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Thie main objective of this paper is the conceptual study and characterization of slow journalism from an academic and professional perspective. As a methodological process, a total of 76 files have been analyzed, of which 58 correspond to publications of authors from the academic world and 18 to journalism professionals. Thie publications come from the academic world on information and journalistic quality, on digital journalism and narrative journalism, as emerging journalistic routines with potential and creative dynamics in the media sector. Thie other part of the analysis corresponds to 18 professional journalism experts. Among the most outstanding results is the preeminence of the academic world when it comes to studying the phenomenon, given that among those who practice journalism there is less production of works in this regard compared to those coming from the university environment. Also in academia there is a greater profusion of denominations to refer to the phenomenon in Spanish, although both in academia and in the journalistic profession itself the most commonly used term is the Anglo-Saxon term slow journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade there have been several debates about the relevance of online news comments. While some question the hate speech that is verified in these spaces, others highlight the possibility of exchanging opinions. This paper proposes a methodological tool to measure the quality of online news comments, using a sample of 300 comments on highly visible websites in Portugal (Público; Sapo), Spain (El País; 20 Minutos) and Brazil (UOL; Folha S. Paulo). The results determine that commentators tend to use a little personal argumentation (82.3%), although relevant to the discussion in question (60.3%), with few grammatical errors (14.7%) or aggressive interventions (31.7%). Following the Online Comment Policy Evaluation Model (Known in Spanish as MPONC), it is concluded that websites with quality comment moderation systems attract more relevant and timely interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the adaptation and validation of the Identity Leadership Inventory (ILI) in a Spanish organizational context. In addition, this study empirically explores the positive relationship between identity leadership and followers' work engagement as mediated by positive and negative job-related affect. A total of 854 employees from different organizations (53.6% female, 46.4% male; M = 40.7 years, SD = 11.5, 19-74) completed an online questionnaire. Descriptive analyses, as well as confirmatory factor analyses, were conducted. According to our results, the Spanish version of the ILI had adequate psychometric properties. The four dimensions obtained in other countries (i.e., identity prototypicality, identity advancement, identity entrepreneurship, and identity impresarioship) were replicated in our sample. Moreover, we found that only identity entrepreneurship significantly related to followers' positive and negative affect at work, which in turn, related to reported work engagement. We conclude that the Spanish version of the ILI adequately measures identity leadership in organizations. Future studies can build on this instrument to assess and foster identity leadership among supervisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that soccer is a highly political sport and places itself in the crosshairs of capital questions such as membership and identity, the goal of the present article is to analyze how the discourse of Spanish identity is constructed in the sports press. To that purpose, the author conduct an exhaustive content analysis focused on the four main daily sports papers with the highest print run and circulation in Spain. Specifically, it studies the information published about the Spanish team during its participation in the 2006 World Cup in Germany. The article focuses on the role that the sports media currently plays as active agents of ideological transmission of a banal nationalism, and points out the differences that this media process of constructing a Spanish nationality shows compared to non-democratic periods. The article also highlights the existing discrepancies between the ways in which this identity is formed in the sports papers edited in Madrid (centralist) and the ones edited in Barcelona (autonomist). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychometric properties of the Security in the Family System scale (SIFS) (Davies & Forman, 2005) are analyzed in this paper. SIFS measures children's perceived security in the family system grounded on Emotional Security theory (Cummings & Davies, 2010). Particpants were 845 Spanish adolescents and youth, 180 of whom were institutionalized (mean age 15.67 years) while 665 lived with their families (mean age 14.9 years). Confirmatory factor analyses and configural, metric,scalar and strict invariance analyses were performed. Results showed that the instrument is adequate to evaluate Spanish adolescents' and youth's security in the family whether they live with their families or they are institutionalized. The three dimensions predicted by the theory were identified (security, preoccupation and disengagement) with a good internal consistency and comparable punctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homonationalism is a conceptual framework that allows to understand how the struggle for LGTB rights is being assimilated by national exceptionalism in order to constitute a geopolitical colonial differentiation. It builds equivalences between homosexual and national subject positions that allows the differentiation of subject positions and populations within the country and between countries, justifying policies based on the differentiation of human rights development. This phenomenon has been applied to the US and its theoretical development is being spreading throughout the world. In light of recent developments both in terms of national identity and LGTB legal rights, Catalonia could be susceptible of an exceptionalism that could lead to homonationalist discourses. This paper explores the homonationalist discourse in Catalonia using narratives from LGTBI activists. Participants identify a homonationalist discourse and recognise the presence of homo-normativity questioned by the activist. Nevertheless, a homonationalist geopolitical hierarchy is not appreciated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines psychiatric diagnosis-making within biomedicine, as studies in this field, especially empirical ones, have attracted little attention throughout the scientific world. The widely accepted assertion, that diagnosis is the result of clinical judgement, will be discussed. Through analysis of a case study conducted in a Barcelona hospital, it will be suggested that psychiatric diagnosis is not only the result of clinical assessment, but also of psychotropic drugs translation. Drawing on actor-network theory and the notion of boundary objects established by Star and Griesemer (1989), it is therefore proposed that psychotropic drugs are boundary objects which act as central mediators in knowledge management, setting up the semiotic-material assemblage of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to debate the dynamics existing between users of and trainers in a home care course for illegal immigrants in Barcelona. The analysis of these dynamics reveals the ambivalence of the help and support devices used by immigrants. These devices expose distant and top-down social positions (Spanish citizen /immigrant-foreigner), as well as alliances between users and trainers based on their shared identification as "employees" vis-à-vis the "lady of the house". Our analysis also reveals the importance of care work for the reproduction of life and also the lack of social recognition, low pay and poor legal coverage this type of job gets in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the social integration process of children of immigrants from Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe in Almería (Spain). We study the social integration process in the following dimensions: socioeconomic, mixed relationships, cultural references, norms (rules of conduct), transnationality and psychosocial factors. Data were obtained by the administration of a questionnaire. The results show that the origin is a key variable in defining the social integration process. Furthermore there are other important variablesthat affect the integration process of immigrants, such as human capital, the (social) environment or religious patterns. Taking into account the variety of elements involved in the integration of immigrants in Almeria, we would speak of integration as a fragmented process which doesn´t reflect any linear logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the origin of modern scientific childcare as a practice of subjectivation. From this point of view, we analyse the parenting or childrearing technologies which are proposed in a sample of 23 Spanish and Latin American early childcare handbooks published between 1898 and 1939. These technologies of subjectivation should be understood as an important element of a process for the construction of subject as a responsible, adapted and self-governing citizen. These technologies should also be understood in the context defined by the biopolitics and the development of eugenics, which helped many authors –most of them doctors– to defend the need to ensure the physical and moral health of nation through a scientific rearing of little children, that is to say, the future citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent literature analyses the role of territorial specificities, as the core of territorial rural development strategies based on differentiation. Unfortunately, the proliferation of quality assurance schemes is provoking a "labyrinth of labels" which diffuses the local efforts for capitalizing rural specificities. A second-generation of labels is currently being developed to simplify the territorial differentiation message. A number of territories in Southern Europe are basing their rural development strategies joining the so-called European Territorial Quality Mark ( E T Q M ) Project. This paper proposes an original methodology, designed and developed by authors, for the evaluation of some of these second-generation labels. This methodology has been validated in i5 rural territories as the pioneers of the E T Q M in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of parties to donate is studied, and particular reference is made to the Spanish and Colombian legislations. With regard to the European legislation, and although the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) has dedicated the title H of Book IV to the "contracts for the donation of goods", it is argued that it does noy contain any specific rule on the ability to be a donor or donee. In the laws studied, regarding the donor, the paper stresses the need for the free disposal of the goods and, as to the donee, the ability to accept conditional or onerous donation. More over, it analyzes what happens to the donations made to legally incapable persons and reference is made to donations made to unborn children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an exposition about the theory of justice of Fernando Vázquez (1512-1569). In particular, is a study of the nature of ius gentium (or international law), the principle of freedom of the seas and the natural law. Vázquez is one of the main authors of the Spanish Neo-scholastic. Even he is considered as the most important jurist of The Salamanca School. So, I think, the exposition of her doctrines has a special interest, for the historians and philosophers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact online social networks are having nowadays as a marketing tool in the performance of companies is yet to be made clear. Such an impact is being looked into in this paper on the basis of Spanish companies' data. Structural equations being applied to a multi-group are the channel through which an attempt is being made to ind out whether an intensive use of these networks in the marketing ield shall somehow restrain the relationship between dynamic capabilities, market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation, and what is the impact these networks are having on the latter. Survey outcomes show that this intensity somehow makes the relationship between market orientation and performance and entrepreneurial orientation smoother. A strong and determined marketing strategy in social networks could strengthen up these relationships thus enhancing their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the role of the policies that support organic agriculture in the sector promotion, from the case of Andalucia in Spain, the largest in area and number of operators in the country. To do this, in the first place, key policies at regional, national and supranational levels that have potentially affected the supply of the sector are identified. Then, the evolution of the main variables related to it is illustrated (surface, producers, demand, etc...). Based on the foregoing, it is concluded that the existence of a relationship between the aids to organic production and the sectoral development could be presumable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Businesses use their resources and abilities to maximise their efficiency, and the implementation of innovative tactics has become common in recent years. Based on the evaluation of a performance model based on the variables of the Cobb-Douglas production function, the present paper intends to empirically confront the ways in which Spanish agribusinesses and farming companies, particularly the ones located in the Murcia region, can improve their management through their efficiency and their relation to innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to identify the determining factors of the agrarian crisis in Mediterranean Spain and the solutions agricultural cooperatives could provide. The methodology consists of the application of the Delphi Method through a questionnaire presented to experts in 2011. The conclusion of this study is that agricultural cooperatives represent an appropriate formula for facing threats and weaknesses in this sector. Implementing a competitive differentiation strategy based on quality is compatible with strategies to reduce production prices through the concentration of agricultural supply. Strategic alliances have the power to set up strategies aimed at improving professionalisation in management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this paper is to analyse changes in the collective imaginary regarding Spanish rurality from 1940 to the present. For this purpose a historical-sociological methodology was used that allows for the differentiation of three different phases in the evolution of this imaginary. These phases are: 1) conservative mystification of rurality; 2) contempt and disdain for rural life; 3) current tendencies towards the revalorisation of rural areas, which came about simultaneously with growing consideration for rural areas as places for leisure and tourism. The study of these transformations shows that the Spanish collective imaginary on rurality is not intrinsic and indifferent to time and context, but the product of a social construction in constant social and historical change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 19th century Europe, the image of a thermal machine, ruled by thermodynamic laws, became one of the primary metaphors to explain societal operating mechanism. At the end of 19th century, experts in fatigue, nutrition and human motor physiology strove to get a supposedly neutral and objective solution to political and economic conflicts corresponding to industrialized cities, in the quest to maximize productivity while preserving energy within the worker bodies. This paper will explore some of the reforms and social projects in Restoration Spain that were informed by the energetic productivism doctrine. The way this doctrine was based on a new perception of both human body and social body as closely related to a thermodynamic system is highlighted. In turn this point draws attention on the importance of considering other knowledge different to the medical and biological ones to rationalize and manage body and population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between purpose in life and hopelessness in a sample of 302 subjects. Hypothesis declare that booth variables are significant, negative, associated. Purpose In Life Test (PIL; Crumbaugh & Maholick, 1969) and Hopelessness Scale (HS; Beck, Weissman, Lester & Trexler, 1974) are used. Statistical used are Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rho coefficient. Results (r= -0.550, p= 0.000; rs= -0.502, p= 0.000) support hypothesis: purpose in life is negatively associated to hopelessness. High level of purpose in life involve less hopelessness, and existential vacuum is associated to high level of hopelessness, statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish Government's sure bet for e-Government has been one of transparency since the 11/2007 Bill of Citizen's e-access to Public Services was passed on June 22nd. The addition of ict to the relationship between citizens and Administration will, beyond any doubt, bring about changes of paramount importance at all levels; national, regional and local. This paper engages in the analysis of such Bill, and similar initiatives, both national and within the frame of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document studies the configuration of the Denouncer, based on what the author calls in its work as, neighbor legislative panopticism. The Denouncer, is a control mechanism of normative fulfillment designed by the Spanish Crown and the Supreme Council of the Indians, that served as an element of coercion and intimidation within the population, with the purpose of allowing the configuration of the Ordered City in the terms of the Recopilación de Leyes de los Reinos de las Indias (Indies Kingdoms Compilation of Laws). In this paper the author studies the application and obeyance of this compilation, as well as the recognized aphorism "se acata, pero no se cumple" (law is accepted but not fulfilled), in order to propose that the policy of the Denouncer was a control mechanism designed by the colonial authorities. Finally, this article proves that the Denouncer was a person that accepted and fulfills the Indian legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work propounds a thorough analysis of the printed press coverage of the evictions of Barcelona squatters, better known as "okupas", which took place between December 2006 and January 2007. The dailies herein used were: Metro Directe, Diario ADN, 20 MIN Barcelona, and Qué Barcelona in tabloid format. Our interest was stimulated by the frequency with which the problem was approached, by the people who participated —among them the "Mossos d'esquadra" and the Catalonian police force—, by the interest shown by the city's policy makers on housing and cultural issues, as well as by the very popular concern for the squats. We even got in touch with the "okupas" themselves, and visited the Casa Miles de Viviendas, where on November 15, 2006, Universitat Pirata was created, but did not reach the news till February 7, 2007, via the 20 MIN Barcelona paper, with a feature titled "Obren al La Barceloneta una universitat 'okupa'", with the by-line F. CEDÓ. The issue of the "okupas" is part of a bigger problem, that of the use of urban space in a city that claims world status and serves as a customary reference, at least in Europe. We also examine how the printed discourse of the daily free publications gradually constructs a particular topic for a particular public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document addresses Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and the effect they have on the protection of intellectual property agreed between both parties. It examines the specific case of the BIT between Colombia and Spain, analyzing the specific clauses related to the subject. Finally, it concludes that for a country like ours, that is, a developing country (DC), it is more desirable to conduct debate and negotiations related to intellectual property in the international forums of the World Trade Organization (WTO), World Intellectual Property Organization, or even the Andean Community of Nations, rather than through bilateral relations as in the case of investment agreements. However, due to the government's trend toward BITs, this paper also concludes with a series of recommendations for the handling of intellectual property in this context and others to be considered in cases where there are claims by investors whose rights may have been infringed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a discourse analysis of the Civic Ordinance of Barcelona, adopted by the City Hall of Barcelona- Spain in January of 2006, in order to typify and manage behaviour in the public spaces of the city. The textual corpus we used for this analysis is the Ordinance project in its two versions. The Discourse Analysis methodology used in this study has been proposed by different authors in this field (Martín Rojo, 2001; Parker, 1992; Potter & Wetherell, 1987; Van Dijk, 2003; Wetherell, 2001). Results point to the emergence of two kinds of discourses inside the text, as well as the strategies from which both discourses allow the construction of citizens' identities as a new way of governability in the spaces of contemporary European cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the gigantic turn experienced by Francis Xavier: from university student to universal man. He came to the Sorbonne University with the intention of becoming a scholar and to prepare himself for a career, probably an ecclesiastical one, desiring to recover the fame of his name and the honor of his family, humiliated by the defeat and the loss of autonomy of the Kingdom of Navarre. His open-minded character, his brilliant intelligence, his passionate personality gave a strong impulse to his project. Ignatius of Loyola came across his life, who progressively opened his mind to more universal horizons and kindled his heart with the ideal of following Christ through a total identification with him. Xavier directed the whole strength of his being, through the experience of the Exercises, and especially through the meditation of the Eternal King, to the conquest of the most remote, most different, most forgotten peoples for the Gospel. He opened to the Church the cultures of the East and died exhausted by this immense endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) usually have wide cooperation networks. High levels of cooperation facilitate the acquisition of knowledge by clients, suppliers and competitors. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence trust, compromise, knowledge, the management team, and the expected benefits have on three levels of cooperation (suppliers, clients and competitors). The results indicate that whilst expected benefits are the key to moving on to further levels of cooperation, trust is needed. Satistical confirmation of the hypothesis was carried-out using a logistical polytomic regression model, and the data came from 88 SMEs in Murcia, Spain. An additional investigation in other regions, to analyze the interrelation of different forms of IT cooperation in SMEs and large enterprises, could help improve the rigor of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]