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Objective/context: This paper aims to explore the links that some recent Argentine presidencies (Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Mauricio Macri and Alberto Fernández) maintained with the Russian Federation. Methodology: It will initially dwell into the longstanding tradition of pacifism which characterizes Argentine foreign policy, and then proceed to register the strategy of its most recent federal administrations regarding their international outlooks and its ties with Russia. Its strategy regarding the war in Ukraine will be inscribed within that broader diplomatic framework and tradition. It will then introduce the concept ‘geopolitical vaccinationalism’ into this scenario, making connections between purely public health issues, originated after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and foreign policy postures and decisions that are not necessarily related to them. In this section, the strategies of some recent Argentine administrations regarding the purchase of COVID-19 vaccines to be administered to its population will also be covered. Finally, in the last section of the paper, the issue of the increased rate of pregnant Russian women coming to Argentina to give birth will also be tackled. Conclusions/originality: This situation, prompted by the Russian-Ukraine Conflict, increased the strains between Presidents Alberto Fernández and Vladimir Putin, while also presenting risks in regard to the international standing of Argentina and the seriousness with which its passport is being regarded by foreign governments.

This paper addresses the linguistics column that Juan B. Selva published in the pedagogical journal La Obra between 1923 and 1927, with the aim of examining both the criteria of authority regarding linguistic knowledge, as well as the ideological assessments and attitudes expressed by the author in relation to the linguistic phenomena he describes. The analysis of the column (which was published in a context in which Argentina was witnessing the institutionalization of linguistics and the expansion of debates on language in the press) allows us to corroborate the centrality of normative issues, a characteristic feature of the genre. However, it also reveals the emergence of a discourse that rejects prescriptive positions and, instead, seeks scientific explanations for the linguistic phenomena it records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes, from a glotopolitical perspective, the establishment and functioning of a Spanish-Putonghua bilingual public school in the city of Buenos Aires. This institution and its implementation demonstrate a concern for the educational inclusion of Chinese migrants and their descendants, as well as for the preservation and learning of the immigration language. Throughout this article, we will show how Putonghua is constructed both as a language of instruction and as an "object language" in legal regulations, classes, and in the speeches of officials. We argue that the motivation underlying the creation of this school is the increasing importance that Putonghua has gained globally in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elderly are part of a society defined by technology acceleration, communication and information. These transformations happen at a rapid pace, making a big impact in the life of senior citizens. Our premise is to consider older people as active subjects in full exercise of their rights, to whom digital inclusion is also a part of social inclusion. The objective of this paper is, on the one hand, to carry out a content analysis of the policies implemented in Argentina regarding digital inclusion, including: level of coverage and survey of possible existing gaps. On the other hand, data from a national survey on access to resources and use of information and communication technologies by the elderly are analyzed. The conclusions show that there are significant gaps in both access to resources and frequency of use. Regarding national public policies on the subject, we observed that the pandemic showed that there was no strategic plan for the achievement of a policy of inclusion of the elderly in the new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instead staying limited to an 'originary' or 'primitive' stage, accumulation by dispossession and its diverse ways of labour super exploitation constitute a permanent and important force of the historic geography of capital. Considering such premise, this paper analyses the course of the practices of semi-slavery, violence, fraud, labour superexploitation and cutting and seizure of rights suffered by the yerba mate harvesters of the provinces of Misiones and Corrientes (Argentina) from the middle of the XIX Century to nowadays. In order to do this, five categories of analysis were considered: the regimes of recruitment, precarization and discipline of the workforce, which are linked with the loss and violation of workers' rights; the intensity and duration of the labour workday; wages and frauds; child labour and the dispossession of the right to health; and the state complicity. The results show that the old ways of labour exploitation do not only were initial mechanisms of accumulation of capital at regional scale, but were reorganized to become structural features of a secular pattern where the relations between capital and workforce have been mostly based in looting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a broader research project focused on analyzing rockshelters and shallow caves located in different regions and geological contexts in Argentina. The main goal is to evaluate patterns and peculiarities in the development of their morphologies and stratigraphies from a geoarchaeological perspective. These sites provide restricted environments with particular dynamics that form, evolve, fill up, and collapse in many different ways that need to be studied at a regional scale to interpret the archaeological and taphonomic records they contain. In one same area, these geoforms can be found at different steps of evolution; but the velocity of this change process, as well as their characteristics, are poorly known for different regions of the country. Thus, 24 case studies, located in different areas, are analyzed in this contribution to start evaluating patterns and recurring processes. So far, some interesting regularities have been observed, regarding the sites themselves (morphologies, types, and dimensions) as well as their sedimentary deposits (characteristics and chronologies). The preliminary results obtained, begin to offer useful information for their archaeological and taphonomic interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses competition conditions in the natural gas market in Argentina since the early 90 when the sector was privatized. These reforms aimed to improve efficiency. In order to achieve this goal, assets where privatized, the market was deregulated and competition was promoted. This paper analyses the effects of these reforms on competition conditions in the natural gas market. Concentration indexes show a high degree of concentration both at the national level and at the different basins. Also concentration has not decreased since the privatization process was launched. Finally, this market also presents high sunk costs that create barriers to entry for the entrance of new competitors. Competition conditions are more consistent with the performance of an oligopoly market. The Competition Authority and the Sectorial Regulator should monitor this performance since this market is not as competitive as it was thought when the sector was privatized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on the regulation and institutional development contrasts of planted forests at Northeast, Northwest and New Cuyo regions in Argentina, taking into consideration «traditional» and «extended» environmental sustainability principle parameters. It is important to add that this principle was highly exceeded by other environmental management paradigms, but they are not suitable to be applied to implanted forests regulations in Argentina. Also, it refers to the contribution provided by legal international instruments and regional regulations. One of the most original approaches of this research is that PER indicators (Pressure, Condition and Response) were applied and adjusted to the legal arena. Finally we can state that planted forests regulations focuses on a limited horizon of production maximization, highlighting economic and forests commercial activties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The civil codes of Argentina and Perú are two of the few South American civil laws that, with different legal formulas, recognize on the creditor party a burden or duty of mitigate damages. On this basis, this paper aims to arrive, after a general approach to the duty or burden of mitigate damages in case of breach of contract, to a brief comparative analysis about the regulation that this figure has received in both civil codes, dealing with matters related not only to the structure and content of rules concerning this duty, but also to the juridical nature and foundations of the mitigation. All in order to stablish the existing similarities and differences between rules that incorporate the duty to mitigate damages in the civil codes of Argentina and Perú, the possibility of finding a common juridical foundation to both legislations, and the incidence of such a foundation in the interpretative scope of the rules mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the causes and antecedents that have contributed to the fact that, in Argentina, the office of Ombudsman remains vacant. Likewise, the normative origins of the organ are reviewed, in order to understand its value and democratic mission. In the ruling entitled Center for Studies for the Promotion of Equality and Solidarity and Others and the Ministry of Energy and Mining under Collective Protection (Centro de Estudios para la Promoción de la Igualdad y la Solidaridad y otros c/ Ministerio de Energía y Minería s/ amparo colectivo), issued on August 18, 2016, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation exhorted the Congress of the Nation to appoint an Ombudsman in accordance with the provisions conferred on it by article 86 of the National Constitution. The Court's decision exposed a long-standing legal problem: the absence of an Ombudsman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the gender pattern of Peruvian migration to Spain and Argentina. The author compares the different contexts that migrants face in both countries and the possibilities that are offered to migrant women in terms of jobs and social mobility. The author also analyzes how these opportunities are reflected in the expectations of Peruvian women to support their families in Peru and to be able to bring them to Spain and Argentina in the long run. Additionally, she explores how migrants design strategies to achieve these expectations through a mind-set (imaginario) where migration is represented as a global hierarchical network and migration targets. The questions underlying this research include the following: who are the women that migrate to these two countries? What type of social network do they use to migrate and how do they migrate? Which are the strategies they develop to support themselves and insert themselves in the labor market of Spain and Argentina? Which are the similarities and the differences observed between Peruvian migration to Spain and Argentina, and which are the economic and social opportunities they encounter as migrants? The data on which this paper is based -the migration experiences of three Peruvian women in each country- was gathered through field work which was carried out in Spain, in 1997, and in Argentina, in 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The civil codes of Argentina and Perú are two of the few South American civil laws that, with different legal formulas, recognize on the creditor party a burden or duty of mitigate damages. On this basis, this paper aims to arrive, after a general approach to the duty or burden of mitigate damages in case of breach of contract, to a brief comparative analysis about the regulation that this figure has received in both civil codes, dealing with matters related not only to the structure and content of rules concerning this duty, but also to the juridical nature and foundations of the mitigation. All in order to stablish the existing similarities and differences between rules that incorporate the duty to mitigate damages in the civil codes of Argentina and Perú, the possibility of finding a common juridical foundation to both legislations, and the incidence of such a foundation in the interpretative scope of the rules mentioned.

This paper is focused on the regulation and institutional development contrasts of planted forests at Northeast, Northwest and New Cuyo regions in Argentina, taking into consideration «traditional» and «extended» environmental sustainability principle parameters. It is important to add that this principle was highly exceeded by other environmental management paradigms, but they are not suitable to be applied to implanted forests regulations in Argentina. Also, it refers to the contribution provided by legal international instruments and regional regulations. One of the most original approaches of this research is that PER indicators (Pressure, Condition and Response) were applied and adjusted to the legal arena. Finally we can state that planted forests regulations focuses on a limited horizon of production maximization, highlighting economic and forests commercial activties.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the causes and antecedents that have contributed to the fact that, in Argentina, the office of Ombudsman remains vacant. Likewise, the normative origins of the organ are reviewed, in order to understand its value and democratic mission. In the ruling entitled Center for Studies for the Promotion of Equality and Solidarity and Others and the Ministry of Energy and Mining under Collective Protection (Centro de Estudios para la Promoción de la Igualdad y la Solidaridad y otros c/ Ministerio de Energía y Minería s/ amparo colectivo), issued on August 18, 2016, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation exhorted the Congress of the Nation to appoint an Ombudsman in accordance with the provisions conferred on it by article 86 of the National Constitution. The Court’s decision exposed a long-standing legal problem: the absence of an Ombudsman.

El propósito de este texto es describir y analizar dos estrategias del denominado «turismo cultural», una relacionada con la nación argentina y la otra, con la ciudad de Buenos Aires. En este sentido, se trata de reflexionar críticamente acerca de la categoría «turismo cultural» considerando, por un lado, la relación cultura-turismo (Secretaría de Cultura y Secretaria de Turismo de la Nación) en lo que fuera la etapa de la Alianza, así como la relación turismo-devaluación en el último año; y, por el otro, su contracara, la redefinida «política de lugares» que el gobierno de la ciudad de Buenos Aires ha venido desarrollando. A partir del análisis de estas dos estrategias, interesa observar la construcción de mapas que, a pesar de ser diferentes, tienen como referente el «turismo cultural» y son una apuesta fuertemente basada en la cultura y en recursos como el patrimonio y las actividades relacionadas con la «alta cultura» y la «territorialización de la cultura». Con eje en la «naturalización» ce itinerarios y circuitos preexistentes, se promueven estereotipos, al mismo tiempo que se procura la consolidación de identidades «positivas» que contribuyan a la mejor venta del país y la ciudad. Por tanto, interesa reflexionar acerca del lugar del turismo en contextos en que las políticas continúan centrándose en la relevancia del campo de la cultura. Asimismo, es nuestro objetivo analizar el papel del turismo en escenarios de coyuntura de «crisis», en la medida en que el mismo es resignificado en tomo a la constitución de relaciones netamente comerciales con la sociedad receptora, haciendo caso omiso a la existencia de «territorialidades de conflicto» o bien de «externalidades negativas» y colocando al turista en situación de «extranjeridad exótica» frente a ciudadanos que se debaten entre tensiones propias del país y de la ciudad. En este sentido, ¿cómo es posible forjar políticas/planes de «turismo cultural» cuando las «estéticas de la autenticidad» (Géraud 2002) son las «estéticas del conflicto»? ¿Es posible relacionar políticas de la cultura con políticas de turismo -tal como fuera ideado por el gobierno de la Alianza? ¿Cómo recrear «turismo cultural» en épocas en que la devaluación de la moneda es el mayor atractivo «cultura» del país y la ciudad? The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse two strategies of «cultural tourism» related to (1) the Argentinian nation and (2) the city of Buenos Aires. In this sense, I intend to critically reflexionate on the term «cultural tourism» in connection to culture tourism and the relation between tourism-devaluation of the last year and its other side «politics of places» that the Buenos Aires City Government has been putting into effect. From the analyses of these two strategies, I draw different maps that have as common reference «cultural tourism», but they are a bet strongly based on culture and other resources such as patrimony and activities related to «high culture» and «culture territorialization». Based on the itinerary «naturalization» and pre-existent circuits there is stereotype promotion as well as the consolidation of «positive» identities that con tribute to the better selling of the country and the city. Another objective is to analyse the role of tourism in scenarios of «crisis» in the way it is linked to marketing relations with the receptive society, without paying attention to the «conflicting territories» or the «negative externalities», leaving the tourist as an «exotic externality» in front of people worried of the political tensions of the country and of the city. How is it possible to design policies/plans of «cultural tourism» when the «authenticity aesthetics» are the «aesthetics of conflict»? Is it possible to relate cultural policies with tourism policies? How to recreate «cultural tourism» in times when the currency devaluation is the greatest «cultural» attractive of Argentina?

El delta del Paraná conforma una unidad diferenciada de su entorno: la selva de rivera. Sufre periódicas inundaciones como consecuencia del desborde de los ríos o por la sudestada que provoca el ingreso de las aguas del Río de la Plata en dirección contraria a su escorrentía natural. El sector interno de las islas presenta una capa freática cercana a la superficie y el perfil de los suelos es una sucesión de capas de diferente espesor y granulometría. En cambio en las partes altas se ha desarrollado un horizonte superficial, característico de los molisoles. Actualmente el principal destino de los suelos es forestal o ganadería extensiva estacional pero, es posible que en un futuro, debido a la creciente demanda de alimentos sean acondicionadas para fines agrícolas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es el de analizar las principales limitaciones de los suelos' presentes en el delta argentino y cartografiarlos a escala 1:500000 a nivel de unidad cartográfica. Las limitantes estudiadas fueron la textura superficial y subsuperficial, salinidad, alcalinidad, drenaje y peligro de anegamiento. Se utilizaron los datos presentes en la cartografía de suelos a escala 1:500000 y l: 200000. The Delta of Parana conforms a different unit of its surrounding environment : the shore jungle. It's a zone characterized by several and frecuent inundations as consequence of rivers overflow or by south east wind which causes the Río de la Plata water to enter in opposite direction to its natural flow. The islands internal area presents a phreatic layer near the surface and the si de view soils have several layers of different thickness and granulometric types. Otherwise, a shallow soil horizon has developed at high sectors, mainly characterized by mollisels. At present, main land use is forestry or livestock, but in the future it's posible to prepare the soil for agricultúral purposes, because of food demand m crease. The objetive of this paper is to analize the main limitations of present soils in the Argentinian delta and map them with 1:500000 scale as a cartographic unit. Studied limitations were: surface and undersurface texture, alkalinity, salinity, drainage and overflowing. Present data were used in soils cartography with scale 1:500000 and 1:200000.

Este artículo examina el patrón de género de la emigración peruana hacia España y Argentina. Compara los distintos contextos de recepción en ambos países y las posibilidades que ofrecen a las mujeres como inmigrantes para conseguir trabajo y movilidad social; analiza también cómo estas posibilidades se reflejan en las expectativas que las mujeres tienen de sostener a sus familiares en el Perú y de, a largo plazo, traerlas y crear nuevas vidas para ellos en España y Argentina. Además, explora cómo los migrantes diseñan estrategias para lograr estas expectativas dentro de un imaginario que representa la emigración como una jerarquía global de conexiones y blancos migratorios. Las preguntas de investigación son las siguientes: ¿quiénes son las mujeres que migran a estos dos países?, ¿qué tipos de redes sociales utilizan para emigrar y cómo llegan?, ¿cuáles son las estrategias de sostenimiento y cómo se insertan los peruanos en el mercado de trabajo en España y Argentina?, ¿cuáles son las similitudes y diferencias entre la emigración peruana hacia España y Argentina, y cuáles las posibilidades económicas y sociales que les ofrecen a los peruanos como inmigrantes? Los datos presentados han sido recogidos a través de trabajo de campo en España, en 1997, y Argentina, en 2000, y consisten en las historias migratorias relatadas por tres mujeres peruanas en cada país. --- This article studies the gender pattern of Peruvian migration to Spain and Argentina. The author compares the different contexts that migrants face in both countries and the possibilities that are offered to migrant women in terms of jobs and social mobility. The author also analyzes how these opportunities are reflected in the expectations of Peruvian women to support their families in Peru and to be able to bring them to Spain and Argentina in the long run. Additionally, she explores how migrants design strategies to achieve these expectations through a mind-set (imaginario) where migration is represented as a global hierarchical network and migration targets. The questions underlying this research include the following: who are the women that migrate to these two countries? What type of social network do they use to migrate and how do they migrate? Which are the strategies they develop to support themselves and insert themselves in the labor market of Spain and Argentina? Which are the similarities and the differences observed between Peruvian migration to Spain and Argentina, and which are the economic and social opportunities they encounter as migrants? The data on which this paper is based —the migration experiences of three Peruvian women in each country— was gathered through field work which was carried out in Spain, in 1997, and in Argentina, in 2000.