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AIM:To observe the different effects of three intervention approaches on related biometric parameters in children diagnosed with latent myopia, and to investigate different control effects on children with latent myopia.METHODS:Prospective cohort concurrent controls trials. A total of 60 cases(120 eyes)of children who were initially diagnosed as latent myopia and untreated previously at ophthalmology clinic of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University from December 2021 to May 2022 were recruited. They were randomly divided into three groups, with 20 cases(40 eyes)in group A treated with 0.01% Atropine eye drops, 20 cases(40 eyes)in group B treated with vision training with a flip chart, and 20 cases(40 eyes)in group C treated with esculin and digitalis glycosides eye drops. They were followed-up for 12 mo, and the spherical equivalent(SE), axial length(AL), corneal curvature(CC), accommodative facility(AF), and macular retinal thickness of the three groups of children were compared at 6 and 12 mo post-intervention.RESULTS:Significant statistical differences were found in AL, SE and AF of the three groups of children at 6 and 12 mo(all P0.05). The retinal thickness of the temporal, nasal, inferior and macular fovea of the outer ring at 6 and 12 mo after intervention in the three groups was significantly different from that at the initial diagnosis(all P0.05).CONCLUSION:When it comes to preventing and controlling myopia, 0.01% Atropine is more effective than flip chart training and esculin and digitalis glycosides eye drops. Therefore, the administration of 0.01% atropine and the implementation of flip chart training can effectively slow down the advancement of latent myopia.

AIM:To evaluate the effect of optical amplification on macular retinal thickness measurements in myopic eyes of children and adolescents using optical coherence tomography(OCT).METHODS:A total of 68 cases(126 eyes)of children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years old attending our optometric center from April 2023 to January 2024 were selected. They were divided into 44 cases(83 eyes)in the mild myopia group(-0.50 D0.05). In the moderate myopia group, the differences between the retinal thickness in each quadrant of the macula and the mean retinal thickness before and after correction were statistically significant(all P0.05). There were significant differences between the two groups in the macular fovea, the nasal side of the inner ring, the temporal side of the inner ring, the upper inner ring, the lower inner ring, the nasal side of the outer ring, and the mean retinal thickness after correction(all P

AIM: To evaluate the relationship of overweight and obesity with retinal and choroidal thickness in adults without ocular symptoms by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). METHODS: According to the body mass index (BMI) results, the adults enrolled in the cross-sectional study were divided into the normal group (18.50≤BMI

AIM: To study retinal microvascular and microstructural alterations in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in severely obese population using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: Twelve MGD patients with severely obese population (PAT group; 24 eyes) and 12 healthy controls (HC group; 24 eyes) were recruited. OCTA images were segmented into five [superior (S), nasal (N), inferior (I), temporal (T), and central foveal (C)] or nine [inner superior (IS), outer superior (OS), inner nasal (IN), outer nasal (ON), inner inferior (II), outer inferior (OI), inner temporal (IT), outer temporal (OT), and C] subregions. The superficial vessel density (SVD), retinal thickness (RT), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters, and retinal volume were measured. RESULTS: Visual acuity was significantly different between two groups (0.8±0.17 in PAT group vs 0.2±0.06 in HC group). SVD was significantly lower in PATs in N, T, OS, IN, OT, and ON. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for T was 0.961 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.908 to 1.000], for OS was 0.962 (95%CI: 0.915 to 1.000). RT was significantly lower in PATs in IS, OS, OI, OT, ON, IT, IN, and II. AUC for OT was 0.935 (95%CI: 0.870 to 0.999), for IS was 0.915 (95% CI: 0.838 to 0.992). Angiography results showed significantly lower area and perimeter of FAZ, SVD of the inner retina and both retinal volume and the average volume thickness in the PAT group. CONCLUSION: Vision may be affected in patients with MGD due to changes in retinal microvessels and microstructures. These changes detected by OCTA may be a potential marker for diagnosing MGD in severe obesity.

AIM: To assess the retinal thickness and fundus blood flow density changes in chest pain patients with dyslipidemia using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: All subjects with chest pain as the main symptom accepted a comprehensive ophthalmological examination. According to the serum lipid levels, the participants were divided into the control group and the dyslipidemia group. The retina thickness and fundus blood flow density were determined using OCTA. RESULTS: The study enrolled 87 left eyes from 87 adults with dyslipidemia and 87 left eyes from age- and sex-matched participants without dyslipidemia. The retina of dyslipidemia subjects was significantly thinner than that of the controls in the inferior (P=0.004 and P=0.014, respectively) and temporal (P=0.015 and P=0.019, respectively) regions, both inner and outer layers. In terms of blood flow density in the macula or optic disk, there was a decreasing trend in the dyslipidemia group compared with the control group, especially in the inferior and temporal regions. CONCLUSION: Dyslipidemia may contribute to the decrease in retinal thickness and fundus blood flow density. Further validation of the association between abnormal lipid metabolism and fundus microcirculation alterations needs to be carried out in chest pain patients.

AIM: To investigate thickness characteristics and vascular plexuses in retinas with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) as an early detection strategy for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: This retrospective study included 24 subjects (33 eyes) with RPD and 25 heathy control subjects (34 eyes). The superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and the deep capillary plexus (DCP) of the retinal posterior poles were investigated with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Retinal thicknesses and vessel densities were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The general retinal thicknesses of RPD eyes were significantly decreased (95%CI -14.080, -0.655; P=0.032). The vessel densities of DCP in RPD eyes were significantly increased in the global (95%CI 1.067, 7.312; P=0.027), parafoveal (95%CI 0.417, 5.241; P=0.022), and perifoveal (95%CI 0.181, 6.842; P=0.039) quadrants. However, the vessel densities of the SCP were rarely increased in the eyes with RPD. CONCLUSION: The thinning of retinas in the RPD group suggests a reduction in the number of cells. Additionally, the increased vessel density of the DCP in retinas with RPD indicates a greater demand for blood supply, possibly due to the hypoxia induced RPD compensation caused by RPD in the outer retina. This study highlights the pathological risks associated with RPD and emphasizes the importance of early intervention to retard the progression of AMD.

AIM: To evaluate temporal retinal thinning changes in retinal layers using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in pediatric X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) patients. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study. SD-OCT scans of pediatric patients diagnosed with XLAS and age- and sex-matched healthy control participants were reviewed. Automated segmentation of SD-OCT scans was induced to analyze the retinal thickness (RT) of different layers. The temporal thinning index (TTI) was calculated for each layer and compared between the patients and the control group. RESULTS: Forty-three pediatric XLAS patients and 60 healthy controls were included. Temporal retinal thinning was present in 33 patients (76.74%), while 28 patients (65.11%) had severe pathological temporal retinal thinning and 5 patients (11.63%) had moderate thinning. The temporal inner sector RT (P

AIM: To investigate the effect of modified Zhujing pill on retinal thickness and apoptosis in form deprivation myopia(FDM)mice.METHODS: Totally 72 C57BL/6J mice aged 3-week-old were randomly divided into control group 1, model group 1, intervention group 1, control group 2, model group 2 and intervention group 2, with 12 mice in each group. The first three groups were tested for 3wk and the last three groups were tested for 6wk, except for the groups of control 1 and control 2, all the mice used translucent goggles to cover their right eyes for form deprivation. The mice of intervention 1 and intervention 2 were respectively given intragastric administration modified Zhujing pill suspension 0.546g/(kg·d)(0.1mL/d)for 3wk at the beginning and after 3wk of the experiment. Same amount of saline was given to mice in other groups at the same time of modeling. The eye axis was measured before and after the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the eye of mice was taken for HE staining to observe the thickness changes of each layer of retina. Immunohistochemistry(IHC)and western blotting(WB)were used to detect Bcl-2 and Caspase3 expression of protein.RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, the axis of model group 1 was significantly higher than that of control group 1(P

Amblyopia is a common eye disease in children. If not corrected and treated in time, it will cause irreversible damage to children's vision, resulting in loss of vision in one or both eyes. The pathogenesis of amblyopia is complex, and the specific pathogenesis is not clear at present, mainly focusing on the central theory and peripheral theory. Traditionally, there was no obvious organic change in the fundus of amblyopia patients. In recent years, optical coherence tomography(OCT)technology has developed rapidly. As a convenient and intuitive ophthalmic examination method, OCT has been increasingly used in retinal examination of amblyopia patients due to its advantages of safety, non-invasive, non-contact and rapid and clear. The abnormal anatomy structures of the amblyopia patients in fundus structure are also gradually been found. Providing some evidence and basis for peripheral theory of pathogenesis of amblyopia, amblyopia examine, postoperative evaluation and prognosis. In this article, the applications of OCT in retinal thickness, choroid thickness and vessel density are reviewed.

AIM: To observe and compare the changes of macular vascular density and retinal thickness in children and adolescents with different degrees using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), then analyze their correlation.METHODS: Our prospective cross-sectional study included 230 eyes of 115 children and adolescents aged 6-18a. According to spherical equivalent power(SE), they were divided into four groups: emmetropia group(32 eyes of 16 cases), mild myopia group(94 eyes of 47 cases), moderate myopia group(68 eyes of 34 cases), and high myopia group(36 eyes of 18 cases). Using RTVue XR scans of the 6mm×6mm region of the macula, the system automatically divided it into three rings: 1mm(fovea)ring, 1mm-3mm(parafovea)ring, and 3mm-6mm(perifovea)ring. And each ring was further divided into four quadrants: temporal(T), superior(S), nasal(N), and inferior(I). Quantitatively analysis was performed for the superficial and deep capillary densities and retinal thickness of each sector.RESULTS: The superficial capillary density in the macula was in turn significantly decreased as in emmetropia(44.4±3.5)%, mild myopia(44.8±3.8)%, moderate myopia(44.3±3.8)%, and high myopia(42.6±4.5)% groups(F=2.963,P=0.033). The superficial capillary density of parafovea's temporal side were(46.1±3.5)%,(46.8±5.1)%,(46.2±4.3)%, and(43.8±5.5)% in the four groups, respectively(F=3.436, P=0.018). Similarly, the deep capillary density of the four groups was(49.9±4.1)%,(48.4±4.7)%,(47.9±5.5)%, and(45.3±4.7)%, respectively(F=4.806, P=0.003). The deep capillary density of the perifovea was(49±4.4)%,(47.2±5.2)%,(46.6±6)%, and(43.6±5.1)% in the 4 groups, respectively(F=5.495, P=0.001). The retinal thickness of the four groups was 293.9±12.9, 295.5±13.0, 290.9±12.0, and 284.5±10.7 μm(F=6.606, P

AIM: To evaluate the effect of topical preoperative nepafenac 0.1% treatment on postoperative macular edema using optical coherence tomography (OCT) after uncomplicated cataract surgery. METHODS: Ninety eyes of 90 patients without any risk factors were included in the study. The patients were assigned to three groups: group 1, treated with topical prednisolone acetate 1%; group 2, treated with topical nepafenac 0.1% in addition to prednisolone acetate (1%); and group 3, those who started receiving nepafenac 0.1% treatment 3d prior to surgery and continued the treatment postoperatively in addition to prednisolone acetate (1%). Central retinal thickness (CRT) and macular volume values were recorded using OCT at weeks 3 and 6. RESULTS: The increases in macular volume in the central 1 mm area after 3 and 6wk were significantly lower in patients who used prophylactic topical nepafenac preoperatively (group 3) compared with those in group 1 (P=0.028 and 0.008, respectively). No significant differences in the increase in macular volume and CRT were noted between groups 2 and 3 (P>0.05). In group 1, the increases in macular volume in the central 3 mm area at weeks 3 and 6 were significantly higher than that in group 2 and 3 (3rd week, P=0.004; 6th week, P=0.005). CONCLUSION: Nepafenac 0.1% treatment in addition to topical steroids after uncomplicated cataract surgery reduce the increase in macular volume in the early postoperative period.

AIM: To quantitatively analyze the macular area blood perfusion and retinal thickness of school-age children in each ametropia group by using OCT angiography technology, in order to evaluate the effect of the changes of refractive state on the macular area blood perfusion and retinal thickness during the growth and development of school-age children.METHODS: In this study, 174 eyes were randomly selected from school-age children who were treated in the ophthalmic clinic from July 2018 to March 2019. The superficial retinal capillary of vessel density(SCPVD), deep retinal capillary of vessel density(DCPVD), central retinal thickness(CRT)and average retinal thickness(ART)were quantitatively analyzed using by OCT angiography technology. Additionally, the correlation between blood vessel density in macular area and retinal thickness was analyzed.RESULTS: After quantitatively analysis, compared with emmetropia group, the SCPVD value of the high myopia group was decreased(PP=0.004). The ART value of high myopia group was decreased(PP>0.05). SCPVD was positively correlated with ART as an independent factor(r=0.274, PCONCLUSION:In the process of refractive development, SCPVD of children with high myopia decreases and ART becomes thinner. Moreover, SCPVD can be an independent factor positively correlated with ART during the whole refractive development. This suggests that the retina of school-age children with high myopia has presented pathological changes.

AIM: To study the differences of binocular vessel density and retinal thickness in patients with anisometropia, including refractive index, axial length, vessel density in 3 mm×3 mm macular area and peripapillary area, nerve fiber thickness of 3mm×3mm macular area. And to study the relationship between axial length and vessel density, as well as retinal thickness, analyze its clinical significance in the occurrence and development of anisometropia.METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 27 patients with anisometropia in our hospital. All the patients received the examinations including binocular diopter, intraocular pressure, axial length, vessel density in 3mm×3mm macular area and peripapillary area, retinal thickness in macular area. SPSS 23.0 and paired t-test was used to analyze and compare the differences. RESULTS: In all 27 patients, the refractive index and axial length of the one with a higher degree were greater than that of the low eye(t=-3.559, 3.083, PP>0.05). In the all patients, the vessel density with a higher degree in the optic disc was higher(t=2.36, P=0.022).The vessel density of eyes with a higher degree in the superior nasal square(SN)was lower(t=-2.154, P=0.036). Refractive state, superficial and deep vessel density of foveal, deep parafoveal vessel density, retinal thinkness of foveal and parafoveal were correlated with the optic axis(r=-0.897, 0.458, 0.446, -0.328, 0.301, -0.397, PCONCLUSION: There was no difference in the superficial and deep vessel density in 3mm×3mm macular area of the Patients with ametropia as well as retinal thickness. The binocular vessel density in the optic disc and the SN square were difference, and there was nodegree eye of refractive error difference in the residual papillary area. The axial length is related to the refractive state, the vessel density in the superficial and deep fovea of the macula, the vessel density in the deep parafovea of the macula, the retinal thickness in the fovea and the parafovea of the macula.

AIM:To analyze the differences of retinal thickness, retinal volume and choroidal thickness in the macular area in healthy people and patients with liver cirrhosis, and to explore the morphologic changes of retina and choroid in liver cirrhosis.METHODS: A cross-sectional study. From January 2015 to March 2018, 168 eyes of 84 patients with liver cirrhosis and 100 eyes of 50 healthy people were included. Healthy people were the normal control group. The patients were divided into two groups, including compensated cirrhosis group(68 eyes of 34 patients)and decompensated cirrhosis group(100 eyes of 50 patients). All eyes underwent OCT examination to measure the retinal thickness and retinal volume in the macular area. EDI-OCT was used for choroidal thickness scanning, and the vertical distance between the strong reflection of Bruch film and the strong reflection of the choroidal sclera interface was defined as the choroidal thickness. The retinal thickness, retinal volume and choroidal thickness in the macular area in the three groups were compared and analyzed.RESULTS: The differences in retinal thickness and retinal volume between three groups were not significant(P>0.05). The subfoveal choridal thickness(SFCT)of three groups were 338.50±70.44, 357.00±89.16, 319.53±74.37μm(P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in nasal choroid thickness between the three groups(PPCONCLUSION: The choridal thickness in nasal area to fovea in the patients with decompensated cirrhosis is thicker than that in healthy people. There are no significant differences in retinal thickness or retinal volume in macular area between healthy people and patients with liver cirrhosis.

AIM: To investigate the correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)level and macular fovea retinal thickness after cataract surgery in diabetic patients. METHODS: By a randomized sampling and retrospective study, from September 2013 to June 2016, a total of 119 cases(119 eyes)of diabetic retinopathy in our hospital were selected and divided into low HbA1c group(HbA1c≤7.0%)of 60 cases(60 eyes)and high HbA1c group(7.0%RESULTS: At preoperative 1d, HbA1c in the high HbA1c group and the low HbA1c group were 8.29%±2.19% and 5.38%±1.49% respectively, and the differences between two groups were statistically significant(PPPPPCONCLUSION: HbA1c levels in diabetic patients are significantly correlated with preoperative and postoperative macular foveal retinal thickness. It has important clinical significance for monitoring the occurrence and development of macular edema after cataract surgery.

AIM: To observe and compare the changes of foveal retinal and choroidal thickness in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH)by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT). METHODS: Totally 150 patients(289 eyes)diagnosed with pregnancy-induced hypertension were identified by fundus examination and EDI-OCT after mydriasis. The patients were divided into four groups for the Duke-Elder class: P1(vasospasm), P2(angiosclerosis), P3(retinopathy), and control group P0(normal fundus). The average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in each quadrant, foveal retinal and choroidal thickness were measured by EDI-OCT respectively. RESULTS: There were 36(72 eyes, 24.9%)of 150 women with pregnancy-induced hypertension had no retinal changes, and 114(217 eyes, 75.1%)of 150 cases identified by clinical examinations as having retinal findings. The retinal and choroidal thickness varied with different stages of fundus changes. The RNFL thickness of central subfield(CSF), the foveal retina and choroid were significantly higher in angiosclerosis stage than that in normal fundus group(PPCONCLUSION: EDI-OCT is one important tool for the study of fundus changes in PIH. Findings in the morphology changes of retina and choroid with the help of EDI-OCT may indicate more about retinal microcirculation changes caused by pregnancy-induced hypertension in depth.

AIM: To evaluate retinal parameters in a sample of healthy young Caucasian adults to define the normal or physiological range of inter-ocular asymmetry in this particular age and ethnic group.METHODS: Study sample consisted of 37 Caucasian children and young adults aged between 12 and 23 years(spherical equivalent from -3.00D to +4.00D, anisometropia RESULTS: Statistically significant inter-ocular differences were found in mean(P=0.003)and superior(P=0.008)retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness, as well as in central macular thickness(P=0.039), with larger values in the left eye in all instances, and with tolerance limits of inter-ocular asymmetry of -9.00μm to 6.00μm, -28.00μm to 9μm and -39.00μm to 29.00μm, respectively. In addition, statistically significant differences were found between males and females in mean thickness of the RNFL in the right eye(P=0.020).CONCLUSION: The exploration of the normal asymmetries of the retina may be an effective approach to further understand myopia onset and progression, which is particularly relevant in this age group. Differences in instrumentation and sample characteristics compromise direct comparison with published research and warrant the need for further studies.

AIM: To determine the dominant predictive factors of postoperative visual recovery for patients with pituitary adenoma. METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant human studies, which investigated the prediction of the postoperative visual recovery of patients with pituitary adenoma, from January 2000 to May 2017. Meta-analyses were performed on the primary outcomes. After the related data were extracted by two independent investigators, pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using a random-effects or a fixed-effects model. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included in the literature review, and nine trials were included in the Meta-analysis, which comprised 530 patients (975 eyes) with pituitary adenoma. For the primary outcomes, there was a significant difference between preoperative and postoperative mean deviation (MD) values of the visual field (WMD -5.85; 95%CI: -8.19 to -3.51; P

AIM:The repair of macular structure after 23G vitrectomy was performed in patients with idiopathic macular hole, and the changes of retinal thickness in vision and macular area were analyzed.METHODS: A total of 85 patients(85 eyes)with monocular idiopathic macular hole who underwent elective surgery in our hospital from June 2016 to December 2017 were included in the study, of which 37 were male and 48 were female, with an average age of(64.7±10.1)years. All subjects underwent 23G vitrectomy were observed the closure of macular hole after operation, and the changes of retinal thickness in macular forea were observed preoperatively and postoperatively by optical coherence tomography(OCT). To observe the changes of the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)in preoperative, 1mo, 3mo and 6mo after operation.RESULTS: All subjects underwent postoperative examinations had good macular hole closure. The average BCVA of 3mo and 6mo after operation were significantly higher than that of preoperative and 1mo after operation(Pt=7.983, P=0.037). The macular central fovea thickness in 1mo after operation was significantly higher than preoperative and 3mo, 6mo after operation(PCONCLUSION:The treatment of idiopathic macular hole with 23G vitrectomy had a high degree of successful closure rate of fracture hole and the visual acuity of patients was obviously improved.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness and spherical equivalent(SE)refraction and axial length(AL)in juvenile myopic patients. METHODS: Totally 100 cases(200 eyes)of juvenile myopia diagnosed in our hospital from December 2015 to December 2017 were selected. Patients were divided referring to the SE, in which 34 cases(68 eyes)with SE -6.00D were divided into high myopia group. And 30 patients(60 eyes)with normal visual acuity were selected as the control group. The average RNFL of the whole visual field and the RNFL of upper visual field, inferior visual field, nasal visual field, and temporal visual field were measured by optical coherence tomography(OCT). AL was measured by A-scan. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the average RNFL thickness of whole visual field and the absolute value of SE and AL. RESULTS: The average RNFL of the whole visual field and the RNFL of upper visual field, inferior visual field, nasal visual field, and temporal visual field in three myopia groups were significantly lower than those of the control group, the difference was statistically significant(PPPPPr=-0.564,Pr=-0.423, PCONCLUSION: RNFL thickness was negatively correlated with SE but positively correlated with AL, suggesting that juvenile with thinner RNFL thickness has more severe myopia.

AIM: To investigate the correlation between retinal thickness(CSRT)in the macular region and glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Totally 39 cases of patients with diabetes(77 eyes)who screened from May 2016 to March 2017 were selected, and were divided into two groups according to the levels of HbA1c, which the 24 cases(47 eyes)in the low HbA1c group(HbA1cRESULTS: In the high HbA1c group, HbA1c was(10.45±1.30)%, FBG was 10.67±1.64mmol/L and 2hPG was 15.98±1.38mmol/L, which was higher than that in the low HbA1c group, and there was significant difference between the two groups(PPPCONCLUSION: The HbA1c level is associated with retinal thickening in the macular region of patients with diabetes, which could predict the severity of diabetic retinopathy and provide important guidance for prevention and treatment.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most serious microvascular complications of diabetes. It also is a world's major causes of blind eye diseases. Although the injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor intraocular drug is becoming a hotspot of current research. Pan retinal photocoagulation(PRP)remains the effective and economical treatment for DR. As a destructive treatment, PRP will inevitably cause some changes on the normal morphology and function of the retinal and cornea. Currently, with the development of the optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy and other auxiliary examination, we have more accurate and objective research to better understand the laser-neural tissue interaction. This may help us to protect the patient's visual function more efficiently.

AIM:To determine the changes of regional macular retinal thickness(RT)with spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)after successful pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)surgery with inner limiting membrane(ILM)peeling in patients with idiopathic macular hole.METHODS:A non-randomized retrospective case study on 17 patients(17 eyes)who were hospitalized between March 1, 2011 and June 30, 2013. All 17 eyes had been diagnosed with idiopathic macular hole and thereafter underwent 25G-PPV surgeries performed by the same surgeon with ILM peeling and short-term gas tamponade. In the 6mo-plus follow-up after surgery, these eyes were found to have successful closure in the macular hole. The macular RT of the nine areas in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study was measured by SD-OCT. All patients were applied by SD-OCT with linear scan of the macular. At least four examinations on the operated eye were conducted in contrast to the other normal eye: before the surgery, 3～5wk after the surgery(stage A), 2～3mo after the surgery(stage B), and >6mo after the surgery(stage C).RESULTS:In stage A, the macular RT of operated eyes in the areas of C, IS, II, IN, OS, OI, ON(263.00±39.48, 313.92±18.35, 311.00±18.02, 335.67±19.91, 280.83±33.74, 269.92±23.32, 307.00±28.40)were significantly thicker than the corresponding areas of the normal fellow eyes(220.51±23.94, 292.08±21.93, 282.50±20.30, 288.33±20.76, 251.25±17.60, 247.75±21.48, 265.17±24.76μm)(PP>0.01). In Stage B, the macular RT in the areas of II, IN, OS(335.67±19.20,319.75±19.20, 273.50±16.89μm)were significantly thicker than the corresponding areas of the normal fellow eyes(286.33±20.46, 293.42±17.64, 252.50±16.32μm)(PP> 0.01). In Stage C, the macular RT of operated eyes with the areas of IN(321.17±19.71μm)were significantly thicker than the corresponding areas of the normal fellow eyes(296.25±19.57μm)(PP>0.01). Moreover, the macular RT of operated eyes in the areas of ON, IT(307.00±28.40,291.58±18.97μm)in stage A significantly decreased compared to that of the corresponding areas in stage C(276.08±32.39, 278.75±10.19μm)(PCONCLUSION: SD-OCT is a convenient tool for the observation of macular regional changes after macular hole surgery. Macular RT had persistent changes after vitrectomy on eyes with macular hole by SD-OCT. ILM peeling may have caused microstructural changes in wide areas of the macular region after PPV surgery. More support and evidence were provided to the further study of the long-term observation for the structural and function of macular after macular hole surgery.

AIM: To measure the macular thickness of normal young people by 3D 1000 optical coherence tomography(OCT)and study the repeatability of measuring results and the relationship between the thicknesses of macular and gender. At the same time, to compare our result with the data of other types of OCT, and to understand the consistency of the measuring results of macular thickness of different types of OCT. METHODS: Totally 222 eyes in 111 young people were detected using 3D scan mode of Topcon 3D OCT 1 000(ver 2.4). Twelve cases(24 eyes)underwent repeatability check. We took transverse comparison between our measured results with other research's results. RESULTS:There were 111 cases of young people, whose age were from 18-27 years old, all uncorrected and corrected visual acuity were ≥1.0, all intraocular pressure were 3. Center thickness was 161-264μm, and the average thickness was 200.13±18.81μm. Central macular thickness were 188-273μm, and the average thickness was 229.00±18.20μm. The central macular thickness in men was significantly greater than that in women, and there was statistical difference. The results of repeated check of 12 cases(24 eyes)in the macular area were no statistical difference except the outer ring of nasal quadrant, and the repeatability of average thickness in central macular thickness was better than in center thickness. CONCLUSION:The repeatability of macular examination is good. The central macular thickness can be better repeated than the center thickness. The central macular thickness is 229.00±18.20μm in young people, according to the 3D 1000 OCT measurements. There are statistical difference of central macular thickness between different genders.

AIM:To investigate the changes of retinal thickness in macula of high myopic eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).METHODS: Middle-aged and young myopic patients were divided into three groups according to their refractive error/axial length:low and medium myopia group (LMMG), high myopia group (HMG) and super high myopia group (SHMG). Cirrus HD-OCT was used to evaluate total average macular thickness, central subfield thickness, inner/outer macular thickness and macular volume. The differences among experimental groups were analyzed by one-factor analysis of variance. Associations between macular thickness and refractive error/axial length were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in age among the three groups (P=0.2789). The mean refraction error in the LMMG, HMG, and SHMG groups was -2.49±1.38D, -8.53±1.95D and -13.88±1.76D, respectively (P＜0.001). The central subfield thickness of three groups was 244.56±12.19μm, 254.33±11.61μm and 261.75±11.83μm, respectively, and there were statistically significance between random two groups. The total average macular thickness, inner/outer macular thickness, and macular volume decreased with increased myopia/axial length. Average foveal thickness had negative correlations with refractive error (P＜0.001), and positive correlations with axial length. The inferior and temporal inner macular thickness, all the quadrants of outer ring, total average macular thickness and macular volume featured positive correlations with refractive error, and negative correlations with axial length. Average foveal thickness, superior and temporal inner macular thicknesses, and temporal outer macular thickness was lower in females compared to males.CONCLUSION:With an increase in myopia degree/axial length, the average foveal thickness increased and the inner/outer macular thickness decreased. Females featured thicker average foveal thickness, and thinner macular thickness compared to males.

AIM: To investigate changes of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness and macular retinal thickness in patients with early diabetic retinopathy(DR)and disclose the changing trends of RNFL thickness and macular retinal thickness in different stages of early DR. METHODS: It was a clinical case control study. Through selecting 60 patients(120 eyes)with early DR diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were divided into non-diabetic retinopathy(NDR)group(20 cases, 40 eyes)and mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)group(20 cases, 40eyes), moderate NPDR group(20 cases, 40 eyes). Twenty normal patients(40 eyes)were enrolled as control group. The RNFL thickness of optical nerve(with circle scan round optic nerve head, scan diameter of 3.45mm)and the retinal thickness of macular(around center point with 1000μm diameter)were measured by optical coherence tomography(OCT), to compare the RNFL thickness changes of the control and early DR patients.RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the RNFL thickness of optical disc in the inferior quadrant was descended obviously in NDR group(PP>0.05). In mild NPDR group, the RNFL thickness of optical disc in the mean and inferior quadrant was significantly descended than that in the NDR group. In moderate NPDR group, the RNFL thickness of optical disc in the mean, superior and inferior quadrant was statistical significance descended than that in the NDR group(PPCONCLUSION:With the development in the degree of early DR, RNFL thickness is gradually decreased and retinal thickness is increased, OCT can be observed qualitatively and quantitatively in DR.

AIM: To explore the relationship between retinal thickness changes in different macular sections and decrease of visual function in myopia after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).METHODS: The retinal thickness in different macular sections of patients after LASIK was measured by Cirrus high spectral domain optical coherence tomography(HD-OCT). The contrast sensitivity function(CSF)was measured by OPTEC 6500. The results were analyzed by correlation analysis.RESULTS: The retinal thickness in different macular sections outside fovea was positively correlated with the CSF of different spatial frequencies.CONCLUSION: The decreased CSF of different spatial frequencies results from the changes of retinal thickness at different macular regions outside fovea.

AIM: To investigate the changes of retina in amblyopic eye by measuring macular retinal thickness in hyperopicametropic amblyopic patients.METHODS: Optical coherence tomography(OCT)was used to measure the macular retinal thickness value in 17 amblyopic patients(20 eyes)and 14 healthy controls(20 eyes). The result was processed as retinal thickness value and thickness map by computer. The data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: The retinal thickness of central sector or region in amblyopic eyes were thicker than those in normal eyes(PPP>0.05). CONCLUSION: The macular retina thickness of the central region is thicker in hyperopic ametropic amblyopic patient. OCT is a noninvasive, noncontact technique that visualizes the retinal structure in vivo, this technique may be used to find the potential initial neural site of the visual deficit in this condition.

AIM: To investigate the variation in macular retinal thickness of healthy Chinese myopic subjects by using optical coherence tomography(OCT). METHODS: A total of 20 cases 20 eyes of normal subjects and 48 cases 48 eyes of high myopia(spherical equivalent〖SE〗