molecule can be considered a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer and analgesic anti-inflammatory agents. Conclusion: The molecule (5.beta.) Pregnane-3, 20. beta.-diol, 14.alpha.,1, 8. alpha.- [4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4-azabutane-1,4-diyl)]-,diacetate can be considered as poteintial therapeutic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dragon fruit contains many organic acids, proteins, and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and vitamin C. Several natural compounds can increase the activity of the immune system, namely flavonoids, curcumin, limonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and catechins. Objective: to analyze the levels of phytochemicals and active ingredients from the fruit, skin, stem, and roots of dragon fruit plants. Methods: This research was carried out experimentally, carried out at the Pucuk Sirih Jamu Factory. This study used fresh and ripe Dragon Fruit Plants directly taken from the Tanah Laut District garden (South Kalimantan), carried out extract preparation, phytochemical screening, and determination of phytochemical levels of red dragon fruit plants. Results: The study found the highest secondary metabolite levels in red dragon fruit for Flavonoids in the stem (0.74%), Alkaloids in the stem (4.21%), Saponins in fruit flesh (0.45%), and Steroids in roots (2.54%). Antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit flesh (78.23%), stem (79.13%), root (8.64%), and skin (11.24%). The highest antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit stems. Conclusions: There are groups of secondary metabolites and antioxidants contained in dragon fruit plants (fruit, skin, stems, and roots) from Kalimantan Selatan (Indonesia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus is a prominent inducer for free radical production which results in non-enzymatic protein glycation that cause the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and deleterious health-related issues. Since ancient times, people have consumed mushrooms as food and as a form of folk medicine. Mushrooms are becoming more and more popular due to their medicinal and nutritional advantages. Pleurotus ostreatus has considerable antioxidant properties to scavenge free radicals and is helpful to offer antiglycation activity. Objectives: The purpose of this research was to determine the inhibitory effect of bioassay-guided fractionation of Pleurotus ostreatus on formation of glycated hemoglobin and aggregation of glycated protein in vitro. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic and flavonoids were determined from the crude extract of P. ostreatus. Antioxidant capability of methanolic crude extract was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) scavenging, and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 -sulfonic acid) radical cation scavenging activity. Inhibitory effect of bio-guided fractionations of crude P. ostreatus extract were measured using fructosamine formation, protein carbonyls, aggregation index, and fluorescence intensity. Results: Methanolic extract of P. ostreatus has significantly high levels of phenols (16.89 ± 1.44 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (9.40 ± 0.86 mg QE/g). Methanolic extract was found to have excellent antioxidant capacity indicates from IC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging (75.23 ± 2.32 μg/mL), H2O2 scavenging (96.54 ± 2.32 μg/mL), and ABTS radical cation (50.33± 1.82 μg/mL) scavenging activities. The analysis on fructose induced glycated hemoglobin model revealed that fraction F4 of methanolic extract of P. ostreatus is more potent to inhibit formation of glycated hemoglobin by (58.84 ± 2.36%), fructosamine (64.32 ± 3.74%) and protein carbonyls (51.35 ± 2.94%). It also showed an aggregation index of 46.32 ±1.05% and a decline in fluorescence intensity (52.04%) which are important factor in many pathological processes. Conclusion: The fraction F4 obtained from P. ostreatus can be used for the identification of bioactive compounds that can be further considered as therapeutic agents for AGE-associated pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The storage roots of Pachyrhizus erosus (PE) have been traditionally used as a skin whitening agent in Indonesia and are also consumed fresh in many Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand. However, research on the biological activities of PE is limited. Objective: This study aimed to measure the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to test the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of PE extracts. The Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric, the Aluminium chloride colorimetric, the DPPH scavenging, and the Dopachrome assays were used for the experiments. Results: The dichloromethane extract had the highest anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50= 2.08 ± 0.40 mg/mL), total flavonoid content (9.93 ± 0.02 mg QE/g extract), and antioxidant activity (IC50= 40 ± 0.02 µg/mL). The largest total phenolic concentration was found in the 80% ethanol extract, albeit (11.97 ± 0.55 mg GAE/g extract). Conclusion: Based on its remarkable activities, the dichloromethane extract is recommended for future development in skin-lightening products. The study's findings conclude that PE extracts may be used as an alternate source of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the potential of sinensetin, a compound found in the Cat's Whiskers plant (Orthosiphon aristatus), as an inhibitor in inhibiting uric acid through its interaction with ATP Binding Cassette Sub-Family G Member 2 (ABCG2). The in-silico approach was employed using software tools such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and Lepinski Rule. The results of molecular docking analysis using PyRx demonstrated significant interactions between sinensetin and ABCG2, with Binding Affinity values of -6.8, -6.6, and -6.6, and RMSD values of 0, 0.785, and 1.379. The analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between sinensetin and ABCG2, supporting the previous docking findings. Furthermore, the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that sinensetin meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 372, no hydrogen bond donors, seven hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 3.345, and a molar reactivity of 98.5. This research provides new insights into the development of uric acid therapy through an in-silico approach, and these findings can serve as a basis for further research involving in vitro and in vivo validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current study aims at examining the unripened and ripened fruits of Opuntia elatior Mill. for its phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential. Materials and Methods: The extracts of unripened and ripened fruits of O. elatior were prepared using various solvent systems (aqueous, ethanol, methanol, and acetone) and the extracts were evaluated for phenolics and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by using Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, ferrous ion chelating activity, phosphomolybdenum reducing power assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Results: The results of the study revealed that among the unripened and ripened fruits of O. elatior analyzed, unripened fruits yielded highest content of phenolics and flavonoids as compared to ripened fruits at fresh weight as well as dry weight basis. The extracts were also found to have significantly different levels of antioxidant activities in different antioxidant methods. The antioxidant activity varied in ripened and unripened fruits as well as among the solvents in different assays. The overall results indicated that the dried fruits of O. elatior having highest amount of phenolics and flavonoids also exhibited highest antioxidant activity as compared to fresh fruits. Significantly, a positive correlation was observed between the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The study specified that dried fruits of O. elatior showed highest phenolics and flavonoid content as well as highest antioxidant activity. Thus, dried fruits of O. elatior can be used as an accessible source of natural antioxidants with consequent health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casuarina equisetifolia is a fast-growing species and highly nutritive multipurpose, valued tree crop. It is a large, straight, attractive evergreen tree with hanging branches. The tree contains many bioactive compounds, nutritive compounds, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, Terpenes and also contain protein due to the presence of these compound the tree exhibit many biological/ Pharmacological activity and the all parts of tree such as Leaves, seed, flower, fruits and root also useful for the treatment of various diseases includes cancer treatment, GI disease and disorders, Liver diseases, etc. It is also useful for the treatment of Diabetes mellitus and possess various activity like anti-hypertensive activity, anti-arthritic activity, hypocholestraemic activity, etc. The indigenous population relied heavily on the Casuarinaceae family for the survival and the Casuarinaceae family was widely used as traditional bush medicine. Traditional medicine has long relied on plants as a safe and effective source of treatment. About 75% of people today still rely on conventional medical techniques for the treatment of a wide range of illnesses. Plants ability to serve as medicinal agents is dependent on their phytochemicals. There hasn't been enough research and study done on the pharmacological and therapeutic potential of tree species like C. equisetifolia. So, the main aim of this review was to promote or discover the knowledge about this multipurpose tree and its medicinal importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 80 % of developing countries as stated by official fact sheets and report a large proportion of the society still relies on traditional practitioners and their armamentarium of medicinal plants in order to meet health care needs. The study on Psidium Guajava L. fruit ethanol extract from Dukuhwaluh village, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia showed its potential in increasing the number of megakaryocytes, followed by the rise of thrombocyte values. The study's objective was to compare the quantity of the quercetin content in 50% and 70% ethanol. This study was of experimental design and began by determining the effective concentration of two groups of guava fruits ethanol extract. The percentage of quercetin content dissolved within 50% ethanol was 54.7344 mg/kg, and 70% ethanol was 28.8420 mg/kg respectively. Quercetin content of Psidium Guajava L. fruit ethanol extract fruits in 50% hydroethanolic was higher than that of 70% hydroethanolic extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural substances that were initially obtained from plants were once regarded as a beneficial source of possible medicinal agents and were recognized as crucial in the development of human diseases. The current study sought to determine whether hydroalcoholic extracts of Garcinia cambogia plant fruits included any bioactive substances. Materials and Methods: The plant fruits were collected, shade-dried, ground into a fine powder, and then extracted using Soxhlet extractors and organic solvents. After that, the extracts were examined for the presence of phytochemicals using GC-MS/HPTLC, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial techniques. According to the GC-MS studies, the hydroalcoholic extracts of G. cambogia contained 25 bioactive components. Results: The secondary metabolites identified in the plant, discovered by GCMS/HPTLC, are what give the plant extracts their powerful medicinal qualities. The results of the antimicrobial activity demonstrated outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as effective dose-dependent inhibitory activity against all of the tested species. Conclusion: The current study provided early data on the bioactive components present in G. cambogia fruit extracts, which have outstanding antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory action, which could provide a significant platform for pharmaceutical companies to create different Garcinia species-based medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many high antioxidant fruit extracts can inhibit the growth of multiple bacterial pathogens. They may also inhibit the growth of malodour producing bacteria and thus be useful deodorant components, although this is yet to be tested for many Australian native fruits. Materials and Methods: Methanolic and aqueous K. pomifera and P. elatus fruit extracts were investigated by disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC assays against the most significant bacterial contributors to axillary and plantar malodour. Toxicity was determined using Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassays and unbiased HPLC-MS QTOF analysis was used to identify interesting consituents of the most active extract. Results: Methanolic and aqueous K. pomifera and P. elatus fruit extracts displayed noteworthy bacterial growth inhibitory activity against all of the malodour forming bacteria tested. The methanolic K. pomifera extract had particularly good antibacterial effects, strongly inhibiting the growth of all bacteria, with MIC values substantially less than 1000 µg/mL. Indeed, liquid dilution (LD) MIC values of 610, 894, 663 and 625 µg/mL were recorded against C. jeikeium, P. acnes, B. linens and S. epidermidis respectively. Similar, albeit slightly higher LD MIC values were noted for the aqueous K. pomifera fruit extract, and for the methanolic and aqueous P. elatus fruit extracts against these bacteria. All K. pomifera and P. elatus fruit extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Several interesting phytochemicals, including several tannins, were identified in the methanolic K. pomifera fruit extract. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity of the methanolic and aqueous K. pomifera and P. elatus fruit extracts and their noteworthy growth inhibition of axillary and plantar malodour producing bacteria indicate their potential as deodorant components. Further studies are warranted to isolate and identify the active components and to determine the antibacterial mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive contents. Methods: An acute oral toxicity test was conducted following the OECD 425 guidelines to investigate the toxic effects of freeze-dried lipote fruit extract (LFE) in male and female ICR mice at doses of 55, 175, 550, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW. Results: At the end of the 14-day experimentation period, no physical, behavioral, neurologic, or cardiorespiratory signs of toxicity nor mortalities were recorded in LFE-treated mice. Also, physiologic parameters such as body weight, and feed and water intake registered normal throughout the study. Hematologic values such as total RBC, total WBC, and differential WBC for both sexes remained normal, apart from the male mouse administered with 2000 mg/kg LFE dose which presented erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia after the end of the experimentation period, most likely due to extraneous factors unrelated to treatment. Meanwhile, the blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values remained within their respective normal reference ranges. Conclusion: It can be inferred from results of this acute oral toxicity study that LFE is relatively non-toxic, has an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg, and like other closely related Syzygium berries, does not elicit any adverse effects on the physiologic, hematologic, and blood chemical levels of kidney-filtered substances in mice. Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies must be conducted to determine the safety of continuous oral ingestion of lipote fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is native to the tropical region of Papua Island, Indonesia, and has traditionally been used as a herbal drink, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants, to treat diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to obtain the fruit peel extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The potential of the extract as an antioxidant using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and its potential as an antidiabetic through alpha glucosidase inhibition. The optimum extract selected was extract C (extraction time was 45 minutes and amplitude 60%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 39.63 ± 0.009 mg/L and the FRAP method of 77.37 ± 0.8 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.45 ± 0.007 mg/L. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-diabetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays an essential part in the process of melanin synthesis. High exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or high stimulation of melanocytes could cause excessive melanin pigments to lead to hyperpigmentation. Objective: This study aimed to find potential natural skin lightening ingredients from Garcinia latissima Miq. Methods: Stem bark, fruits, and leaves of Garcinia latissima Miq. were extracted with successive maceration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test was measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm using 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrate and kojic acid as a positive control. Results: The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test at a concentration of 100 ppm showed that the bark ethyl acetate extract 15.94% ± 7.70, bark methanol extract of 28.94% ± 5.73, fruit n-hexane extract 25.16% ± 10.22, fruit methanol extract 23.26% ± 9.10; and leaf methanol extract 30.59% ± 0.63 with kojic acid inhibition 65.07%. Conclusion: Methanol extract of leaf from Garcinia latissima Miq was the most active extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extracts or their secondary metabolites have functioned as antioxidants in phytotherapy drugs which function as protection against various diseases related to oxidative stress and free radicals. Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and development of various diseases, one of which is uric acid. Hhis study aims to obtain ethanolic extract from the ripe fruit of Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidants and anti-gout. The results showed that antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 150.24 ± 0.0348 mg/L and 227.80 ± 0.0986 mg / L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 625.64 ± 0.36 mg GAE/g ethanolic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. In addition, ethanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg / L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 9%. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract produced by UAE has potential as a source of anti-oxidants and anti-gout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neem (scientific name Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is a popular medicinal plant in South Asia. We show here the smooth muscle stimulant and relaxant properties of the neem fruit extract. Materials and Methods: Neem fruit were soaked in 70% aqueous-methanol, then dried to obtain a thick brown extract (Ai.Cr). Different isolated gastrointestinal and uterine tissue preparations were obtained and were maintained in tissue baths with a physiological salt solution. Results: The extract exhibited a stimulant effect in increasing concentrations (0.03 to 3.0 mg/ml) in isolated rabbit jejunum. When this activity of the extract was challenged with a ganglion blocker hexamethonium, it was not blocked. It was completely antagonized when challenged with atropine, a cholinergic blocker. Once the spasmogenic effect was blocked, Ai.Cr exhibited a spasmolytic effect (1-10 mg/ml). Ai.Cr was also able to suppress K+ (80 mM) sustained contractions in jejunum in increasing concentrations (0.03-3 mg/ml), indicating calcium channel blockade (CCB). Likewise, Ai.Cr exhibited an atropine-sensitive stimulant response (0.03-5 mg/ml) followed by a CCB-type relaxant effect (0.3-3 mg/ml) in stomach fundus and ileum preparations of rat. In rat uterus, the crude extract in increasing concentrations (0.1-10 mg/ml), exhibited uterotonic activity that was partially sensitive to atropine. This indicated that there is an additional stimulant component(s) active in uterine tissues. Conclusion: These results show a combination of spasmogenic and spasmolytic effects of Ai.Cr on smooth muscles from rabbits and rats mediated possibly via muscarinic and CCB mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gleditsia triacanthos is known to possess various pharmacological activities. Objective: The composition of n-butanol fraction of Gleditsia triacanthos methanolic seedless fruit extract was identified from the LC-ESI/MS/MS spectra. Total methanolic extract of the seedless G. triacanthos fruits (MEGT) and its n-butanol fraction (BFGT) at three dose levels 70, 140 and 280 mg/kg were studied for their anti-diabetic and anti-ulcerogenic effects. Materials and Methods: The anti-diabetics properties of MEGT and BFGT were orally assessed in streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg; i.p.)-induced hyperglycemic rats. Their anti-ulcerogenic activities were also evaluated in ethanol-induced peptic ulcer in rats. Results: Two phenolic acids, five flavonoids as well as four saponins were identified from BFGT. Both MEGT and BFGT showed high potential in decreasing the elevated serum glucose, total triglycerides and total cholesterol levels in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-diabetic reference drug; gliclazide (Glz; 10 mg/kg; p.o.). They also showed an elevation insulin and α-amylase serum levels. On the other hand, MEGT and BFGT showed significant ulceroprotective activities through decreasing both number and severity of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-ulcer reference drug; ranitidine (20 mg/kg; p.o.) with MEGT at 280 mg/kg showing highest activity. Conclusion: From all the previous results, it can be concluded that the observed pharmacological properties are attributed to the augmented activities of the saponin and flavonoidal content of G. triacanthos fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) fruits contain potential immunomodulatory agents such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. However, previous research was limited only to the effect of Jamaican cherry fruits on non-specific immune response namely the phagocytic index. Objective: This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity of Jamaican cherry fruits against specific immune response by measuring the antibody formation named immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, the hematological profile of the animals induced by hepatitis B vaccine was also evaluated. Materials and methods: forty male mice were grouped into 8 groups consist of control, treatment, and standard groups. Control group was given CMC-Na 0.5%, six treatment groups were each given either the methanol extract of Jamaican cherry fruits (MEJF), or ethyl acetate fraction of Jamaican cherry fruits (EAJFJ) with the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW (each dose for one group), and levamisole was given to the standard group. Levamisole and extract of Jamaican cherry fruits were prepared as a suspension in CMCNa 0.5% and administered orally for 15 days. Mice were induced with hepatitis B vaccine intraperitoneally twice. The levels of IgG, hematological profiles, and organ index were measured on the 16th day. Results: The administration of MEJF and EAFJF stimulated IgG production significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the MEJF and EAFJF did not influence the hematological profile. An increase of the spleen index was found in the EAFJF group compared to the control. Both MEJF and EAFJF were shown to have flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids contents. Conclusion: MEJF and EAFJF possessed immunostimulant properties by increasing the specific (humoral) immune response (IgG) after induction with the hepatitis B vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Black mulberry was a member of the plant groups from genus Morus, which contains the highest total phenolic compounds compared to other species. It could be a potential source of antimicrobial agents. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the fruits extract against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Agar diffusion and microdilution methods were used for evaluation of the antibacterial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract. Protein and ion leakage from the bacterial cells induced by the extract was analyzed spectrophotometrically. The morphological change was determined using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Result: Black mulberry (BM) fruits extract showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans with MIC value of 8 mg/mL, as well as contributed to the aforementioned leakage. Meanwhile, cellular membrane damage was observed, indicating that the extract might inhibit growth of the bacteria. Conclusion: BM extract could be a potential raw material for herbal medicine, especially anticaries which has antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plant based products are recognised as sources of drugs for treatment of diseases. Objective: The study aimed at predicting the physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and toxicity of the compounds identified from the methanolic Encephalartos ferox fruit extract. Methods: The physicochemical, pharmacokinetics properties and bioactive scores of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME and Molinspiration computational tools. Drug-likeness of the compounds was evaluated based on the Lipinski rule of five (Ro5). In silico mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and inhibition of human ether-a-go-go-related (hERG) gene were also investigated using PreADMET web tool. Results: The physicochemical properties showed the compounds, except 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester to adhere to Ro5. The evaluation of their inhibitory effects profile in several cytochrome P450 isoforms indicate that all the compounds are not the inhibitors of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 whereas some inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. The drug-likeness evaluation employed Ro5 as a filter and all compounds complied with it except for 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester. About 50% of the tested compound were found to be safe as they did not exhibit antimutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, the risk of inhibition of hERG gene revealed to be low to medium risk depending on the compound. Conclusion: The calculated physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties suggest that most of the compounds are safe and have promising oral bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: An anti-allergic study was performed on a methanolic extract of leaves (GLA) and fruit (GFA) of Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae). Methods: Anti-allergic study was evaluated using an isolated guinea pig ileum, isolated rat ileum preparation and passive paw anaphylaxis in rats. The effect of methanolic extracts (100, 200 µg/ml) of the fruit and leaves were studied on contraction induced by histamine and acetylcholine on isolated guinea pig ileum and isolated rat ileum, respectively. The inhibition of paw volume was studied (100, 300mg/kg GLA and 100, 300mg/kgGFA, p.o.) and compared with vehicle treatment. Dexamethasone (0.27mg/kg, p.o.) was included as a positive control. Results: GLA and GFA showed significant inhibitory contraction of guinea pig ileum (p<0.01, p<0.005), rat ileum and (p< 0.01, p<0.005) rat paw volume inhibition. Conclusion: The anti-allergic activity of methanolic extracts of the fruit (GFA) and leaves (GLA) of G. arborea may be due to presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The effects are noteworthy and highlight these extracts for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The dramatic rise in antimicrobial resistance continues to threaten the effective management and treatment of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Medicinal plants offer excellent therapeutic alternative especially due to their plethora bioactive constituents and low resistance development to them. Purpose: The comparative analysis of the antimicrobial potential of the stem and fruit extracts of Calotropis procera was investigated. Materials and Methods: Using different extracts of the plant, the phytochemical screening was determined alongside their antimicrobial properties with agar-disc diffusion assay. The antimicrobial potency of the plant extracts (200 mg/ml) was evaluated and compared by their inhibition zone (IZ), activity index (AI), percentage specific activity (PSA), and percentage total activity (PTA) values. Results: The highest antibacterial activity (IZ = 15 ± 0.5 mm) was displayed by the stem hot aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus, while the maximum antifungal effect was exerted by both the stem cold and hot aqueous extracts (P > 0.05). The overall antimicrobial AI (AI = 1.56) was displayed by the stem cold aqueous extract against Candida albicans. The stem's hot and ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest achievable PSA of 100'. Furthermore, the stem extracts displayed the PTA of 83.3' compared to 25' by the fruit extracts, thus confirming the greater antimicrobial potency of the plant's stem extracts. Conclusion: This study suggests that while the stem extracts of C. procera could have displayed better antimicrobial activity, the overall effects elicited by the plant could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals as revealed by the result of the phytochemical screening. Further studies focusing on complete characterization and evaluation of the mechanism of antimicrobial action of bioactive constituents of the extracts is underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cordia obliqua Willd plant is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It is also known as clammy cherry. Very little research was carried out for identification of its medicinal importance when compared to other Cordia species Objective: To determine the safe dose and to explore the in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Cordia obliqua fruits Methods: As per our previous study the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were rich in phytoconstituents and exhibited good in vitro antioxidant effect. So the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were used for evaluation of activity. Acute toxicity study (LD50) was conducted according to OECD guidelines. For hepatoprotective activity paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity was studied using standard drug like Silymarin. The antioxidant potential] of the plant extracts were tested using three tests viz, Reduced GSH, Catalase and SOD activity Results: Acute toxicity studies showed the non-toxic nature of Cordia obliqua fruit extract upto dose of 3000mg/kg body weight. Administration of Paracetamol to rats increased the levels of marker enzymes like ALT, AST and ALP. Increase in the levels of these enzymes in serum indicates damage to the liver cells. Pretreatment with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cordia obliqua decreased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increased levels of total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and comparisons histology of cells of extract which are an indication for the hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The fruits of Cordia obliqua are safe and effective in treatment of hepatic disorders and prevent oxidation of cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: High antioxidant levels have been linked with multiple therapeutic properties, including antibacterial activity. Therefore, high antioxidant plant preparations are good targets for antibacterial testing. D. pruriens has high antioxidant capacity although it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens. Methods: The ability of D. pruriens fruit and leaf extracts to inhibit the growth of a panel of bacterial and fungal pathogens was investigated by disc diffusion assay. Toxicity was examined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: All D. pruriens fruit and leaf extracts were completely ineffective at inhibiting the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative panels of bacteria, as well as fungi. The extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia bioassay following 24 h exposure. Conclusion: Despite their high antioxidant capacity, D. pruriens fruit and leaf extracts were completely ineffective bacterial and fungal growth inhibitors. However, these extracts may have other therapeutic properties and testing against protozoa, virus and tumour cells is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using healthy plant parts like fruits, stem and leaves of Ficus racemosa. Methods: The collected plant samples were processed by cleaning, drying and grinding. Bioactive compounds were extracted by using Soxhlet extraction method. The 10mg of plant extract was added to 1mM AgNO3 solution and incubated at 80°C for 3min. The UV-Vis spectroscopy was used for characterization of produced AgNPs. The synthesis process was optimized for pH (3 to 9), plant extracts conc. (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8mg/2ml), incubation temp. (50°C, 60°C upto 100°C) and silver salt conc. (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 and 2mM). Finally the antimicrobial and seed germination ability of synthesized AgNPs was determined. Results: The λmax values were found to be 464.50nm, 422nm and 489nm for fruits, stem and leaves respectively. FTIR spectra of control and test were determined which showed the different functional groups in the synthesized AgNPs. The optimum pH (9, 8 and 8), plant extracts conc. (8, 4 and 8mg), incubation temp. (80°C, 90°C and 100°C) and silver salt conc. (2mM, 1.5mM and 2mM) for fruit, stem and leaves AgNPs were determined. The selective NPs showed notable antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria like S. equorum and B. subtilis and significant effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination. Conclusion: The green synthesis process was found to be time saving and effective approach for the synthesis of the AgNPs from different plant parts. Produced NPs have potential applications in therapeutics and agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acronychia acidula F. Muell. (lemon aspen, pigeon berry) has been previously recognized for its antimicrobial properties against a broad panel of pathogenic bacteria. This study assessed the effectiveness of A. acidula as an inhibitory agent against bacteria associated with malodour formation. Methodology: A. acidula fruit extracts were prepared using methanol or water as the extraction solvent. Growth inhibition and minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined against C. jeikeium, P. acnes and B. linens through disc diffusion assays. MIC values were quanti- fied to evaluate their efficacies as antimicrobials. Toxicity of each extract was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: A. acidula aqueous fruit extracts inhibited the growth of B. linens (MIC = 1258 µg/mL), C. jeikeium (MIC = 1630 µg/mL) and P. acnes (MIC = 1455 µg/mL) in the disc diffusion assay. Similarly, the methanolic fruit extracts inhibited the growth of B. linens (MIC = 2608 µg/mL) and C. jeikeium (MIC = 3044 µg/mL), although no growth inhibition of P. acnes was observed. Both aqueous and methanolic A. acidula extracts were nontoxic towards Artemia nauplii (LC50 values of 1872 µg/mL and 1500 µg/mL). Conclusion: A. acidula fruit extracts were non-toxic and also displayed moderate growth inhibitory bioactivity against B. linens, C. jeikeium and P. acnes, highlighting their potential as additives to deodorants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The presence of elastase and ROS can cause skin aging, phenolic compounds and flavonoids can be used to inhibit elastase activity and as an antioxidant. Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the anti-elastase, antioxidant activities, TPC and TFC of extracts from Myrica javanica. Methods: In this study, the leaves, stems and fruit of Myrica javanica were macerated with 96% ethanol. The extracts obtained were analysed for anti-elastase and antioxidant activities. It was also evaluated for TPC and TFC. Result: IC50 anti-elastase on leaves extract (LE), stems extract (SE), and fruits extract (FE) respectively showed 64.71 ppm, 197.49 ppm, and no activity. The anti-elastase result of three extracts are lower if compared with Myricetine (9.54 ppm). SE showed highest DPPH and TPC value (IC50=16.36 µg/mL; 307.00 mgGAE/g dry weight) and LE showed highest FRAP and TFC value (421.68 Mol/gram; 15.80 mgQE/g dry weight). Conclusion: In summary, anti-elastase and antioxidant activity are influenced by differences in the content of compounds in the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Okra fruit has phytosterol, pectin that has the potential as an anticholesterol. Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain 70% (v/v) ethanol extract of okra fruit and its nanoparticles and to evaluate their anti-cholesterol activity in vivo. Material and Methods: Okra fruit was extracted by kinetic maceration and the produced extract was tested for phytochemical screening and anti-cholesterolemi activity in vivo. The nanoparticles was prepared using a cosolvention method. In this study, DDY white mice was divided into 5 groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (simvastatin), the extract (400 mg/kg BW), and the nanoparticles (~ 400 mg/kg BW) group. All groups except normal were fed for 14 days with high cholesterol diet. After 14 days, the induction of hypercholesterolemia was stopped and simvastatin was administrated to positive control and the test groups were treated with the extract and the nanoparticles for 7 days. Measurement of total cholesterol level was carried out by cholesterol stripe test method. Results: The nanoparticles used demonstrated particle size of 134.7 nm and zeta potential of -26.72. The results showed a decrease in total cholesterol levels in positive control, the extract and the nanoparticles group as many as 48.68%; 32.44% and 42.95%, respectively. Conclusion: The nanoparticles can increase the activity of the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruit extract have total flavonoids and some metabolite from its contains. The use of a single dose in the treatment of diabetes is often considered to lack a strong effect. Giving a combination of the compound is a solution to provide a synergistic effect in treatment. Material and Methods: Rat were divided into eight groups (normal, negative control, glibenclamide as a positive control, and five dose extract group). The single dose mountain papaya extract (MPE) and bitter melon extract (BME) were given at 174 mg/kg b.w of MPE, and 380 mg/kg b.w of BME in oral administration. Combination of MPE:BME (25:75, 50:50, 75:25)% or (87:190; 44:285 and 130:95) mg/kg b.w in oral administration. Induction of diabetes used alloxan dose of 150 mg/kg b.w intraperitoneally. The treatment was performed for 21 days with a frequency of once a day. Blood sugar level was measured at pretest, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. At the end of the test, measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA statistic. Results: The single and combination of MPE-BME showed an decrease in blood glucose levels significantly compared with the negative control (p = 0.05). The same results from measurements of levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology. Conclusions: Based on the research, a combination of the MPE-BME had antidiabetic and antioxidant activity, but the activity was not significantly different from both single-dose extract (p> 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major cause for hyperpigmentation, and to prevent this natural products are increasingly being explored as potential skin whitening agents. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, anti-tyrosinase activity and the inhibition of melanin content in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells of an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson fruit pericarps. Methods: The aqueous extract was prepared by extraction with distilled water at 105oC for 60 min. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). Tyrosinase activity and melanin content were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps had a phenolic (26.33 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g plant extract) and flavonoid content (9.31 ± 0.40 mg QE/g plant extract). The aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity (IC50 of 40.72 ± 1.83 μg/mL) and cellular tyrosinase activity (at a concentration of 125 μg/mL) in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. The Garcinia atroviridis extract also suppressed melanin content at concentrations of 31.25-125 μg/mL. Correlations of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities were 0.8673 and 0.9468, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings show that an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps is a source of natural compounds and antioxidant capacity which can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Thus, aqueous extracts of Garcinia atroviridis may be a potential source of skin whitening agents for hyperpigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial discovery have directed researchers towards alternative therapies, including plant based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics are a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. Methods: The antibacterial activity of Rosa canina (Rosehip) extracts was investigated by disc diffusion and quantified by liquid dilution and solid phase MIC assays. The extracts were also combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The ΣFIC values obtained from these assays were used to determine the class of combinational effects and isobologram analysis was used to determine the ideal synergistic ratio(s). Toxicity was evaluated by Artemia nauplii and HDF cell line viability. Results: The methanolic, water and ethyl acetate extracts showed good inhibitory activity against several microbes. However, combinations of the methanolic or aqueous extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia and Acinetobacter baylyi (bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis respectively). In total, 4 synergistic interactions were noted. Notably, the methanolic extract restored significant growth inhibitory activity to chloramphenicol and tetracycline when tested in combination, thereby restoring their activity. Conclusion: Although the mechanisms of synergy are still unclear, studies indicate that compounds within R. canina may mimic the actions of resistance modifying agents, thus potentiating the activity of two antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation of these agents may be beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Antiurolithiatic plants are used since ancient times, in the form of decoction, infusion, or juice, to eliminate kidney stones and to prevent their recurrence. On the basis of the available ethnopharmacological information, more scientific studies are needed to explore natural and safe antiurolithiatic compounds. Materials and Methods: The present work showed phytochemical screening, acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous extract of four plant's mixture: Aerial part (branches, flowers and leaves) of Herniaria glabra, flowers of Opuntia ficus-indica, Zea mays styles and fruits of Zizyphus lotus used traditionally against renal lithiases. Phytochemical screening was performed using qualitative methods. To measure acute toxicity, rats were administered orally by single doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 2.0 g/kg body weight (b. w.) of extract of plant's mixture. General behavior adverse effects and mortality were determined during 15 days. For sub-acute study, the aqueous extract was administered at 100 mg/kg b. w. for 28 days to Wistar rats. Animals were monitored daily after an oral administration of aqueous extract of the mixture to detect any changes in b. w., behavior, autonomic profiles, or mortality. Calculation of relative organ weight (ROW) and biochemical analysis were carried out. Results: The acute oral toxicity study showed no mortality and no statistically significant decrease in b. w. and ROW of the treated groups of rats when compared to the control group was observed. In biochemical analysis, there was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Conclusion: This study found that aqueous extract of traditional recipe used against renal lithiasis in Fes-Meknes region containing: Flavonoids, tannins, catechic tannins, coumarins and the glycosides. The results of the acute and sub-acute toxicity studies indicated that the recipe extracts induce a slight hepatotoxic effects in rats treated orally with 100 mg/kg (b. w.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A research has been conducted on the effect of giving Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) with Morinda citrifolia L. ethanol extract. This study aims to determine whether the administration of a combination of FGF with ethanol extract of noni fruit can reduce blood glucose levels in diabetes mice induced by alloxan. FGF requires amino acids in regenerating pancreatic ß cells, where the amino acids expected from noni fruit can provide a signal response in regenerating pancreatic ß cells. In addition, the active substances contained in noni fruit namely xeronine and flavonoid alkaloids can function to reduce blood glucose levels. Test animals were divided into 6 groups, each group consisted of 10 male white mice. Group 1 is a normal control group is a group without any given. Group 2 was a negative control group given 150 mg/kg alloxan. Group 3, 4, and 5 are the treatment groups that are given alloxan and the combination of noni fruit ethanol extract with 3 variations of dose (125; 350; and 1000) mg / KgBW plus FGF dose of 800 mg / kgBW, group 6 is the comparison which is only given FGF alone at a dose of 800 mg / kgBW. The study was conducted for 21 days, observed every 7th, 14th, 21st day using the Easy Touch®GCU digital device. The results of this study showed that administration of noni fruit ethanol extract with FGF was able to reduce blood glucose levels by significance (p <0.05) and based on the percentage calculation of blood glucose levels as much as 44.9% at a dose of 1000 mg / kgBW on the day observations 21st. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a unique technique able to identify and quantify free radicals in the complex biological matrices. In this study, free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits, shoots and roots of dill and parsley was examined using EPR technique, in addition to the determination of their contents of total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC). Method: The hydroxyl anion scavenging activity (HASA) of the tested extracts was determined using EPR spin trapping technique and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system generating (O•-2). The TPC and TFC were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays. Results: Both aqueous shoot of dill (ADSh) and methanol root of parsley (MPR) demonstrated the strongest inhibition of HASA. On the contrary, the aqueous extract of dill fruit at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml was found to be pro-oxidant (49.43 %), but at 10 mg/ml demonstrated potent inhibition of HASA (98.12 %). TPC was found to be the highest in the methanol extract of parsley fruit (MPF, 88.62 ± 0.6 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in MPR (4.34 ± 0.050 mg GAE/g). On the other hand, TFC was the highest in MPF (584.29 ± 2.10 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in the methanol extract of dill fruit (MDF, 1.28 ± 0.02 mg rutin/g). Conclusion: In this study, EPR provided a direct insight that all tested apiaceous plants extracts showed effective HASA except two extracts that proved to be pro-oxidant at 0.5 mg/mL This study confirmed that there is no correlation between antioxidant potential and TPC and TFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The development of bacterial strains that are resistant to multiple antibiotics has made the development of new antibiotics a priority for medical research. Traditional plant medicines are important leads for the discovery of new medicines. The family Agavaceae is widely used therapeutically in many areas of the world. Despite this, many members of this family are yet to be examined extensively for therapeutic properties. The species Cordyline rubra Otto and A. Dietr. was screened for antibacterial activity in this study. Methods: The ability of C. rubra leaf and fruit extracts to inhibit the growth of a panel of bacterial pathogens was investigated by disc diffusion assay. Toxicity was examined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: Methanolic C. rubra leaf and fruit extracts were completely ineffective at inhibiting the growth of gram-positive and gramnegative panels of bacteria. The extracts were also non-toxic or of low toxicity following 24 h exposure. Conclusion: C. rubra leaf and fruit extracts were completely ineffective bacterial growth inhibitors. However, these extracts may have other therapeutic properties and testing against protozoa, fungi, virus and tumour cells is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pouteria caimito is a native Amazonian fruit specie, popularly known as "abiu", that belongs to the Sapotaceae family. It has a wide popular use to relieve diarrhea, cough, fever and inflammation, among other purposes. However, few reports in the scientific literature deal with its phytochemical composition and biological activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activity of Pouteria caimito fruit peel extract. Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in mice, using modulation models of normal defecation, cathartic agent-induced diarrhea and stimulated intestinal transit. Antimicrobial activity was, in turn, analyzed against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonie, E. faecalis and Salmonella tiphy) through the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the microdilution in broth method. Results: This study showed that there was no antidiarrheal activity in the experimental models analyzed and that the methanolic extract of P. caimito (MEPC) can positively modulate normal defecation. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the crude extract and the ethyl acetate fraction presented a satisfactory action against most of the strains evaluated except for Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella tiphy. Conclusions: The MEPC did not present any measurable antidiarrheal activity, but more possibly a laxative effect. The extract and acetate fraction showed antimicrobial activity against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The activity of the crude extract was more potent than the results obtained by the use of acetate fractions; the fractions with lower polarity did not present any relevant antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biological activities of the plant materials may vary with different geographic origin. Litsea cubeba fruits are consumed in Nepal as a spice ingredient and are considered to be possessed antibacterial property. Objectives: Aims of this work are: to compare phytoconstituents present in litsea oil by GC-MS analysis, and to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the volatile oil and the fruit extracts. Materials and Methods: Hydrodistillation of L. cubeba fruits was performed to obtain litsea oil followed by extractions with boiling methanol. Fractionations of the extract provided hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts. The oil and extracts were analysed for the phytochemicals present. They were evaluated by using antibacterial susceptibility, brine-shrimp lethality and antioxidant capacity assays. Results: All together 49 compounds (accounting 93.66%) were identified in the litsea oil by GC-MS. Monoterpenes being dominant components, the oil constituted 15.96% of citral (geranial and neral). Other major constituents were capric acid (12.44%), ß-caryophyllene oxide (7.69%), linalool (5.96%), eucalyptol (5.13%) and cis-ß-terpineol (4.22%). Litsea oil, hexane extract and dichloromethane extract displayed very effective antibacterial property. Ethyl acetate extract (LC50 = 21.52 µg mL-1) and litsea oil (LC50 = 31.62 µg mL-1) were found highly cytotoxic against brine-shrimp nauplii. Ethyl acetate (IC50 = 124.57 µg mL-1) and dichloromethane (IC50 = 271.08 µg mL-1) extracts displayed a modest DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: Phytoconstituents present in the L. cubeba fruits from Nepal were analysed. Litsea oil and the extracts have displayed high antibacterial and potentially anticarcinogenic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Though traditionally the plant Masua ferrea has been used by south east Asian people in inflammation and septic conditions, the present study was designed to investigate the anti-diarrheal and anti-nociceptive activities of unripe fruit peel of Mesua ferrea on animal models. Methods: Various methods were employed for investigating these activities such as castor-oil induced diarrhea, castor-oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test, acetic acid induced writhing test, tail immersion and hot plate methods. Results: From the experimental data it was found that the diarrheal episode was inhibited by 39.68% and 49.21% for methanol extract at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. The extract significantly lessened the intestinal volume for methanolic extract at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.54 ± 0.01 ml (p < 0.05) and at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.47 ± 0.02 ml (p < 0.01) compared to control 0.65 ± 0.03 ml in castor-oil induced enteropooling and also decreased intestinal transit 29.07 - 48.54% for methanolic extract comparable with standard (loperamide 5 mg/kg). Mesua ferrea peels significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) reduced the number of writhing, increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method respectively. Besides, no delayed toxicity was observed in given doses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract exhibited highly significant anti-diarrheal and antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner, which supports its use in traditional herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Antiseptic mouthwash (chlorhexidine and povidone iodine) is usually used to decrease the number of colonies of pathogenic bacteria. But, somehow it gives side effect if it used for a long time. So, it should take another alternative as a raw material to make a mouthwash with minimal side effects, economical and efficacious. Aim: The aim of this research was to examine the effect of noni fruit extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) that given as mouthwash on 15 gingivitis patients. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted for 7 days in a row and gingival index of each patient was measured before and after the treatment. The patients were divided into 3 group and given 3 different treatments. Group I used mouthwash noni fruit extract 5%; Group II used chlorhexidine 0.1%; and Group III used a mixture of extracts of noni: chlorhexidine (2.5% : 0.05%). The mouthwash was used in the morning and at the night before going to sleep as much as 15 ml and gargling it for 30 sec. Results: The results showed the gingival index was declined in every group treatment (mouthwash noni fruit extract 5%, chlorhexidine 0.1% and a mixture of extracts of noni: chlorhexidine (2.5% : 0.05%). The differences between each group were not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Despite it give the same effect, the extract of noni fruit should be used as an alternative to mouthwash because it gives the same effect as much as chlorhexidine and it also economical, efficacious and minimal side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous fruit pulp extract of Tamarind indica Linn on NO production and iNOS expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Material and Method: The efficacy of tamarind extract on nitric oxide production was determined using RAW macrophages. RT - PCR was used to examine the expression of the iNOS gene in activated macrophages. The Statistical analysis for multiple comparisons was evaluated by one way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett's test when significant differences were detected. The data were considered to be statistically significant at p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05. Results: LPS stimulated RAW macrophages strongly up regulated the iNOS gene expression levels. The iNOS levels were significantly suppressed in the presence of different concentrations of tamarind extract, compared to LPS treatment alone. The tamarind extract also exhibited dose - dependent decrease in the production of NO. The IC50 was found to be 35.69 µg/ml. LPS stimulated group showed 89.61 ± 0.47% of NO. Conclusion: Nitric oxide production is found to be more in conditions such as periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma and many other diseases. This study could prove the ability of tamarind fruit pulp extract to inhibit the production of nitric oxide and the iNOS gene expression. Hence, Tamarind indica Linn pulp extract may be used as a good anti-inflammatory agent in periodontitis as well as in conditions associated with over production of nitric oxide in different cancers such as oral squamous cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Annona muricata, a tropical plant species belonging to family Annonaceae is one of the most used plants in folk medicine because of its many medicinal uses. Despite its wide usage, there is still need to continue scientifically evaluating its medicinal properties in order to avoid any adverse effects. Elucidating the detailed chemical composition of this plant is a significant step towards this evaluation. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct LC MS analysis on the ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata for detection of novel metabolites. Materials and Methods: Leaves and fruits of Annona muricata were collected from Eastern Uganda during the month January 2018. Extraction was conducted using the tissue homogenization method and the extracts were analyzed on an LC/SQ MS detection system. The results were obtained by analyzing the MS spectra using the retentions time and fragmentation patterns on the NIST Library. Results: The study revealed that the fruits extracts contain 1,3-Dimethylthiourea and (4-chlorophenyl)-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(Z)-3-(dimethylamino) prop-1-enyl]quinolin-6-yl]-(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methanol, which are reported antioxidant and antineoplastic agents. The leaves contained 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline another antioxidant and antineoplastic agent, while compound (dichlorozirconium(2+);dimethyl-bis(2-methyl-4- phenylinden-1-id-1-yl)silane was found in both extracts of fruits and leaves. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata contain compounds which are potent antioxidant, antineoplastic and therapeutic agents for various conditions and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens from these plant parts. Finally, the compounds reported in this study have been identified for the first time as being found in Annona muricata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rheum emodi is an immensely useful medicinal herb of Himalaya having remarkable antidiabetic and anticancerous activities reported mainly from rhizomatous portion of the plant. The present study reports Gas Chromatographic-Mass spectroscopic characterization of both the conventionally used part i.e., the rhizome as well as other parts of R. emodi including callus to exploit the nonconventional parts for future use. Objective: To explore the bioactive constituents in the methanol extract of rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus of R. emodi. Methods: Phytochemical characterization of the plant extracts was performed by using GC-MS QP 2010 Plus. Various constituents were identified after matching their mass fragmentation pattern with data available in GC-MS library of National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) and Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data’s, New York (Wiley). Results: Total of 95 bioactive compounds were obtained in methanol extract of R. emodi out of which rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus revealed 31, 38, 27 and 47 compounds respectively. Two anthraquinones, chrysophanol (43.97%) and physcion (3.23%) were obtained from rhizome whereas fruit possessed only physcion (4.66%). Conclusion: The present findings characterizes and helps to supplement the chemical profile of the plant for its futuristic role in nutritional, pharmaceutical and therapeutic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Buchanania obovata is an endemic Australian plant that has been used traditionally to treat a variety of bacterial, fungal and protozoal pathogenic diseases. This study was undertaken to test B. obovata fruit extracts for the ability to inhibit microbial and cancer cell growth. Materials and Methods: B. obovata fruit powder was extracted and tested for antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion and MIC methods. Inhibitory activity against the gastrointestinal protozoal parasite Giardia duodenalis and antiproliferative activity against human colorectal (Caco2) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines was evaluated using MTS-based colorimetric assays. Toxicity was evaluated using an Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanol, water and ethyl acetate B. obovata fruit extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity. The methanol and water extracts displayed the broadest specificity, inhibiting the growth of all of the Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species tested. The ethyl acetate extract also displayed antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of 7 (88%) of the Gram negative and 2 (50%) of the Gram positive bacterial species. The methanol extract also displayed broad spectrum antifungal activity, inhibiting the growth of all 3 fungal species, including an ampicillin resistant strain of A. niger. The water extract also inhibited the growth of 2 (66%) of the fungal species tested. None of the extracts were particularly good inhibitors of the growth of the gastrointestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis. The methanolic and aqueous extracts were effective at blocking the proliferation of the colorectal cancer cell line Caco2 to between approximately 20 and 30% of the untreated cell growth. All extracts also inhibited HeLa cervical cancer cell growth. The methanol, water and ethyl acetate extracts displayed substantial toxicity in the Artemia nauplii assay. Conclusion: This study shows that B. obovata fruit extracts inhibit bacteria and fungi, but are relatively ineffective against G. duodenalis. The extracts were also effective inhibitors of Caco2 and HeLa cell proliferation, indicating that the extracts have potential in the treatment of microbial diseases and some cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To evaluate hepatoprotective activity along with hematological and defensive recital of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rodents. Methods: In the present study, in- vivo hepatoprotective effect of 50% methanolic fruit extract of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb (TME 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated using experimental model, simvastatin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. The hepatoprotective activity was estimatedby interpreting using various biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin along with the haematological and histopathological studies. Results: The treatment with TME significantly (P<0.05-P<0.001) and dose-dependently reversed simvastatin induced elevation in serum level ofSGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin and restored the total protein and albumin level. Furthermore, TME also signify the blood parameters at dose of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg and restored the body defense mechanism. The histological examination revealed that TME at dose of 200 mg/kg showed regeneration of hepatocytes around central vein with near normal liver architecture. Conclusion: The results of this study exhibited liver protective effect of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced liver injury and there by scientifically support its traditional use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is used for numerous malignancies and autoimmune disorders. With such widespread use, MTX-induced hepatorenal toxicity is an issue of concern that still needs to be addressed. Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of Terminalia bellerica extract (TBE) in MTX-induced hepatorenal toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6) – received MTX 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally on the 4th day along with pretreatment with different doses of TBE (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg, p.o) given from 1st to 15th day. MTX-induced hepatorenal toxicity was evaluated by biochemical hepatic and renal parameters along with histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Results: Hepatorenal toxicity induced by MTX was attributed to increased oxidative stress, biochemical liver, and kidney parameters and upregulation of caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB). MTX-treated group observed twofold to threefold rise in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine values–138.49 IU/L, 125.81 IU/L, 63.09 mg/dl, and 1.895 mg/dl, respectively. Groups pretreated with TBE (400 mg/kg) observed a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in oxidative stress and biochemical parameters – AST (63.94 IU/L), ALT (55.98 IU/L), BUN (37.02 mg/dl), and creatinine (1.065 mg/dl). Pretreatment with TBE 400 mg/kg, histopathology of both liver and kidney tissues showed improved architectural damage and immunohistochemistry showed downregulation of increased antigens-caspase-3 and NFkB. Conclusion: T. bellerica fruit extract (400 mg/kg) showed significant hepatorenal protection by reducing oxidative stress, elevating serum enzymes, and downregulating the tissue expressions of caspase-3 and NFkB. Abbreviations Used: ALT: Alanine transaminase, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, BUN: Blood urea nitrogen, TBE: Terminalia bellerica fruit extract, GSH: Glutathione, MDA: Malondialdehyde, MTX: Methotrexate, NFkB: Nuclear Factor kappa B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]