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The myth of this "quasi-magical" gravity and its "effect at a distance" endures, and our brains remain "hardwired" to this perception. However, "quantum gravity" is increasingly closer to nullifying the importance of this mysterious force by treating it with the outmost contempt as a "negligible force." We concur with this interpretation, and more: We claim in this article that not only is gravity negligible but also explain how it can be completely eliminated as one of four fundamental forces of the universe. This article is, in fact, a continuation, a widening, and a confirmation of an article I wrote in 1993, titled "The proportional expansion of each and every celestial body as the cause of gravitation" [Phys. Essays 6, 473 (1993)]. There, I had argued that not only is empty space expanding in the classically understood sense, but that all celestial bodies are also subject to an accelerated expansion. According to Einstein's principle of equivalence, acceleration generates an opposite, "fictitious" force that is perceived as gravity. I had concluded there that "in terms of quantum mechanics, in this interpretation, the very existence of the predicted 'graviton' becomes extremely questionable." Thirty years have passed since then. And in spite of the development of the Large Hadron Collider and its impressive capabilities, the above claim has been confirmed, and the graviton has been quietly replaced by the Higgs boson in the nomenclature of the Standard Model of elementary particles. In this article, we revisit Galileo and Newton to show that the latter could not have arrived at any other conclusion than an "attractive" force of gravity. We also ask why Albert Einstein did not apply his own principle of equivalence to the Newtonian interpretation of gravity. At the same time, some very "peculiar" interpretations have arisen since my above-mentioned article from 1993. "Dark matter" and "dark energy," both very speculative conceptualizations, have been forced upon us to explain two phenomena: The anomaly discovered in the speed of rotation of the galaxies, and the accelerated expansion of the universe, despite the potentially shrinking effect of gravity. Of all the positive advances in physics, the most fundamental is the genesis of "quantum gravity," the tenets of which relegate gravity to the level of a "negligible" force. This is followed by the characterization of the Higgs boson, which has replaced the graviton in the Standard Model. This conceptually translates into the fact that the gravitational mass has possibly been replaced by the inertial mass of celestial bodies. The confirmation and measurements of the accelerated expansion of the universe, while there is still some controversies regarding the exact results of these measurements. Finally, the most important discovery in this regard was recently made in 2019, regarding the exceptionally high pressure inside protons and neutrons, (1035 Pa). This lends credence to the concept of the expansion of these subatomic particles. The multiplicity of these hadrons (3.26x1080) and their ubiquitous distribution in the baryonic matter of the entire universe explain its expansion. These hadrons are highly "diluted" in empty space but, on the contrary, are highly clustered and concentrated inside solid matter, where this explains the difference in density between these media and the massive dissimilarity in the magnitudes of their relative accelerated expansion. It also explains why what we call "gravity" is not an active force, but merely the consequence of the density-proportional accelerated radial expansion of each and every celestial body. As such, this baryonic expansion explains the expansion of the universe as a whole, and replaces gravity as a concept as well as its perceived effects. By dint of its ubiquitous nature, this notion of baryonic expansion provides a bridge between the microscopic and macroscopic universe. Quantum physics reconnects with general relativity in this formalism and clarifies the "what and how". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We will demonstrate that the mass (equivalent mass) of the observable universe divided by the universe radius is exactly identical to the Planck mass divided by the Planck length. This only holds true in the Haug universe model that takes into account Lorentz’s relativistic mass, while in the Friedmann model of the universe, the critical mass of the universe divided by the Hubble radius is exactly equal to mp/(2lp). Furthermore, in a recently suggested quantum gravity model, the mass of the universe divided by the radius of the universe is exactly identical to mp/lp; that is, the Planck mass divided by the Planck length. This is much more than just a speculative approximation, for the findings are consistent with a new unified quantum gravity theory that links the cosmological scale directly to the Planck scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel quantum mechanical framework in discrete space and time leads to the derivation of the relativistic energy equation and a potential path toward quantum gravity. A unique approach to geometry is also derived where pregeometric points containing intrinsic compactified geometries generate a topologically 4D cosmos with a local dynamical 3D geometry. An interpretation of the quantum mechanics wavefunction is considered as longitudinal density waves traveling through dynamical pregeometric points. Similarly, general relativity can be described as density variations of the pregeometric points caused by matter-energy distribution. A primordial quantum (Higgs) field emerging at the big bang that generates all the other quantum fields is considered. A four-dimensional structure of black holes, and dark matter and energy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of physics, time is the duration of material changes. We measure time with clocks. The notion of time in Newton physics, Einstein's relativity, and quantum physics are different despite we always measure the same time with the same apparatuses that are clocks. We showed in this article that the act of the measurement done by the observer is generating duration. Time as duration is the result of the interaction between the observer and physical reality via clocks. In the universe, only changes exist. Changes have no duration on their own. Time as duration is born with the measurement done by the observer. Duration is relative and depends on the variable energy density of time-invariant superfluid quantum space that is the carrier of EPR-type entanglement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This author further develops the theory of quantum gravity with Hamilton's tensor equation so as to achieve the compatibility between quantum and space-time. He also reveals the underlying new geometric structure behind it, which is the geometry of energy-time or matter-space that can be regarded as the further development of Einstein's space-time geometry. On this basis, this author probes into such topics that include CPT symmetry, new transistor, new superconductor, antigravity, and new law of gravity creating something out of nothing in the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of gravity "Newtonian quantum gravity" (NQG) is an ingeniously simple theory, because it precisely predicts so-called "general relativistic phenomena," as, for example, that observed at the binary pulsar PSR B1913 + 16, by just applying Kepler's second law on quantized gravitational fields. It is an irony of fate that the unsuspecting relativistic physicists still have to effort with the tensor calculations of an imaginary four-dimensional space-time. Everybody can understand that a mass that moves through space must meet more "gravitational quanta" emitted by a certain mass, if it moves faster than if it moves slower or rests against a certain mass, which must cause additional gravitational effects that must be added to the results of Newton's theory of gravity. However, today's physicists cannot recognize this because they are caught in Einstein's relativistic thinking and as general relativity can coincidentally also predict these quantum effects by a mathematically defined four-dimensional curvature of space-time. Advanced NQG is also able to derive the gravitational constant G and explains why G must fluctuate. The "string theory" tries to unify quantum physics with general relativity, but as the so-called "general relativistic" phenomena are quantum physical effects, it cannot be a realistic theory. The "energy wave theory" is lead to absurdity by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newtonian Quantum Gravity (NQG) unifies quantum physics with Newton's theory of gravity and calculates the so-called "general relativistic" phenomena more precisely and in a much simpler way than General Relativity, whose complicated theoretical construct is no longer needed. Newton's theory of gravity is less accurate than Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Famous examples are the precise predictions of General Relativity at binary pulsars. This is the reason why relativistic physicists claim that there can be no doubt that Einstein's theory of relativity correctly describes our physical reality. With the example of the famous "Hulse-Taylor binary" (also known as PSR 1913 + 16 or PSR B1913 + 16), the author proves that the so-called "general relativistic phenomena" observed at this binary solar system can be calculated without having any knowledge on relativistic physics. According to philosophical and epistemological criteria, this should not be possible, if Einstein's theory of relativity indeed described our physical reality. Einstein obviously merely developed an alternative method to calculate these phenomena without quantum physics. The reason was that in those days quantum physics was not yet generally taken into account. It is not the first time that a lack of knowledge of the underlying physical phenomena has to be compensated by complicated mathematics. Einstein's theory of general relativity indirectly already includes additional quantum physical effects of gravitation. This is the reason why it cannot be possible to unite Einstein's theory of general relativity with quantum physics, unless one uses "mathematical tricks" that make the additional quantum physical effects disappear again in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For about hundred years, modern physics has not been able to build a bridge between quantum mechanics (QM) and gravity. However, a solution may be found here. We present our quantum gravity theory, which is rooted in indivisible particles where matter and gravity are related to collisions and can be described by collision-space-time. In this paper, we also show that we can formulate a quantum wave equation rooted in collision-space-time, which is equivalent to mass and energy. The beauty of our theory is that most of the main equations that currently exist in physics are, in general, not changed in terms of predictions and what we could call structural form, except at the Planck scale. The Planck scale is directly linked to gravity, which has obviously already been detected, and gravity is actually a Lorentz symmetry as well as a form of Heisenberg uncertainty break down at the Planck scale. Our theory gives a dramatic simplification of many physics formulas without altering the output predictions, except at the Planck scale, and this new formulation gives us a unified theory. The relativistic wave equation, the relativistic energy momentum relation, and Minkowski space can all be represented by simpler equations when we understand mass at a deeper level. This is not attained at a cost, but rather a reflection of the benefit in having gravity and QM unified under the same theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence suggests that the structure and dynamics of planetary scale matter can be described using the wave equation in the form of the Schr€odinger equation; thus, suggesting an underlining symmetry across all scales of the universe. Emerging evidences also demonstrate that the complex social-behavior dynamics of animals and other forms of active matter mimic the dynamics of magnetic systems, and are accurately modeled using the framework of quantum theory. However, theoretical frameworks across the different scales of the universe are incompatible, and quantum theory is primarily restricted to the subatomic/atomic scale. This work proposes that the philosophical assumptions concerning the concept time in current theoretical frameworks, as constituting the major barrier in extending quantum theory to all scales of the universe. Time is presumed to be a dimension, in which dynamics occur, with the time dimension interpreted as asymmetric. This interpretation of the concept time contrasts with physics equations, which are time symmetric; and with emerging evidences from neuroscience, which demonstrate that the so-called time dimension along with space dimensions are cognitive constructs. This work proposes a novel theoretical framework, in which the concept time is redefined as a measure of the magnitude of change in location within a nondiscrete compressible fluid universe, which is an enclosed structure. Time and distance are equivalent, as both measure the magnitude of change in location. Matter and vacuum, along with all other constituents of the universe are redefined as demarcated structures, which are manifestations of differential specific energy densities, resulting from compressions and rarefactions. Demarcation of structures denotes a quantum interaction, and the framework of Wheeler--Feynman transactional theory governs analysis of the dynamics of said demarcated structures. Consequently, the nature and dynamics of demarcated structures at all scales is an emergent equilibrium state of the universe resulting from transactional quantum interactions, which are analyzed using a novel theoretical framework, termed, Quantum-Equilibrium Theory. Per the predictions of Quantum-Equilibrium Theory, this work demonstrates reflection symmetry between the magnetic field and gravitational field, thus unifying the magnetic force and the gravitational force. This work also demonstrates scale symmetry across atomic and galactic structures within the universe. Furthermore, this work demonstrates a continuous translational symmetry between the dynamics of nonactive matter and active matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravity has been shown in theories of relativity to be the curving of space around massive bodies. Thus, objects in orbits are following a straight line along a curved space. Why massive bodies curve space is not explained. We continue to ask "What is Gravity?" Quantum mechanics unites theories of electro-magnetism (QED), the weak nuclear force (EWT), and the strong nuclear force (QCD) in the standard model of particle physics, or with a grand unified theory (GUT) sought for these three fundamental forces. As yet there is no empirically verified quantum theory of gravity unified with these three fundamental forces. Considering gravity to be the curving of space, it is evident that gravity supervenes from the properties of space itself. In this short paper, we will attempt to define one of these spatial properties. We will not attempt to define the properties of time, though time appears to be a part of a complete model of gravity. At least in this regard, and likely in many others, our model will be incomplete. We will build a case for the massive collapse of probability density waves (PDWs) in surrounding space, due to the interactions of particles in massive bodies. The collapse of these probabilities, of each particle's possible superposition somewhere in the surrounding space, causes the apparent "curving" of space. We will conclude that space is not the absence of things. Space is a thing in itself. Included in the properties of space is the potential to contain/transmit PDWs. This potential is suggested by both the theories of relativity and the experimental observations of quantum mechanics. In the presence of massive bodies, particle superposition and the probability of existence in the surrounding space is, to varying degrees, lost and space appears to curve as a consequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the possibility to obtain gravity as a deformation of electromagnetism (EM), in the context of Quantum Information Dynamics (QID) and Deformation Theory. Planck's constant is "dual" to the speed of light c, viewed as a deformation parameter, and the effect of "quantum gravity" could emerge from such a modification of the external symmetry group, away from a geometric construction (manifold). A toy model of gravity is proposed as a complex deformation of EM. Gravitational mass comes as a small imaginary perturbation of the EM effective charge, breaking the negative-positive symmetry, conform to the electron and proton models within the standard model. References to current experimental and theoretical investigations in this direction are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptualization of the definition of time is best guided by the theories of relativity and quantum physics in scholarly debates. Thus, before getting to the nature of time itself, special relativity claims must first be made to settle current issues related to causality, and then address time subsequently, now on a leveled playing field. Looking at physical reality through the eyes lens of causality gives a version of reality that we are experiencing. This suggests that the causality principle is the constraint on all physical theory. As the construction of string theory emerges as the reigning theory for quantum gravity, a precise picture of causal reality can be accounted for through theories such as Dyson's Chronological Protection Agency, Horava's theory of gravity, and new insight to how simultaneity is interpreted in relativity theory. With this model, the question about time in the philosophical debates can now be clearly defined through the Presentists' view of the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The binary quantum model introduced here makes it possible to place the four basic fundamental forces on a common basis and to understand why the phenomena "dark energy" and "dark matter" must be indirect effects of gravity. It is also shown how the so-called fine-structure constant α and the Planck constant can be derived from experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Planck units were originally derived from a dimensional analysis without a deeper understanding of their meaning. It was later believed that these units may provide a link between quantum theory and gravity in a yet-to-be-developed theory of quantum gravity. I propose a model where the Planck units appear naturally by assuming that the quantum vacuum can be gravitationally polarized based on recent work on the gravitational properties of antiparticles. In order to match the observed values, we arrive at Planck particle-antiparticle pairs (microblack holes) with Planck masses that define the gravitational constant in vacuum through gravitational polarization. This gives the Planck mass a new important interpretation as indeed linking quantum fluctuations to gravity by defining the gravitational constant. In addition, a better understanding of why the Planck length is usually associated as the smallest length in nature can be illustrated from another perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1927 Einstein, with the help of Grommer, unsuccessfully tried to derive the uncertainty principle from the vacuum field equations of general relativity. An attempt is here made to evaluate Einstein's early work toward quantum gravity in the context of recent developments in elementary particle physics and cosmology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the presentation of the laws of Newton, all scientific development has been based on determinism. However, with the rise of quantum mechanics, uncertainty entered on a microscopic level. For that reason complementarity was considered to be a necessity to describe reality, but no suitable description of uncertainty could be found. It is also possible, however, to tackle uncertainty from a mathematical perspective, which has been overlooked until now. To this end, a mathematical formalism is presented, based on the concept that determinate and indeterminate manifestations can be considered to be mutually independent, occurring joined in nature in such a manner that one of both dominates an observation. The constructed complementary language is subsequently applied to geometric space, time, and marking. As a first result, Maxwell's laws are derived in a rather simple way. In principle, the strong force, gravity, the gravitational lens, and dark matter can be identified in just one observational description. Thus by giving uncertainty its right place in the world, a powerful model is obtained that serves as a conceptual basis for a unification theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a possibility that gravity is not an interaction but a manifestation of a symmetry based on a Galois field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lorentz symmetry, a cardinal element of the special theory of relativity, is incorporated to the basic structure of modern physics which, in part, attempts the unification of gravity and quantum mechanics. The violation of such symmetry would bring about transcendental consequences. The effect of Lorentz transformations on a spherical wave front is presented here. The observer assumed to be in uniform movement would also perceive a spherical wave front. It is shown that the image seen by this observer turns out to be nonspherical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the publication of the general theory of relativity (GTR), gravity has been described by classical field equations. Using this approach the GTR has resolved a number of problems in gravity, but is associated with some other difficulties. Mathematically GTR results in the formation of infinite density singularities in black holes, it challenges simultaneity and causality, and it is generally incompatible with quantum mechanics. A separate problem is the presence of "dark energy," the energy inherent in space time. GTR helps explain this energy by the addition of a separate cosmological constant. However, what is required are formulas that treat the energy in space time as an integral part of quantum gravity, This space-time energy is treated as integral in the quintessence model, and may be resolvable by the use of a minimum energy scale. In this paper we use the standard minimal energy scale, Planck's constant, and in turn define a new quintessence. Using this string quintessence, we obtain advanced quantum gravity (AQG), which technically agrees exactly with the GTR, in the range where the GTR has been widely tested. Additionally. the principle of relativity is also maintained, and advanced in order to restore simultaneity and causality. Moreover, using string quintessence. AQG resolves the difficulties related to singularities, and in turn explains the apparent presence of dark matter. The separate presence of dark energy can also be explained and is based directly on Planck's constant and the minimal distance scale, the Planck length. Overall, in this paper, gravitation is taken to the next level, black holes and in turn dark matter are explained, and dark energy, the presence of space-time energy, becomes integral to the equations of AQG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the concept of conion as entity, which obey the equations of physics, as opposed to the concept of particle. A conion is an entity featuring the invariant properties of an entire curve (closed or open conic section), while the definition of a particle is "an entity having the geometric features of a point on a curve that coincides with its trajectory." The conion is endowed with the shape and the properties of the special strings, which are the conic sections. By conions we reproduce the equations of Schrödinger, Klein-Gordon, Dirac, and Maxwell, and interpret geometrically the interactions between them. Through these entities, it is achieved the unification of Newton's theory of gravity and quantum mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum entanglement is foundational to quantum computation. Yet little is known about how this phenomenon is modified by gravitational effects. One place to begin this study is by consideration of observers in relative acceleration. Here I describe recent work exploring the relationship between quantum entanglement between states shared by such observers. Due to the Unruh effect, the entanglement is degraded and asymptotically reaches a minimum value in the infinite acceleration limit. For bosons this value is zero, but for fermions it is nonzero, in which case quantum information tasks (such as teleportation) between parties in relative uniform acceleration can always be performed. I discuss the implications of these results for observers in gravitational fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decoherence may not solve all of the measurement problems of quantum mechanics. It is proposed that a solution to these problems may be to allow superpositions to describe physically real systems in the following sense. Each quantum system "carries" around a local space-time in whose terms other quantum systems may take on nonlocal states. Each quantum system forms a physically valid coordinate frame. The laws of physics should be formulated to be invariant under the group of allowed transformations among such frames. A transformation of relatively superposed spatial coordinates that allows an electron system to preserve the de Broglie relation in describing a double-slit laboratory system -- in analogy to a Minkowskian transformation -- is proposed. In general, "quantum relativity" says h = 1 is invariant under transformations among quantum reference frames. Some conjectures on how this affects gravity and gauge invariance are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel physics methodology of subquantum kinetics predicted in 1980 that photons should blueshift their frequency at a rate that varies directly with negative gravitational potential, the rate of blueshifting for photons traveling between Earth and Jupiter having been estimated to average approximately (1.3 ± 0.65) x 10-18 s-1, or (1.1 ± 0.6) x 10-18 s-1 for signals traveling a roundtrip distance of 65 AU through the outer solar system. A proposal was made in 1980 to test this blueshifting effect by transponding a maser signal over a 10 AU roundtrip distance between two spacecraft. This blueshift prediction has more recently been corroborated by observations of maser signals transponded to the Pioneer 10 spacecraft. These measurements indicate a frequency shifting of approximately (2.28 ± 0.4) x 10-18 s-1, which lies within 2σ of the subquantum kinetics prediction and cannot be accounted for in terms of known forces acting on the craft. This blueshifting phenomenon implies the existence of a new source of energy that is able to account for the luminosities of red dwarf stars, brown dwarf stars, and planets and their observed sharing of a common mass-luminosity relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an earlier paper we showed that quantum entities -- when assumed to be instantaneously interconnected particles -- can collectively behave like waves. In this essay we investigate other forms of coherent behavior. Electrons quite naturally congregate to create atoms, thereby not traveling in an orbit around the nucleus and continuously dissipating energy but forming networks of longitudinal standing waves on shells at various distances from the nucleus. Mendeleev's stable configurations with 2, 8, 18, or 32 electrons in the valence shell can be retrieved, while Pauli's exclusion principle can be justified in terms of physical causation. The phenomenon of spin of electrons in atoms is not caused by their own rotation but results from the fact that each electron moving to and fro produces two magnetic fields in opposite directions. Also the universe itself shows coherent behavior; it is still in a far from equilibrium state. The universe started with a very low entropy level, as thermodynamically it is a closed system. Right from the beginning, a network of standing waves of radiation spanned the whole, extremely small, four-dimensional universe with strongly positive curvature, while complexification began in the slightly cooler regions of the nodes. Electromagnetic fields created gigantic structures, but this fabric is being torn up by the expansion of the universe. Plasma whirlwinds of stars are fragmented into smaller vortices of protoplanets and satellites. The Titius--Bode rule can be explained. In a new cosmological model, Einstein's gravity and the de Sitter force that causes the universe to expand result from direct influences from the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time problem of quantum cosmology is solved by noting that the probability of a geometro-dynamic system being in a given region of superspace is proportional to the amount of time that it spends there, and that this relates the cosmic time t to the wave-function Ψ of the universe. The singularity problem of classical cosmology is solved by showing how the Wheeler-DeWitt equation converts classical singularities to virtual states in which the energy density does hot diverge. The covariance problem of canonical quantum gravity is solved by a Hilbert space affine connection (the quantum connection) in terms of which the quantum-mechanical derivative is a covariant derivative, and the Schrödinger equation is the condition that the state vector be covariant constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum description of gravity is obtained by coupling the principles of general theory of relativity with those of quantum mechanics and string theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum description of gravity is obtained by coupling the principles of general theory of relativity with those of quantum mechanics and string theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the collapse of the quantum wave amplitude is not an objective event and to make a very brief comment on quantum gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the collapse of the quantum wave amplitude is not an objective event and to make a very brief comment on quantum gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]