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In this paper we explore the possibility to merge the world of Compositional Distributional Semantic Models (CDSM) with Tree Kernels (TK). In particular, we will introduce a specific tree kernel (smoothed tree kernel, or STK) and then show that is possibile to approximate such kernel with the dot product of two vectors obtained compositionally from the sentences, creating in such a way a new CDSM.

The paper concerns domestic violence (DV) and focuses on the connected criminal procedure topics. Following an attempt to define DV, the second part of the paper concerns the profile of the victim. The third part of the paper highlights two procedural issues, namely the complaint and the evidence. After that, the duty of the States to grant legal aid is considered.

The paper presents some preliminary results of the dynamic monitoring of the Ficarolo Tower. The Ficarolo Tower is an historical masonry bell tower about 68 m high and characterized by an impressive inclination. The tower reported serious damage during the seismic sequence of May 2012 and, consequently, retrofitting interventions were carried out and a continuous dynamic monitoring system was installed. Valuable information on the structural behaviour and the structural health in the case of seismic events can be obtained from the monitoring system. Modal-based damage detection procedure are based on the relation between variations in the measured modal parameters and changes in the physical properties, such as stiffness reductions due to damage. However, important variations in the dynamic response of a healthy structure can also be caused by changing in the environmental conditions, leading to a false positive diagnosis. For a proper modal-based damage detection, the effects of temperature and humidity on the modal properties have to be removed. To this aim, the paper investigates the effects of temperature and humidity variations on the identified natural frequencies.

The monument from Iasos for the basileis of Caria. This paper presents the formal publication of the two remaining inscribed blocks belonging to the rectilinear base of a bronze dynastic group from Iasos. The monument has been already presented and discussed in other seats. Of the two blocks, one is preserved in Iasos, the other in Istanbul. As for the first, it was brought to light by the Italian Archaeological Expedition in Iasos in 2005. It had been reused during the imperial age in a room of the West stoa of the agora. On the front is a fourth-century BC epigram honouring the basileis, the satrap Idrieus and another member of the Hecatomnid family, whose name had been erased. The second block lies in the garden of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums, where many inscriptions from Iasos were brought to in 1887. It is the last on the right of a multipiece base, and a fourth-century inscription Αβα Υσσαλδωμου is carved on its front. The Museum inventory registers the block as ‘of unknown provenance’ (Istanbul inv. 3274), and as such it was published by L. Robert in Sinuri. He rightly recognized in Aba an otherwise unknown sister of Hekatomnos, the father of Maussollus and of the other satraps of the dynasty. Robert did not mention another inscription on the very damaged right short side of the stone, an honorary inscription for a well-known athlete from Iasos, Ti. Flavius Metrobios, who won the dolichos in the first Capitoline Games (86 AD). The stone in Istanbul comes therefore from Iasos. The size, mouldings, and other details of the two blocks show that they originally belonged to the same large monument in honour of the Hecatomnids. The paper consists of two parts. N. Masturzo illustrates, for the first time in detail, its monumental features. Different possible restitutions of the monument, as a four or as a six statues group, are proposed. M. Nafissi revises his previous reading of the epigram carved on the block in Iasos and offers an overview of the historical significance of the epigram and monument. The epigram is the first known contemporary document in Caria to call the Hecatomnids basileis. Its wording seems to imply that the monument was placed in a cultic context. Aba’s presence on the monument strongly suggests that Hecatomnos married his own sister, as Maussollus and Idrieus did later. nmasturz@unito.it, massimo.nafissi@unipg.it

The purpose of this paper is to encourage a reflection on the changes that occurred in Aegean archaeological terminology during the last sixty years. Comparing select Nestor database entries with the same entries in the JSTOR digital library, it is possible to recognize the appearance, popularity, and eventual decline of specific words used in books and articles titles. The changing use of archaeological terminology also potentially parallels the socio-anthropological use of the same terms.

La Corte costituzionale ha fronteggiato a più riprese il fenomeno della “decodificazione” legislativa in materia penitenziaria specialmente attraverso censure radicali delle preclusioni ostative alla concessione di misure alternative dirette a favorire il rapporto tra genitori e figli in tenera età. Il presente contributo analizza la decisione n. 30 del 2022 in tema di applicazione provvisoria della detenzione domiciliare speciale, inquadrandola nel filone della giurisprudenza costituzionale – inaugurato con la sentenza n. 239 del 2014 e ormai destinato a una progressiva espansione – secondo il quale è necessario garantire che la fruibilità della detenzione domiciliare per la cura dei minori sia valutata con bilanciamenti caso per caso, improntati a criteri non eccessivamente vincolanti per il giudice, così da assicurare il massimo grado di tutela a un interesse di rilievo costituzionale “esterno” alla esecuzione penale. On several occasions the Constitutional Court has faced the legislative “decodification” phenomenon rooted in the penitentiary system, especially through radical censorships of preclusions to the access to alternative measures aimed at fostering the relationship between convicted parents and young children. This paper analyzes the Constitutional Court’s Judgement No. 30 of 2022 on the issue relating to provisional measure of special home detention, framing it in the Court’s case law inaugurated by the Judgement No. 239 of 2014 and now expected to a progressive development. This constitutional jurisprudence deems it is necessary to guarantee that the possibility to access home detention for the care of juveniles is evaluated through case-by-case balances, without imposing too binding decision-making rules on the judge, in order to ensure the highest degree of protection to a constitutional interest, that is outside the penal execution.

​Lo scritto si sofferma sul complesso fenomeno delle videoriprese investigative. Nel perdurante silenzio legislativo, il “diritto giurisprudenziale” sembra essere l’esclusiva fonte di regolamentazione delle videoregistrazioni. Gli orientamenti della Cassazione, tuttavia, ricorrono a un patologico richiamo all’articolo 189 c.p.p. per dare copertura a prove irrituali, in aperto conflitto con la disciplina costituzionale del processo penale. This paper addressed the complex phenomenon of investigative video footage. Because of the perpetual silence of the legislator, the case law has become the exclusive source of regulation of video recording. An in-depth study of the case law highlights the pathological use of Article 189 of the Italian Criminal Code because, by referring to atypical evidence, one acquires irregular evidence that clashes with the constitutional pillars of the criminal trial.

In this paper, I shall discuss the origin of the well-known simile employed by Plato in Phaedo, 77e8: ὥσπερ τὰ μορμολύκεια. Since the term occurs for the first time in Aristophanes, the comparison in Phaedo underlies a link to the literary genre of comedy and, through comedy, to the genre of Aesopic fable. I shall prove this link through the analysis of the occurrences of Μορμώ and μορμολυκεῖον in Aristophanes. Aristophanic comedy also displays the telling of Aesopic tales, a literary form that Socrates employs in the first part of the Phaedo. Plato, when employing the comparison ὥσπερ τὰ μορμολύκεια closes the part of Phaedo where comedy was recalled in order to introduce the themes the literary form of dialogue deals with. The occurrence of μορμολυκεῖον in the Aesopic corpus (fab. 27 Haus.), which will be further analyzed, seems to confirm this hypothesis, rather than refuting it.

Angelo Secchi was one of the leading figures of 19th-century science, and a founder of modern astrophysics. Some recent biographical studies have revealed less-known aspects of his life and activity. This paper describes his attendance to the Congress of the Italian Scientists in Palermo and his travel to Cosenza, reveals his anxiety about the future of his Observatory at Collegio Romano, his controversial participation and shows his constant attention to promote citizen science.

This paper reports on an experiential-linguistic and multimodal model applied to a comparative ethnopoetic analysis of non-western migrants’ traumatic accounts of tragic voyages across the sea, reported in their variations of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and epic narratives of Mediterranean dramatic odysseys towards ‘Utopian places’ translated from Ancient Greek and Latin into modern ELF variations, in the context of an Experiential Place-Marketing plan in Responsible Tourism. The objective is to ‘emotionally promote’ (premote) the seaside resorts of Salento, affected by migrant arrivals, by involving tourists and migrants in joint cultural activities so as to investigate ‘experientially’ how such ancient and modern oral tales are actually structured into natural ‘ethnopoetic verse structures’ reproducing the rhythms and emotions associated to dramatic odysseys across the sea and to the traumatic experience of violent natural elements. The ethnopoetic analysis, translation, and the multimodal rendering of such sea-voyage dramatic tales into a ‘premotional video’ for place-marketing purposes, intends to make both tourists and migrants aware of their common experiential roots, as well as of the shared socio-cultural values and narrative heritage of their respective different communities.

Lo scritto si incentra sulla “piccola riforma” dell’ordinamento penitenziario varata lo scorso novembre 2018, mettendo a confronto le scelte del legislatore delegato con i contenuti della legge delega 23 giugno 2017, n. 103 e con la proposta di riforma elaborata dalla Commissione Giostra. L’Autore evidenzia le criticità, i profili di incompatibilità costituzionale, le incoerenze e le antinomie del sistema risultante dall’innesto dei recenti decreti legislativi all’interno del quadro normativo vigente. Si segnala, infine, la necessità di optare per un cambiamento culturale che consenta di avviare nuove riforme radicali e organiche del sistema sanzionatorio e della esecuzione penale. The small prison reform and its effects on the system. This paper focuses on the “small prison reform” entered into force in November 2018 and it aims to compare the choices of the delegated legislator with the delegation–Law 23 June 2017, No. 103 – and the draft drawn up by the Giostra Commission. The Author points out critical issues, unconstitutionality concerns, inconsistencies and antinomies of the system deriving from the inclusion of the recent Legislative Decrees in the current regulatory framework. Last of all, it seems necessary to lean towards cultural changes leading to new radical and organic reforms of both sentencing phase and penitentiary system.

Research on teacher motivation has recently given evidence of being closely related to several variables such as pre-service and in-service teacher training, educational reform, teaching practice, student motivation, work environment, psychological fulfilment and general health conditions. Taking into consideration the most recent studies on EFL teacher motivation across different disciplines and cultures, this paper aims at sharing the author’s personal experience with colleagues who have taught in CLIL trainee courses for High School content teachers. The results of the project, carried out in university run-courses from 2013 to 2017, have shown that teaching certain linguistic aspects (such as WE and ELF features, or word-forming processes) makes teachers linguistically aware of the plurality of English in communication and education, stimulates them strategically, increases their intrinsic motivation and influences their teaching effectiveness.

This paper studies a corpus of online English texts used to promote tourist facilities and local products of Salento. This study focuses on the conceptual, metaphorical and linguistic aspects that refer to the notions of "slowness", "tradition" and "exclusivity" found in the total experience enjoyed by the tourist, highlighting the best examples of product advertising and explaining the persuasive intent of the linguistic devices which can make them competitive in international contexts.

italianoIl presente saggio si propone di presentare la teoria del "criminale razionale" basata su quattro metodi microeconomici di base: le scelte in termini di utilita attesa a fronte dell'incertezza dell'essere o meno sorpresi a delinquere, l'approccio alla base della teoria dell'offerta individuale di lavoro in termini di scelte dell'uso del proprio tempo tra tempo libero, lavoro e tempo dedito al crimine, l'applicazione dell'analisi dei costi e benefici al numero ottimale di reati da commettere, ed infine un'applicazione di teoria dei giochi. Questi sono tutti i metodi principali di teoria microeconomica che hanno contribuito ad uno sviluppo importante della teoria economica del crimine a livello internazionale. EnglishThis paper runs through the theory of the "rational criminal" based on four basic microeconomic methods: the choices in terms of expected-utility in the face of the uncertainty of being or less surprised to commit a crime, an approach based on the Theory of the individual supply of work in terms of choices of uses of time between leisure-time, work-time and time dedicated to crime, the application of cost analysis and benefits to the optimum number of crimes to be committed, and finally an application to the crime of games’ theory. These all are the main methods of microeconomic theory that have contributed to an important development of the economic theory of crime at international level. ​

In this paper we propose a new methodology for introducing thresholds in the analysis of neuro- biological databases. Often, in Neuroscience, absolute thresholds are adopted. This is done by cutting the data below (or above) predetermined values of the involved parameters, without an analysis of the distribution of the collected data concerning the phenomenon under investigation. Despite an absolute threshold could be rigorously defined in terms of physic parameters, it can be influenced by many different subjective aspects, including cognitive processes, and individual adaptation to the external stimuli. A possible related risk is that, mainly in experiments also de-pending on personal reactions, a significant portion of meaningful data, relevant for that specific task, could be neglected. In order to reduce these deviations, we are proposing to adopt a task-dependent approach, based on the comparison between the collected data and some database concerning a different task, assumed as a baseline. After giving the necessary theoretical back-ground, we test our methodology on real EEG data involving two subjects in a musical task. In addition to some natural results, new and unexpected neurological links can be emphasized and discussed.

Infill-frame interaction is commonly modeled by means of equivalent strut macro-models. The main difficulty in using this phenomenological approach is to properly calibrate a force-displacement curve for the struts, as this depends not only on the geometrical and mechanical properties, but more specifically on the different potential damage mechanisms which may occur for the infill-frame system subject to lateral forces. If fiber-section elements are used as diagonal struts, the force-displacement curve is substituted by a stress-strain law. In both cases, the attribution of the inelastic law of the struts, based on a mechanical approaches, is not valid in general, as mechanical approaches are referred to specified hypotheses on the collapse modalities, which are really difficult to predict a priori. Based on this, the paper proposes a new concrete-type stress-strain relationship to be used with fiber-section elements and calibrated using a semi-empirical approach rather than a mechanical one. The proposed stress-strain model depends on four parameters. Experimental data and additional numerical simulations are used to derive semi-empirical correlations associating geometrical and mechanical properties of the frame-infill system with the aforementioned parameters. Analytical correlations of the best fitting equations are provided as tools for direct identification. Validation tests are finally carried out with experimental results different from those used to build the correlations.

italianodebolezza. Tale caratteristica espone le norme processuali a continue distorsioni della prassi applicativa, la quale disconosce valore cogente alle regole codicistiche, sino al rischio di annichilimento dovuto alla tendenza ad interpretare in senso efficientistico le fonti europee. L'autore indaga le ragioni sia storiche, sia morfologiche della endemica fragilita, ponendo poi a confronto le opzioni ermeneutiche delle Corti nazionali e sovrastatuali. Lo scritto si conclude con un tentativo di individuare i corollari della legalita processuale (tassativita e determinatezza, in particolare) e prefigurando l'incostituzionalita di alcune soluzioni del "diritto vivente" per conflitto con l'art. 111, co. 1, Cost. EnglishThe essay analyses the legality principle in criminal proceedings, firstly highlighting its inborn weakness. The latter characteristic exposes procedural laws to continuous distortions resulting from the applicative practice, which denies the binding force of these provisions, even causing the risk of their total annihilation due to efficiency-based interpretations of European sources. The author examines the historical and morphological reasons of this endemic weakness, comparing, afterwards, hermeneutic options of national and supranational Courts. The paper ends by attempting to identify the corollaries of legality principle in criminal proceedings (strict construction and definiteness in particular), and alleging the unconstitutionality of some current solutions of case-law for conflicting with art. 111, par. 1 of the Constitution.

Il recente d.lgs 212 del 2015, intervenendo in materia di diritti, assistenza e protezione delle vittime di reato, non ha spostato le linee portanti del nostro sistema che si misura pur sempre sul rapporto fra lo Stato accusatore e l’individuo accusato. In questo contesto, la vittima - rectius la persona offesa dal reato - non può che rimanere relegata in una posizione marginale rispetto alla pubblica accusa. Tuttavia, in ambito probatorio gli equilibri si rovesciano: ad essa è riservata una modalità di acquisizione del proprio sapere - la testimonianza - che privilegia oltremodo le sue dichiarazioni. Un consolidato orientamento giurisprudenziale attribuisce a queste sole narrazioni di parte lo status di prova autosuffi-ciente per la condanna. Il principio costituzionale della parità delle armi appare dunque in crisi. Inoltre, le particolari modalità assuntive previste di recente per l’escussione della vittima-fonte di prova, paiono confliggere anche con il contraddittorio poietico, senza trascurare ulteriori e non secondari profili di contrasto con il principio di immediatezza, a sua volta costituzionalizzato, e con l’imparzialità del giudi-ce. Partendo da queste considerazioni, lo scritto si propone di analizzare le aporie del sistema e di recupe-rare risalenti prospettive per il futuro delle istanze civilistiche nel processo penale a fronte anche della recente legge di riforma Orlando The recent law decree n. 212/2015 concern victims’ rights, assistance and protection hasn’t changed the basis of our criminal system which is founded on the relationship between the Public prosecution and the defendant. In criminal trial, the victim plays a marginal role compared to the public prosecutor. However, when it comes to evidence framework, this balance is overturned: the possibility to testify gives her a prime chance to charge the defendant. A consolidate case law considers it sufficient to reach the charges. This exclusive evidence goes against the constitutional rules about the fair and the adversary trial. Starting from these considerations, the paper proposes to analyze some of system’s critical issues to point out a dated solution to the civil instances’ future considering the brand-new reform law Orlando

SUMMARY. The paper describes the essential features of the Corpus ICoN. The corpus includes essays created over 13 years by university students; the essays are divided into two comparable subcorpora dedicated respectively to students who speak Italian as L1 and those who know the language as L2/FL. RIASSUNTO. Il contributo presenta le caratteristiche essenziali del Corpus ICoN. Il corpus raccoglie elaborati realizzati nell’arco di 13 anni da studenti universitari; gli elaborati sono ripartiti in due sottocorpora equivalenti dedicati rispettivamente agli studenti che conoscono l’italiano come L1 e a quelli che lo conoscono come L2/LS.

SUMMARY. The paper presents SYMPAThy,a new approach to the extraction of WordCombinations. The approach is new in that it combines pattern-based (P-based)and syntax-based S-based) methods in or-der to obtain an integrated and nified view of a lexeme’s combinatory potential. RIASSUNTO. L’articolo presenta SYMPA-Thy, un nuovo metodo per l’estrazione di Combinazioni di Parole. L’originalita dell’approccio consiste nel combinare il metodo basato su sequenze di parti del discorso (P-based) e quello basato sulle dipendenze sintattiche (S-based) per ar-rivare a una visione integrata e unitaria del potenziale combinatorio di un lessem.

SUMMARY. The Parsing Task is among the “historical” tasks of Evalita, and in all editions its main objective has been to define and improve state-of-the-art technologies for parsing Italian. The 2014’s edition of the shared task features several novelties that have mainly to do with the data set and the subtasks. The paper therefore focuses on these two strictly interrelated aspects and presents an overview of the participants systems and results. RIASSUNTO. Il “Parsing Task”, tra i compiti storici di Evalita, in tutte le edizioni ha avuto lo scopo principale di definire ed estendere lo stato dell’arte per l’analisi sin- tattica automatica della lingua italiana. Nell’edizione del 2014 della campagna di valutazione esso si caratterizza per alcune significative novita legate in particolare ai dati utilizzati per l’addestramento e alla sua organizzazione interna. L’articolo si focalizza pertanto su questi due aspetti strettamente interrelati e presenta una panoramica dei sistemi che hanno partecipato e dei risultati raggiunti.

This paper presents the results of an experiment of polysemy alternations induction from a lexicon (Utt and Pad´o, 2011; Frontini et al., 2014), discussing the results and proposing an amendment in the original algorithm.

National audience; In this paper we argue that the account of the notion of complex type based on copredication tests is problematic,because copredication is possible,albeit less frequent, also with expressions which exhibit polysemy due to coercion.We show through a distributional and lexico-syntactic pattern-based corpus analysis that the variability of copredication contexts is the key to distinguish complex types nouns from nouns subject to coercion.

This paper presents the preliminary steps of ongoing research in the field of automatic text simplification. In line with current approaches, we propose here a new annotation scheme specifically conceived to identify the typologies of changes an original sentence undergoes when it is manually simplified. Such a scheme has been tested on a parallel corpus available for Italian, which we have first aligned at sentence level and then annotated with simplification rules.

SUMMARY. This paper describes the CoLing Lab system for the EVALITA 2014 SENTIment POLarity Classification SENTIPOLC) task. Our system is based on a SVM classifier trained on the rich set of lexical, global and twitter-specific features described in these pages. Over all, our system reached a 0.63 weighted F-score on the test set provided by the task organizers. RIASSUNTO. Questo contributo descrive il sistema CoLing Lab sviluppato per il task di SENTIment POLarity Classification (SENTIPOL C) organizzato nel contesto della campagna EVALITA 2014. Il nostro sistema e basato su un classificatore SVM addestrato sulle feature lessicali, globali e specifiche del canale twitter descritte in queste pagine. Il nostro sistema raggiunge uno score di circa 0.63 nel test set fornito dagli organizzatori del task.

CLaSSES (Corpus for Latin Sociolinguistic Studies on Epigraphic textS) is an annotated corpus aimed at (socio)linguistic research on Latin inscriptions. Provided with linguistic, extra- and meta-linguistic features, it can be used to perform quantitative and qualitative variationist analyses on Latin epigraphic texts. In particular, it allows the user to analyze spelling (and possibly phonetic-phonological) variants and to interpret them with reference to the dating, the provenance place, and the type of the texts. This paper presents the first macro-section of CLaSSES, focused on inscriptions of the archaic and early periods (CLaSSES I).

A novel chatbot architecture for the Italian language is presented that is aimed at implementing cognitive under- standing of the query by locating its cor- respondent subgraph in the agent’s KB by means of a graph matching strategy pur- posely devised. The FCG engine is used for producing replies starting from the se- mantic poles extracted from the candidate answers’ subgraphs. The system imple- ments a suitable disambiguation strategy for selecting the correct answer by analyz- ing the commonsense knowledge related to the adverbs in the query that is embed- ded in the lexical constructions of the ad- verbs themselves as a proper set of fea- tures. The whole system is presented, and a complete example is reported throughout the paper.

Radio channels are fighting the final battle against other media. In this paper, we want to analyze how radio channels can exploit social networks to survive in this war. The final goal of the project is to find a strategy that radio commentators can use to propose successful posts in Facebook™. We will analyze a corpus of posts in order to correlate linguistic and stylistic features to the success of the post.

English. Assuming the increased need of language resources encoded with shared representation formats, the paper describes a project for the conversion of the multilingual parallel treebank ParTUT in the de facto standard of the Stanford Dependencies (SD) representation. More specifically, it reports the conversion process, currently implemented as a prototype, into the Universal SD format, more oriented to a cross-linguistic perspective and, therefore, more suitable for the purpose of our resource. Italiano. Considerando la crescente necessita di risorse linguistiche codificate in formati ampiamente condivisi, l’articolo presenta un progetto per la conversione di una risorsa multilingue annotata a livello sintattico nel formato, considerato uno standard de facto, delle Stanford Dependencies (SD). Piu precisamente l’articolo descrive il processo di conversione, di cui e attualmente sviluppato un prototipo, nelle Universal Stanford Dependencies, una versione delle SD maggiormente orientata a una prospettiva inter-linguistica e, per questo, particolarmente adatta agli scopi della nostra risorsa.

The clinical assessment of non-communicative brain damaged patients is extremely difficult and there is a need for paraclinical diagnostic markers of the level of consciousness. In the last few years, progress within neuroimaging has led to a growing body of studies investigating vegetative state and minimally conscious state patients, which can be classified in two main approaches. Active neuroimaging paradigms search for a response to command without requiring a motor response. Passive neuroimaging paradigms investigate spontaneous brain activity and brain responses to external stimuli and aim at identifying neural correlates of consciousness. Other passive paradigms eschew neuroimaging in favour of behavioural markers which reliably distinguish conscious and unconscious conditions in healthy controls. In order to furnish accurate diagnostic criteria, a mechanistic explanation of how the brain gives rise to consciousness seems desirable. Mechanistic and theoretical approaches could also ultimately lead to a unification of passive and active paradigms in a coherent diagnostic approach. In this paper, we survey current passive and active paradigms available for diagnosis of residual consciousness in vegetative state and minimally conscious patients. We then review the current main theories of consciousness and see how they can apply in this context. Finally, we discuss some avenues for future research in this domain

International audience; This paper presents an analysis of a number of problems related to the auspices and the imperium of Roman magistrates and promagistrates. The first part concerns prorogued magistrates and confirms that, despite the lack of the auspicia urbana after the expiration of their annual magistracy, their power outside Rome was still considered valid, since it was founded on the auspices of departure that they had taken within the city during the consulate or the praetorship. Moreover, this fact caused that outside the city no clear hierarchy could exist between a consul and a proconsul, as shown by many examples. Still, some conservative senators would consider these promagistrates as private persons, since they could not act within the limits of the city. The second part examines some cases when the Roman popular assemblies elevated a lesser imperium to a higher degree. Then the validity of the auspices of the so called priuati cum imperio is discussed. These promagistrates too validated their military imperium with an auspication, but this was taken outside the city since they had no power within the pomerium. This analysis leads to refute the statements about the invalidity of the promagisterial auspices contained in two passages of Cicero (div. 2, 77 and nat. deor. 2, 9) and then to reconsider the whole case of the subordination of the proconsul of Africa Cossus Cornelius Lentulus to the auspices of the emperor Augustus in AD 7–8 (IRT 301). This was due to a voluntary act justified by the serious military crisis of those years and not to a permanent lack of the auspices by the proconsuls, as some scholars argue. A final note explores the particular and unprecedented auspical position of Augustus inside the city after 19 BC.