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To the Editor: Sleep disturbances commonly co-occur with mental disorders and often are sufficiently severe to warrant targeted treatment.1 Left untreated, sleep disturbances may exacerbate comorbid conditions and complicate recovery.2 Moreover, sleep disturbances are considered modifiable risk factors for onset and relapse of mental disorders.3 Numerous prospective longitudinal studies have demonstrated that the specific sleep disturbance of insomnia is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders and suicidal ideation or behavior.4–6 Very little work has been done to examine sleep disturbance as a risk factor for relapse within the context of acute psychiatric treatment within a partial hospital setting. The purpose of this retrospective chart review study was to examine the long-term follow-up over 18 months after discharge from a partial hospitalization program to determine if poor sleep quality at discharge predicts early readmission into the program. In our previous work,7 it was demonstrated that sleep improved for patients who completed this program. In this follow-up study, we examined whether patients with higher scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)8 at discharge (indicating worse sleep quality) were at increased risk for rehospitalization, controlling for covariates related to mental health status. Method. The PSQI was completed by 183 patients at the time of entry into a psychiatry partial hospitalization program (typically lasting 1 month) and again at discharge. The PSQI is a self-report scale for measuring sleep quality and has shown evidence of good reliability and validity.8 A retrospective chart review was conducted to examine predictors of readmission over an 18-month follow-up period. The institutional review board of the Minneapolis VA Health Care System (Minneapolis, Minnesota) approved this study. Data were collected between November 2007 and March 2009. Results. The mean age of the patients was 48.2 years. Most participants were male (91.2%, n = 165), 152 (84.0%) were white, 56 (30.9%) were married, and 34 (18.8%) were currently employed. The mean number of mental health diagnoses (DSM-IV criteria) was 2.15. Poor sleep quality defined by a PSQI score ≥ 6 was significantly associated with readmission (P = .02), with 13.2% of patients with poor sleep quality readmitted compared to 0% with good sleep quality. As shown in Table 1, PSQI scores significantly predicted readmission over 18 months after controlling for covariates associated with mental health status, including total number of mental health diagnoses, employment status, marital status, age, and ethnicity (odds ratio = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.16–3.69). For every increase in 1 standard deviation on the PSQI, patients were twice as likely to be readmitted. Neither change in continuous PSQI scores nor change in categories based on clinical cutoffs over the course of treatment predicted readmission. Table 1. Step-Wise Multiple Logistic Regression Predicting Readmission to Psychiatry Partial Hospitalization Program 18 Months After Discharge Overall, we found that poor sleep quality at discharge is predictive of readmission to a partial hospitalization program, suggesting the need for a higher level of sleep-focused care during and following psychiatric admission. Our earlier work7 suggests that sleep disturbances did improve over the course of treatment, but change in sleep was not predictive of readmission. This study highlights the need to identify and treat patients who have poor sleep quality following intensive mental health treatment to support remission and recovery. There are several limitations to this study. First, covariates were determined from records and therefore are most likely less accurate than information obtained from diagnostic interviews. The data were also limited to dichotomous diagnoses; although this is not expected to introduce systematic bias regarding the direction and significance of the findings, it did prevent a more fine-grained analysis of continuous mental health symptom covariates for which sleep quality may be a proxy. Despite these limitations, this study is one of the first to evaluate the outcome following partial hospital treatment in those with poor sleep quality at discharge. This study highlights the importance of assessing poor sleep quality prior to discharge and incorporating behavioral or pharmacologic treatments for sleep disturbances into treatment planning.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)–informed sleep skills education on sleep quality and initial sleep latency in patients attending a psychiatry partial hospitalization program. Method: This retrospective chart review was conducted in a psychiatry partial hospitalization program of a teaching Veterans Affairs medical center located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Patients typically attend the program for 1 month. Data were collected from a continuous improvement project from November 2007 to March 2009. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was administered to the patients at the time of entry into the program and at their discharge. Patients who completed both PSQI assessments were included in the study. Results: A total of 183 patients completed both PSQI assessments. Of those, 106 patients attended CBT-I–informed sleep skills education and 77 did not (all patients completed the psychiatry partial hospitalization program). For all patients, the mean ± SD baseline PSQI score was 12.5 ± 4.8. PSQI scores improved by a mean of 3.14 points (95% CI, 2.5–3.8; P < .001) in all patients who completed the psychiatry partial hospitalization program. For all patients, there were significant reductions in sleep latency (17.6 minutes) (t183 = 6.58, P < .001) and significant increases in overall sleep time, from 6.1 to 6.7 hours (t183 = 4.72, P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in PSQI scores of patients who attended CBT-I–informed sleep skills education and those who did not during their stay in the partial hospitalization program. Conclusions: The quality of sleep and initial sleep latency improved in patients who completed the psychiatry partial hospitalization program regardless of whether they attended CBT-I–informed sleep skills education or not. In this study, a structured psychiatry partial hospitalization program improved perceived sleep quality and initial sleep latency. Additional randomized controlled trials with a higher intensity of CBT-I–informed sleep skills education are needed.