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This study inquiries into the evolution of the concept of Security in the Chilean Defense White Papers published in 1997, 2002 and 2010. This work consists of a conceptual critical analysis of the texts in a comparative perspective. It focuses on five variables: definition of Security; definition of Defense; referent object; sectors of Security; definition of Threat. The results bring into light a process to narrow the reach of the military instrument; an increasing political interest to separate Security from Defense; an inorganic intend to incorporate Human security; and the displacement of Threat as an articulating axis of Defense planning. As a main conclusion, the concept of security evolves significantly according to the Chilean Defense White Papers. The relevance of this issue rests upon the fact that the conceptualization of security delineates the employment of the instruments of defense. The contribution of the study consists of disaggregating the evolution of the concept of Security to further understand the political modifications to the parameters of action of the military instrument in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a set of profiles of women written by Marta Brunet for the Chilean magazine Ecran between 1935 and 1936, published in her column "Alrededor de una mujer" (Around a Woman). This column was an important space for the divulgation and appraisal of artistic and intellectual activities of Latin American women of the period. The profiles are analyzed considering the medium in which they circulated. In this sense, I maintain that, unlike the female models that Ecran publicized on its pages, in Brunet s column the qualities of modern women were highlighted, with trajectories where work, travel and self-training were decisive for carrying out a personal and original project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to justice is one of the main problems faced by consumers in the 21st century. In this sense, this paper analyzes the consumer's position in the face of new technologies and their access to justice. In addition, through a comparative approach, it studies the one-stop shop model existing in Europe and its possible implementation in Chile. Finally, an analysis is offered on the use of new technologies in the legal process and how they can improve access to justice for the consumer. In this way, it identifies the existing progress in Chile in this area, as well as the need to improve the consumer's position in relation to new technologies and how they can reduce barriers to access to justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Te Ckunza of the Lickan Antai people inhabiting Chile, Bolivia and Argentina has been declared extinct. However, it is argued that reconstructing the elements of the grammar could facilitate its revitalization. Tis paper seeks to account for these elements in the ckunza of San Pedro de Atacama. To this end, a review of the phonetic, phonological, lexical, semantic, morphological and syntactic elements of the Amerindian language will be provided. Tis analysis also informs about the agglutinative characteristic of Ckunza. Te corpus of this research comes from the samples collected by the pioneers in its study. Te aim of this review is to show the grammar of Ckunza, since its reconstitution will provide the rules that will allow the creation of new sentences that will contribute to its revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains why Chile's foreign policy, since the return to democracy in 1990, maintained and deepened the economicist character established during the authoritarian predecessor regime. It is argued that, in addition to structural factors linked to globalization, neoliberalism and interdependence, there are domestic elements linked to the transition and its political dynamics that had an impact on the actors that shaped it. Despite being a case study, the article emphasizes the general debate on the mutual constitution between agents and structures to explain foreign policy, considering the role of the actors in a framework of external and domestic transformations. To this end, the case of former members of the Joint Study Program on Latin American International Relations (RIAL), academics who, after the return to democracy, assumed political positions, is analyzed. The renewal of the ideas of these actors, who assumed the new international practices and accepted the domestic political dynamics, contributed to the continuity of the economic pragmatism of foreign policy initiated by the dictatorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how social networks allow that migrants and their transnational families may control when and how communicate in order to keep in contact in real time with their homeland communities, as well as preserving their traditions and practices. This way, they keep a copresentiality (Baldassar, 2016). This work is conducted under a qualitative methodology including dyadic interviews to twenty subjects from different Colombian families who experienced that one of their family members went to Chile. The results show noticeably that WhatsApp is the most frequently used social network due to its assorted features for getting connected both synchronically and diachronically. The subjects reported an increase in the feeling of distancing and separation despite the digitally-enabled closeness. The evidence also shows some efforts by the migrants to maintain their roles as a mother, a brother or a son thanks to the use of social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the support of international organizations and think tanks, the Managerialism have gradually been installed as a unique technical rationality to think about organizing in Latin America, silencing other ways of doing organization. Chile has been an emblematic case. It is from this place that this paper aims to show how, despite the violence with which this model is imposed, practices that show other ways of building a life together persist. Through data produced in the Chilean school system, it is exposed how other practices emerge in the interstices. Practices that show other ways of organizing, based on community, cooperation and solidarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labor inactivity, especially among women belonging to rural populations, is an artificially homogeneous concept in which habitualness and transience coexist. This paper analyzes the inactivity in the rural women and their decision-making routes, how their contributing role is render invisible, and the cultural norm influencing this issue. While taking care of the family is one of the main reasons refraining them from working, a strong presence of potentially active women is reported. This fact accounts for the transience and relevance of the cultural context in the woman's decision-making sphere, reinforced by her educative capital, her partner and her age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show the adaptation and validation process of the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale questionnaire (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk, 2001) in a sample selection of 544 Chilean teachers. This was done using the back translation procedure. For construct validity, the exploratory factor analysis statistic method was applied, which resulted in one additional factor to the three, which were in the original instrument. Secondly, a confirmatory factor analysis was carried out. The latter corroborated the four-dimension solution with appropriate index adjustments. Finally, the internal consistency was analyzed by using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which showed satisfactory rates for each factor and the entire instrument. All these findings support the claim that the adapted version of the questionnaire is valid, reliable and explanatory of the self-efficacy theory for the reality of Chilean teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a participatory action research aiming the empowerment of institutional and community networks in the field of the intervention on youth offenders are presented. This paper focuses the analysis on several dimensions allowing us to have a broader perspective on the advances and challenges faced by intervention programmes on youth offenders. The results show the obstacles faced by these interventors in order to achieve efficiency in the use of resources within these networks. This is due to the fragmentation of public policies targeting these young offenders. It is also due to some barriers related to the inclusion of the community dimension within these programmes and also related to the mechanisms in place in order to provide funding. Some improvements in the understanding and integration of these dimensions by the interventors are also highlighted. Improvements in the continuity and complementarity of the work of these networks in order to increase the integration of the community level within the intervention are also found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper present a review of the development and current state of Chilean psychology. In 1946 formally establishes the formation of psychologists in Chile; in 1959, it made official the Association of Psychologists of Chile and in 1968 the College of Psychologists of Chile was founded. This puts Chile in the first countries in the region in the formal development of the discipline. Currently, there are 139 training programs in psychology, taught in 49 universities. Added to that, a growing supply of master’s and doctoral programs in psychology. With regard to the scientific development of the discipline shown a sustained increase in the number of published articles, noting that since 2011 has exceeded 100 items per year, although this production is linked to a few institutions and authors with high prominence. Additionally, a low collaboration between Chilean and Latin American researchers in studies and scientific productivity, despite sharing similar issues and problems observed. Regarding future challenges, it is necessary to increase systems quality assurance in pre and postgraduate courses, as well as the most influential psychologists of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the issue of whether – in line with the Chinese economic approximation to Latin America during the last decade – the region has experienced political changes in terms of countries' foreign policies, shifting their traditional alignment with the positions of the regional hegemon, the United States. Given this general focus, the research project focuses on evaluating a specific issue of global governance: climate change policy. Here I find a marked difference between the Chinese and the US position, constituting two opposing poles between which Latin American countries must operate. I consider the cases of two countries, Brazil and Chile, in terms of their discursive location between China and the United States on global climate change policy. I was able to identify discursive changes throughout the decade that suggest a political alignment of the two Latin American countries with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design and initial validation of ECLIS, a School Social Climate Scale. This scale is a useful tool for evaluation of the main variables reported by research and the authors of the school social climate. Conceptual framework, basic psychometric characteristic and results of the experimental application in different samples of Chilean school students are reported. Criteria for analysis and interpretation of scores are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context of territorial expansion of the capital, the paper deals with the persistence of peasant farmers in northern Patagonia by developing various adaptive strategies as a form of resistance to expulsion. Changes are examined not only in households but also in the areas of life and work of those who call themselves breeding producers "crianceros" in two regions of extensive herd-oriented export of wool and hair, mohair. The cases show that the territorial expansion of capital involves social dynamics that go beyond production and institutional transformations; they show increase of multi activity in peasant households. Spatial mobility due to production and labor is more complex, and also generates changes in other levels of rurality, in rural habitat, and the enlarge of rural towns. These social settings lead to rethinking territory and understand the changes and continuities from and between the positions of the actors that contribute to maintain or transform the structure of social space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occasionally a week, an afternoon, a single moment may crystallise a traumatic event which has carried explosive potential for decades. At such still points shifting polarities may stabilise, if briefly. Old foes may unite, old friendships fracture. By the end of such a day, though, it will be apparent that something momentous has occurred from which there can be no retreat. This paper considers such an event, which should remain here occurred in Santiago de Chile, on December 10, 2007. That day, the infamous torture and extermination centre known as Londres 38 was for the first time opened to the public. But by the end of that day, much more had been exposed than the echoing and empty rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as it is happening in different parts of the world, the University of Talca (Chile) is implementing a curricular model targeted at the development of competences that involves all the careers offered by the institution. This has naturally implied in redesigning all the careers' curricular plans in accordance with the new paradigm. Along those lines, the current work proposes a model for university schools whose curricular plans are aimed at the development of competences. For these institutions, the model is pertinent in as much as it implies both technology and management aspects. Thus, after reviewing the literature on the concept of competence and on the philosophy that inspired the curricular orientation treated here, the paper concludes that the central aspect of the developed model is the fact that it "witnesses" what goes on in the environment where the school and the labor and social markets perform. Such attribute is attained by referring the school's mission, vision and central goal to the labor market that it wishes to supply, and to the educational market it intends to attract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the research of case law related to the application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, this article analyses what was held by a court of first instance, a court of appeals and the Supreme Court of Chile, in the case Industrias Magromer Cueros y Pieles S.A. v. Sociedad Agricola Sacor Limitada, the first one discussed by Chilean Courts regarding the possible application of the abovementioned Convention. It studies the arguments and conclusions reached by the Chilean courts concerning the possible tacit exclusion of the Convention whenever it has not been claimed in the lawsuit, as well as the possibility to directly claim compensation for damages caused by breach of contract. It is shown that the Convention on the International Sale of Goods was, in fact, the applicable law for the contract subject of dispute, despite the fact that it was not called upon in the suit. Moreover, fully applying it, the plaintiff had the right to directly ask for compensation for breach, with no need to claim neither for specific performance nor for the resolution of the contract. This paper based on a comparative study of foreign case law in application of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper compares the past 25 years of evolution in Colombian and Chilean higher education, with a view to establishing tendencies. and development perspectives. University education normative themes were used from both countries because, to a certain degree, they are an indication of the evolution of higher education systems, characterized by the proliferation of institutions, increased coverage, and diversification in the variety or types of higher education institutions. Financing and the level of investigation are also examined. There leads on to an evaluation of the perspectives of change, especially related to the self-evaluation and accreditation processes being implemented by higher education institutions. The conclusions highlight some common points that could be used a starting point by future investigations of this phenomenon in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]