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Текст статьи не публикуется в открытом доступе в соответствии с политикой журнала. This study assesses the comparative sensitivity and possibility of obtaining fast results of various methods of biotesting for several surfactants: Tween 85, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Fairy dishwashing gel, and Mif washing powder. The following test organisms are used for the study: luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum (Beijerinck), preparation of Ecolum luminescent bacteria, unicellular algae Scenedesmus quadricauda (G.M. Smith), infusorian Paramecium caudatum (Ehrenberg), and crustacean Daphnia magna (Straus). It has been revealed that Fairy dishwashing gel possesses the strongest toxicity against the studied test objects. Daphnia and algae are most sensitive to the effects of Fairy and SDS, protozoan and luminescent bacteria are most sensitive to SDS, and Ecolum is most sensitive to Mif washing powder. The tested aquatic organisms and Ecolum are most tolerant to the effect of Tween 85.

In the phase transfer system solid calcium carbonate-acetonitrile, per acetate alpha-D-glucosaminilchloride glycosilate easily deprotoned isatine-3-oximes hydroxyl groups. It was found that the presence in the reaction mixture a catalytic amounts of 15-crown-5 accelerated the process twice. Obtained O-beta-D-glucosaminides were identified with 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Features of synthesized compound's NMR spectra are discussed in comparison with those of another N-acetylglucosamine 1-O-derivatives. The biological activity of the some oximes with different substituents in isatin residuum has been studied in a test of inhibition of bioluminescence of marine luminescent bacteria Photobacterium leiognathi Sh12. The nature of N-substituent of isatin fragment and 5-substituent of isatin main structure is compared with glycosides ability to suppress bacterial luminescence.

Sixteen strains of luminescent bacteria of Vibrio and Photobacterium genera were isolated from water of the Azov and Black seas. Two strains prospective for biotesting were genetically identified as Vibrio fisheri V-9579 and Vibrio fisheri V-9580 according to Russian Industrial Microorganism Collection (VKMP) classification and accepted for depositing. The isolated luminescent strains exhibited high individual sensitivity to oil derived products, heavy metal salts, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and phenol (up to the maximum concentration limit for fishery impoundments). According to EC50, they are ten times more sensitive to heavy metal salts and potassium dichromate and 2–6 times more sensitive to SDS and phenol compared to P. phosphoreum (Cohn) Ford and Escherichia coli C600 (pPLS-5) strains. Using Vibrio fisheri VKMP V-9579 and Vibrio fisheri VKMP V-9580 as biosensors, we have shown their high sensitivity and efficacy to marine ecosystem toxicity assessment.

Growth and emission characteristics of the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum strain KM MGU 331 originating from the White Sea and isolated from the intestine of a bottom-dwelling fish, the European sculpin, Myoxocephalus scorpius, were analyzed. The strain is characterized by a high rate of colony formation and high intensity of light emission on agarized medium at 4° C as well as by highly efficient (5 × 105 quanta s−1 cell−1) and prolonged (over 100 h) light generation upon submerged cultivation at 20°C. The acidic shift of pH in the medium didn’t exceed 0.3 pH units. Effects of temperature, pH, and sodium chloride concentration on emission characteristics of intact photobacterium cells were studied. The optimal temperature for luminescence was found to be 15°C. The maximum luminescence activity was stable in a wide pH range from 7.0 to 9.0. Luminescence occurred within the range of 0.2–3.8% NaCl with the maximum at 2.5%. The results obtained confirm the literature data suggesting that luminescent bacteria adapted to low-temperature conditions possess a highly conjugated system of electron transfer to luciferase.

Quantitative toxicology methods with the use of the enzymic activity of luminescent bacteria and the reproductive function of Tetrahymena pyriformis infusoria as test functions were employed to study the kinetics of the detoxication of model toxicants during photolysis of nitrite and nitrate. The model objects were the para-nitrosodimethylaniline (p-NDA) dye and a 2000-fold diluted solution of black liquor, which is formed during the sulfate boiling of cellulose. It was established that, irrespective of the wavelength of photolyzing UV radiation, be it 220 or 365 nm, the reactive product of NO2− and NO3− photolysis is the hydroxyl radical, which causes a symbatic decrease in the concentration of the toxicant and its toxicity. It was demonstrated that nitrite and nitrate ions can be used as initiators of free radicals during the destructive UV-light-induced purification of wastewater.

The toxicity of a number of commercial pesticides, such as Lontrel, Sencor, Glyphosate, and Hymexazol, as well as Lontrel complexes with Cu, Co, Mn, Mg, Mo, Ni, and Zn, which are present in substantial concentration in the environment, were studies using biotesting methods. The suppression of the enzymic activity of Benekea harvey luminescent bacteria and of the reproductive function of Tetrahymena pyriformis infusoria was studied; the corresponding EC50 values were determined. It was established that the toxicity of these compounds correlates with their ability to form stable complexes with adenosinetriphosphoric acid (characterized by the complexation constant), a process that make multicellular organisms energy deficient.

Computational coefficients for estimating the effectiveness of bioluminescence expression in natural luminescent bacteria Photobacterium leiognathi 54 and transgenic strain E. coli Z905/pPHL7 bearing lux-operon in a multicopy plasmid are suggested and their use at molecular, cell, and population levels was considered. It was shown that at the population level, all transgenic variants have an advantage over natural variants of P. leiognathi 54 irrespective of the type of lux-operon regulation. At the cell level, the effectiveness of bioluminescence expression in the bright and dim variants of the transgenic strain increased by several orders. At the level of one lux-operon, the effectiveness of expression in the bright variant of the transgenic strain is substantially higher than in the natural bright variant; in dim variants, the efficiency values are similar; the effectiveness of bioluminescence expression in the dark variant of E. coli Z905-2/pPHL7 is by two orders of magnitude lower than in the dark variant of P. leiognathi 54.

The ability of marine luminescent bacteria to synthesize polyesters of hydroxycarboxylic acids (polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA) as reserve macromolecules was studied. Twenty strains from the collection of the luminescent bacteria CCIBSO (WDCM839) of the Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, assigned to different taxa (Photobacterium leiognathi, Ph. phosphoreum, Vibrio harveyi, and V. fischeri) were analyzed. The most productive strains were identified, and the conditions ensuring high polymer yields in batch culture (40–70% of the cell dry mass weight) were determined. The capacity for synthesizing two-and three-component polymers containing hydroxybutyric acid as the main monomer and hydroxyvaleric and hydroxyhexanoic acids was revealed in Ph. leiognathi and V. harveyi strains. The results allow luminescent microorganisms to be regarded as new producers of multicomponent polyhydroxyalkanoates.

Manifestation of pleiotropic effects in the isogenic variants of the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi 54 was investigated. The decrease or increase of the expression level of bioluminescence was caused by changes in lux operon regulation. The dynamics of the bioluminescence of dark and dim variants did not differ from the dynamics of the initial luminescent variant, but dependence of the level of luminescence intensity on the exogenous autoinducer of the lux operon was revealed. The investigated variants of P. leiognathi 54 inherited fairly stable morphological characteristics, colony architectonics, level of luminescence, and activity of some enzymes; variants with reduced bioluminescence formed colonies of the S type. Stable bright variants with S-and R-type colonies appeared both in the initial strain population and in the dark variant population, but with smaller frequency. Populations of the bright variant with R-type colonies were most heterogeneous; this can be determined by the lack of glucose repression of the bioluminescence in contrast to other investigated inherited variants of P. leiognathi.