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Introduction: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in France, all non-emergency surgical activity has been cancelled since March 12, 2020. In order to anticipate the reinstatement of delayed interventions, surgical activity reduction analysis is essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reduction of urological surgery in adult during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to 2019., Material: The data regarding urological procedures realized in the 8 academic urological departments of Parisians centres (AP-HP) were compared over two similar periods (14-29 March 2019 and 12-27 March 2020) using the centralized surgical planning software shared by these centres. Procedure title, type of surgery and outpatient ratio were collected. The interventions were sorted into 16 major families of urological interventions., Results: Overall, a 55% decrease was observed concerning urological procedures over the same period between 2019 and 2020 (995 and 444 procedures respectively). Oncology activity and emergencies decreased by 31% and 44%. The number of kidney transplantations decreased from 39 to 3 (-92%). Functional, andrological and genital surgical procedures were the most impacted among the non-oncological procedures (-85%, -81% and -71%, respectively). Approximatively, 1033 hours of surgery have been delayed during this 16-day period., Conclusion: Lockdown and postponement of non-urgent scheduled urological procedures decisions has led to a drastic decrease in surgical activity in AP-HP. Isolated kidney transplantation has been stopped (national statement). Urologists must anticipate for lockdown exit in order to catch-up delayed surgeries., Level of Evidence: 3., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The incidence of cancer increases with age, especially for urological cancers. The frailty of the elderly persons may expose them to more postoperative complications resulting in prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity or even increased mortality, and delayed or impossible return to normal life. In such cases, the benefit of surgery and therefore its realization can be questioned., Patients and Method: This article reports the experience of a pre-operative risk assessment in a population of elderly patients treated for urologic cancer. This retrospective study aims to report the feasibility and the main results of this systematic preoperative multi-professional evaluation., Results: Between April 2016 and February 2017, 31 elderly patients were evaluated. The evaluation revealed: moderate to severe malnutrition in 59 % of cases, a patient judged from a geriatric point of view fit, intermediate or fragile in respectively 25 %, 35 % and 40 % of cases. This evaluation led to propose a modification of an element of care for 66 % of patients and to propose therapeutic abstention for only 3 patients., Conclusion: An evaluation whose purpose is to adapt to the physiological age of patients and their overall state of health, surgical treatment and postoperative management is feasible and seems to help unmask elements of fragility usually not detected., Level of Evidence: 4., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) is an experimental therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Its feasibility is based on the knowledge of the pelvic arterial anatomy, and more specifically the prostate. The aim of this study was to describe the prostatic arterial supply: origins, distribution and variability., Material and Methods: We reviewed retrospectively, with two radiologists, 40 arteriographies of patients who underwent PAE in our center. With these observations of 80 hemipelvics, we described the number of prostatic arteries, their origins, their distributions and eventually their anastomoses with other pelvic arteries., Results: There was one prostatic artery in 70% of the cases. It came from a common trunk for the prostate and the bladder in 55% of the cases, from the obturator artery in 17.5% of the cases, from the pudendal artery in 25% of the cases, from the intern iliac artery in 1% of the cases, and from the superior gluteal artery in 1% of the cases. The prostatic artery splitted in two branches (medial and lateral), with no anastomoses in 37% of the cases. Anastomoses with penile and rectal arteries were observed in 29% of the cases., Conclusions: For our 40 patients, we observed many variations of arterial prostatic anatomy. We proposed a classification in order to increase security and efficacy of PAE, and it should be validated with more patients., Level of Evidence: 2., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a modification or initiation of treatment by a α-blocker in patients already medically treated for BPH-related LUTS, with persistent urinary symptoms., Methods: This is a prospective observational study among general practitioners in France. Included patients were over 60 years of age with BPH-related LUTS who had been medically treated for at least 6 months. A treatment by an α-blocker was initiated or modified if the PGI-I (Patient Global Impression of Improvement) did not objective any improvement under treatment and the IPSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) was≥8. Patients were followed up between 1 and 3 months after inclusion. The primary endpoint was the frequency of unsatisfactory progression of patients, assessed by persistence of urinary symptoms under treatment (IPSS≥8 and PGI-I unchanged or worsened). Progress of LUTS (IPSS and PGI-I) following modification of treatment with α-blocker was also assessed at the follow-up visit., Results: Three hundred and fifty-three physicians included 1449 patients between February 2, 2016 and March 9, 2017 (1380 patients were analyzed): the average age was 70.0±6.9 years ; the duration of the LUTS was 4.1±4.2 years; at inclusion, they received mainly plants (n=744; 53.9%) and α-blockers (n=463; 33.6%); the mean IPSS score was 16.4±6.7, it was not correlated with duration of SBAU; the mean PGi-I was 2.6±1.2. In total, 48.8% (612/1255) of patients had a non-satisfactory evaluation of the LUTS; 42.8% (591/1380) of patients had a modification of treatment according to the protocol: 385 (65.6%) had an initiation of a α-blocker, 202 (34.4%) had a modification of treatment by α-blocker (4 missing data). The α-blocker was monotherapy for 484 (81.9%) patients. At the follow-up visit (1 to 3 months), the average IPSS score was 7.7±4.8, significantly lower (18.7±6.1 at inclusion); the average PGI-I of 1.2±0.7 was significantly lower (3.5±0.8 at inclusion); the quality of life (Q8-IPSS) was significantly improved. For the 345 patients under plant extracts having changed for one α-blocker, as well as for the 67 patients under α-blocker having changed for another α-blocker, the 3 scores had decreased significantly., Conclusion: A systematic evaluation of medical treatment for BPH showed that 48.8% of patients medically treated for at least 6 months were not improved. A modification of treatment by an α-blocker (initiation or modification) can then significantly improve the LUTS., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Assess the early morbidity after HOLEP, the urinary incontinence in particular, and specify its different types, evolution, and predictive factors., Patients and Methods: We conducted an observational, analytical, retrospective, monocentric study including all patients undergoing surgery for benign prostatic hypertrophy (HBP) by HoLEP between November 2015 and January 2017. The data were collected pre-, per- and postoperatively. The follow-up was for 6 months., Results: One hundred and seventy one patients were included. 23 patients (14.6%) had a complication according to Clavien-Dindo classification [4]: 19 (83%) Clavien 2, 1 (4%) Clavien 3b et 3 (13%) Clavien 4. At one month of the surgery, 64 (42.7%) patients had urinary incontinence of which 55 (86.1%) presented pure stress urinary incontinence. 18 (32.7%) were still incontinent at 6 months of the surgery. The delivered amount of energy during the surgery and the preoperative IIEF5 score were statistically significantly associated with the occurrence rate of stress urinary incontinence. There was no correlation between the surgeon's learning curve and the occurrence of incontinence., Conclusion: The occurrence rate of urinary incontinence post HoLEP might be related to the adopted surgical technique ; It is crucial to keep the patient well informed of the risk of this complication postoperatively., Level of Evidence: 4., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Our objective was to validate the VPSS (visual prostatic symptom score) score in the French language for the identification and monitoring of BPH-related LUTS in urological practice., Methods: A prospective observational survey was carried out between September the 15th 2014 and July the 30th 2015 in urology practices. The first 4 consecutive patients aged over 60 years, with BPH-related LUTS requiring prescription of an alpha-blocker, were enrolled. We translated a "visual prostatic symptom score" (VPSS) into French and adapted it slightly. At the first visit and follow-up visit (1-3 months after the first visit), the patient completed 2 questionnaires: the French language version of the IPSS and the VPSS., Results: Of the urologists contacted, 169 enrolled at least one patient and returned information; 550 questionnaires were included in the statistical analysis. The median IPSS and VPSS total scores, subscores and quality of life scores all decreased significantly (P<0.0001) between enrolment and the follow-up visit 1-3 months later. Correlations between the IPSS and VPSS at enrolment and the follow-up visit and their variation were all significant. Total VPSS was significantly correlated with total IPSS, as were the irritative, obstructive and quality of life subscores evaluated on the corresponding pictograms., Conclusions: This study showed the VPSS to be a simple and useful tool for identifying and monitoring BPH-related LUTS., Level of Evidence: 4., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To confirm gender specific differences in pathologic factors and survival rates of urothelial bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy., Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective monocentric study on 701 patients treated with radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. Impact of gender on recurrence rate, specific and non-specific mortality rate were evaluated using Cox regression models in univariate and multivariate analysis., Results: We collected data on 553 males (78.9%) and 148 females (21.1%) between 1998 and 2011. Both groups were comparable at inclusion regarding age, pathologic stage, nodal status and lymphovascular invasion. Mean follow-up time was 45 months (interquartile 23-73) and by that time, 163 patients (23.3%) had recurrence of their tumor and 127 (18.1%) died from their disease. In multivariable Cox regression analyses, female gender was independently associated with disease recurrence (RR: 1.73; 95% CI 1.22-2.47; P=0.02) and cancer-specific mortality (RR=2.50, 95% CI=1.71-3.68; P<0.001)., Conclusion: We confirmed female gender to be an independent negative prognosis factor for patients following a radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy for an invasive muscle bladder cancer., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Upper tract urinary carcinoma (UTUC) pT3 tumors are a heterogeneous entity including tumors invading the renal parenchyma, tumors with peripelvic fat invasion or peri-ureteral fat invasion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of these three different groups of pT3 tumors., Patients and Methods: Between 1998 and 2012, 205 patients with UTUC were operated in two centers, including 52 patients with pT3 tumor stage. pT3 tumors were divided into three groups: peri-ureteral fat invasion (pT3U, n = 16), peripelvic fat invasion (pT3G, n = 21), and renal parenchyma invasion (pT3P, n = 15). The prognostic significance of the type of tumor infiltration was evaluated on specific and disease-free survival., Results: Median follow-up was 18.9 months [6-133.4]. In univariate analysis, renal parenchyma invasion was associated with a better prognostic in both specific (P = 0.026) and disease-free survival (P = 0.031) compared with peripelvic or peri-ureteral fat invasion. Mutivariate analysis retained the pT3 subgroup as an independant prognostic factor in both specific and disease-free survival (P = 0.02)., Conclusion: pT3 tumors with renal parenchyma invasion had a better prognosis than those with peripelvic or peri-ureteral fat invasion. The heterogeneity of the pT3 group should be taken into account to improve the care of patients., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: The objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of silodosin in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in current urologic practice., Method: This was a prospective observational study conducted by 272 urologists on patients treated by silodosin for BPH. The parameters evaluated were the weighted IPSS score, the IPSS question 8 related to quality of life, the USP score and the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) measured at treatment initiation and after 3 months., Results: Nine hundred and fourteen patients whose average age was 66 years with LUTS for 3.3 years were analyzed. After 3 months of treatment, a significant decrease in IPSS (from 16.2 ± 6.1 to 9.7 ± 5.5, P<0.0001) and USP score (from 10.6 ± 5.1 to 6 0 ± 4.6, P<0.0001) were observed, quality of life (from 67.1% to 14.4% of unsatisfied patients, P<0.0001) and sleep were significantly improved (from 49.2% to 28.9% patients with insomnia, P<0.0001). Among the patients, 21.2% experienced at least one adverse event. The most frequent were abnormal ejaculation (17.2%). And 7.1% discontinued the treatment for this reason. After 3 months of treatment silodosin was continued in 86.9% of patients., Conclusion: This large study confirmed the efficacy of silodosin in LUTS associated with BPH with a safety profile that does not affect patient satisfaction., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare disease. Thus, little evidence-based data are available to guide clinical decision-making. The aim of the study was to provide an overview of the currently available prognostic factors for UTUC., Material and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed databases to identify original articles regarding prognostic factors in patients with UTUC., Results: We divided the prognostic factors for UTUC in four different categories: clinical factors, preoperative characteristics, intraoperative/surgical factors and postoperative/pathologic factors. Prognostic factors described in order of importance are: tumor stage and grade, lymph node involvement, a concomitant cis, age at the diagnostic, lymphovascular invasion, tumor architecture and necrosis, tumor location and multifocality, gender. The impact of obesity, smoking and other comorbidities (ECOG, ASA) on outcomes has been recently reported but needs to be validated. The endoscopic approach of distal ureter management during radical nephroureterectomy has been shown to be at higher risk of bladder recurrence., Conclusion: The incorporation of such prognosticators into clinical prediction models might help to guide decision-making with regard to timing of surveillance, type of treatment, performance of lymphadenectomy, and consideration of neoadjuvant or adjuvant systemic therapies., (Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of the ureteral location of the upper tract urinary carcinoma (UTUC)., Patients and Methods: Between January 1998 and December 2007, 161 patients with UTUC were operated in our center. Tumors were located on renal pelvis in 51% of cases, on the ureter in 34% of cases and in both locations in 15% of cases. Nephroureterectomy was performed in 79.5% of cases (128/161) whereas a conservative treatment was performed in 20.5% of cases (33/161)., Results: In our series, 29.8% of patients had primary bladder cancer and 14.3% had synchronous bladder tumor. At a median follow-up of 42.5 months, 38.6% of patients developed bladder recurrence and 4.8% developed controlateral upper tract tumor. In multivariate analysis, ureteral location and existence of synchronous bladder tumor were independent prognostic factors of bladder recurrence (P=0.009 and P=0.025, respectively). Multivariate analysis retained T-stage and ureteral location as independent prognostic factors in both overall and disease-free survival (P=0.002 and P=0.0008 respectively for ureteral location)., Conclusion: Ureteral location was an independent prognostic factor of bladder recurrence and was associated with a poorer prognosis., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Radiotherapy of prostate cancers, over the last few years, has been an alternative choice to radical prostatectomy in the case of localised cancers as well as being the preferred treatment in both advanced localised cancers and those of the elderly. A conventional course of prostate radiotherapy consisting of four to five sessions a week, lasts between 7 and 8 weeks plus about one week of preparation., Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature based on Pubmed, along with an exhaustive review of randomised studies presented at international congresses, have made it possible to analyse the numerous therapeutic regimens available other than the conventional normofractioned one (i.e. with doses per session ranging between 1.8 and 2.2 grays)., Results: Five randomised trials reported since 2005, plus several thousand patients treated by stereotaxic radiotherapy, have given rise to numerous scientific questions; these alternative hypofractioned courses (dose per fraction higher than 2.2 grays) have a potentially enhanced antitumoral efficacity along with the practical advantages of a shortened duration of radiotherapy., Conclusion: The aim of this analysis of the scientific literature on hypofractioning in prostate cancer radiotherapy is to gather all the scientific evidence we currently have at our disposal. Further mature results of future randomised trials will have to be examined before modifying current practice., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the value of multiparametric MRI-targeted prostate biopsies in patients with suspected low-risk prostate cancer., Patients and Method: Patients with normal digital rectal examination and a PSA level between 4 and 10 ng/mL were prospectively included. A multiparametric MRI of the prostate was performed prospectively before the biopsies. 12-core randomized biopsies were performed, with additional targeted samples in each suspicious area identified on MRI. Detected cancers and their histological characteristics were compared between those two biopsy protocols. A micro focal cancer (MFC) was defined by the presence of less than 4mm of Gleason score 3+3 cancer on a single core., Results: Seventy-one consecutive patients were included. The overall detection rate was of 53% (38/71). It was of 70% (26/37) in the presence of suspicious area on MRI versus 35% (12/34) in the absence of any suspicious area (P=0.004). MRI-targeted biopsies alone detected three cancers, none of which was a MFC. 12-core biopsies alone detected 14 cancers, including ten MFC (71%). In 21 patients, prostate cancer was detected by both the MRI-targeted and 12-core biopsies. The Gleason score in the MRI-targeted area was the highest Gleason score in 90% of the cases. It was high (>6) in 76% (16/21) of the patients., Conclusions: MRI-targeted biopsies detected less micro focal cancers than randomized 12-core biopsies. They did not seem however to decrease the detection of clinically significant cancers., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility, tolerance and short-term efficacy of intra-prostatic UroLift(®) implants in four patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia., Patients and Method: Four patients with symptomatic BPH, already treated with alpha-blockers, were consecutively treated with intra-prostatic UroLift(®) implants under general anaesthesia. A bladder catheter was placed postoperatively. Alpha-blocker therapy was withdrawn 7 days postoperatively. The clinical and morphological characteristics of the patients were noted. Low urinary tract (IPSS) and sexual symptoms (IIEF5, MSHQ-EjD), maximum urinary flow rate and post voiding residual volume were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 month., Results: Median age was of 69 [52-74] years old and median prostatic volume of 50 cm(3) [40-80]. Median procedure time was of 11 minutes [6-15]. Intra- and postoperative outcomes were uneventful. At 1 month, the mean IPSS and IPSS-QOL improvement were of 46 % and 58 %, respectively. One patient reported no improvement in his urinary and sexual symptoms. In the other three patients, the maximum urinary flow rate was improved, the post voiding residual improved in two patients and similar in one. No alteration in erection or ejaculation functions was reported., Conclusions: In our initial experience, intra-prostatic UroLift(®) implant procedure seemed feasible, efficacious for LUTS and well tolerated, especially concerning sexual outcomes. Further study of the UroLift(®) implant in France is currently being planned., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate biological free survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) as sole treatment, and to analyse predictive factors of recurrence., Patients and Method: We retrospectively studied patients treated between 1996 and 2006 for a pT3N0 prostate cancer with RP without any adjuvant treatment. The main endpoint was PSA relapse, defined as two successive elevations of PSA>0.2 ng/mL. An association between PSA free survival and PSA, Gleason score, pathological stage and surgical margins status was statistically assessed., Results: A total of 147 patients were included. Median preoperative PSA was of 10 ng/mL. Pathological stage was pT3b in 30% of the cases and surgical margins showed cancer involvement in 63% of the cases. Gleason score was ≥3+4 in 74% of the cases. Postoperative PSA was undetectable in 121 (82%) patients. Median follow up following RP was of 5 years. The 5-year-PSA free survival was of 48%. Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative and postoperative PSA, as well as Gleason score were predictors of PSA relapse (P<0.05). In patients with undetectable postoperative PSA, 5-year-PSA free survival was of 56%. Seminal vesicle involvement and Gleason score ≥3+4 were the only independent predictors of PSA relapse., Conclusions: After RP for pT3N0 prostate cancer, the only predictive factors of recurrence were postoperative PSA and Gleason score. In case of undetectable postoperative PSA, surveillance seems acceptable if Gleason score is <3+4 and in the absence of seminal vesicle involvement., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The urothelial carcinoma of the prostate is an entity which is necessary to recognize. The infiltration of the prostatic stroma is a major prognostic factor. The 2009 pTNM classification distinguish carcinoma in situ of the urethra with involvement of prostatic acini (pT2) from direct invasion of prostatic stroma through outside involvement (pT4). In case of non metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer with major lymphatic invasion, the standard treatment remains neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy and extended lymphadenectomy. Only some patients can hope a complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. For these responders, we can sometimes discuss, at an individual level, a bladder conservative strategy with an intensive surveillance., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In the era of new-targeted therapies and neoadjuvant strategies, this article highlights the role of angiogenesis in the process of physiological wound healing with a review of literature about parietal complications under anti-angiogenic therapies., Methods: Research on Medline was carried out using the terms renal cell carcinoma, angiogenesis, wound healing, targeted therapies, and complications., Results: The frequency of these complications varies between 5 and 50% in recent series. These results depend on half-lives of each drug and perioperative management (before and after surgical procedure)., Conclusion: In the absence of current recommendations, it is advised to stop bevacizumab at least five weeks before a surgical intervention and to take it back 4 weeks later. For the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the treatment can be stopped 24-48 hours before the surgery and taken back 3-4 weeks later. Finally, for the mTOR inhibitors, it is advised to stop the treatment 7-10 days before and to take back it at least 3 weeks later., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: to clarify the patterns of diagnosis and management of adult spermatic cord sarcoma., Patients and Methods: between 1996 and 2009, seven patients with spermatic cord sarcoma were treated at Cochin hospital. After updating the pathological diagnosis according to the new classification of sarcoma we found that all patients had well-differentiated or dedifferentiated liposarcoma. We analysed their clinical presentation, management and carcinological outcome., Results: the patients' age ranged from 51 to 77 years, and their follow-up from 7 to 68 months. In five patients, the diagnosis of well-differentiated liposarcoma (lipoma-like) with some dedifferentiated sectors was made straightaway. In the two other patients, the initial diagnosis was that of leiomyosarcoma, which was reconsidered as dedifferentiated liposarcoma according to the cytogenetical and immunohistochemical techniques available since 2005. In 6/7 patients, a tumour resection with an orchiectomy at the same time (four patients) or secondarily (two patients) was performed. In one patient, only a tumour resection, without orchiectomy, was made. Multiple recurrences were observed in the two patients who were initially diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. They needed multiple reintervention. One of them died after 68 months of evolution, the other one was treated with chemotherapy and died after 47 months of evolution. Four patients are out of recurrence. One patient was lost to follow-up., Conclusion: the diagnosis of liposarcoma must be considered in all adult patients aged of more than 50 with fatty-shaped or containing fibomuscular nodules paratesticular tumours. The surgeon and the pathologist must be well informed and an early and wide resection of fatty masses of the sperm cord with negative margins is advocated. The quality of resection is crucial but its appreciation and carrying out are difficult. The role of complementary treatments, especially radiotherapy, has to be determined., (2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Renal hybrid tumors (HT) are characterized by the association of both oncocytes- and chromophobe-cells within the same tumor. They have been reported in patients with Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome. The aim of this report was to describe two cases of HT and summarize recent literature., Patient and Method: Case study was summarized from the patient's medical chart. Review of literature was performed using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database., Results: Two patients were diagnosed with multiple but small tumors of the kidney, and were treated with partial nephrectomy. Pathological analysis of these tumors showed oncocytoma-like and chromophobe-like cells intermixed in the same stroma., Conclusions: HT may constitute a spectrum of tumors between renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. From a pragmatic management perspective, it would be appropriate to consider such tumors as chromophobe carcinoma. In case of HT, a genetic study for BHD syndrome can be proposed to family relatives., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The treatment of prostate cancer is experiencing important innovations. Hormone therapy includes a new class of drugs: LHRH antagonists, which induce a rapid, fast and sustained reduction of testosterone levels. Active surveillance enables to avoid an aggressive treatment without decreasing survival, provided that strict eligibility and follow-up criteria are applied. New imaging techniques and laboratory assays lead to early diagnosis of small size tumors. Lastly, focal therapy has the potential to target localized cancers without deterioration of surrounding structures. These concomitant improvements offer the clinician and the patient attractive options for prostate cancer management. However, they are not devoid of limitations and constraints. Thus, it is crucial to define the most appropriate patient's profile for each therapeutic option, taking into account the objective characteristics of the tumor and the psychological features of the patient., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Immediate intravesical chemotherapy after transurethral resection decrease recurrences in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Guidelines recommend immediate, intravesical instillation for all patients with Ta/T1 tumours. Instillation has to be avoided when there is a bladder perforation, a large resection (>3cm) or gross haematuria. Tolerance is good and morbidity is low.

Prostate cancer is the first cancer in men. Its incidence is constantly increasing. The significant evolution of diagnostic and therapeutic means during the two last decades contrasts with the scarcity of medicoeconomic studies. The aim of this review is to present a synthesis of the different studies published and to respond to questions about the economic aspects of this disease, with the evaluation of its direct and indirect costs. The cost-effectiveness and the benefits of the prevention and the screening are still being studied. The costs of the surgery and the radiotherapy are roughly similar. The new surgical techniques, especially the laparoscopic and the robotic surgeries, are not necessarily associated with higher costs, in condition of a high-volume laparoscopic surgery program and a faster discharge. The indirect costs of prostate cancer concern the loss of economic production associated with the disease and death and are more difficult to determine., ((c) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The utilization of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer has evolved over time. Unquestionably considered first line treatment in metastatic cancers or in case of lymph node involvement, it is increasingly used in locally advanced and high-risk cancers, combined with radiation therapy. However, the practical modalities of treatment are still controversial (neoadjuvant, concomitant/adjuvant) and should be discussed on a case-by-case basis, taking into account tumor stage and risk level, which depends mainly on Gleason score and PSA levels and kinetics. Hormone therapy is also indicated in case of systemic relapse, especially if PSA doubling time is less than 12 months. LHRH agonists have become the standard care; antiandrogens can be added at the beginning of the LHRH agonist therapy to obtain a complete androgen blockade. Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy has recently proved efficacious and might be more widely used in the future, provided that strict prescription and follow-up recommendations are clearly established., ((c) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Primary urethral melanoma is a rare pathology for which treatment strategies are controversial. The aim of this work was to report a case of metastatic primary urethral melanoma, and to discuss recent data available from literature., Material and Method: Case study was summarized from the patient's medical chart. Review of literature was performed using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database., Results: We reported the case of an 89-year-old woman who died from a primary metastatic melanoma of the urethra. This pathology encounters for less than 1% of melanomas and has an adverse prognosis. In case of metastasis, specific survival is only of a few months. When localized to the urethra, treatment relies on radical urethrectomy, followed by adjuvant chemo- and immunotherapy., Conclusions: The modalities of treatment of primary urethral melanoma rely only on reported case studies. When diagnosed at the metastatic stage, reported specific survival does not exceed a few months., (Copyright 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Chemotherapy is indicated in metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer. It aims at alleviating symptoms and increasing survival, without impairing quality of life. Docetaxel is considered as the reference treatment in this indication. However, several studies demonstrated the relevance of associating estramustin with docetaxel, due to the synergistic effect of the combination and the action of estramustin on resistance mechanisms. Moreover, the addition of estramustin to chemotherapy demonstrated a survival benefit for patients. Thrombotic events are frequent in patients with advanced prostate cancer and estramustine is known to increase the risk. Optimization of treatment requires a thorough assessment of the individual risk in each patient as well as the prescription of an anti-thrombotic prophylaxis, which should be currently based on low molecular weight heparin., (Copyright 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyze pathological data of the radical prostatectomy specimen in patients operated for clinically-localized prostate cancer and who meet strict criteria for active surveillance., Patients and Methods: The data of patients who underwent a radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon between 2002 and 2007 were reviewed. We only included the patients that met the usual criteria for active surveillance: clinical stage T1-2a tumor, PSA< or =10 ng/mL, biopsy Gleason sum inferior or equal to 6 with no pattern of grade 4 or 5, cancer involvement inferior or equal to two biopsy cores, inferior to 50% of malignant tissue in each positive biopsy core and a PSA density inferior or equal to 0.15 ng/ml/cc., Results: Two hundred and seventy-three patients were operated, including 25 (9.2%) who met all the criteria for active surveillance. Mean age was 61 years (55-68). The mean preoperative PSA was 6.6 ng/mL (2.5-10). Clinical stage of the tumor was T1c in 84% of patients and T2a in 16%. Biopsy Gleason score was 3+3 in 92%, 2+3 in 4% and 2+2 in 4%. Pathological study of the surgical specimen showed that 28% of the tumors were pT2a, 8% pT2b, 40% pT2c and 20% pT3a. One tumor was pT0. The pathological Gleason score was 3+3 in 68% of patients and 3+4 in 28%. Surgical specimen showed a higher Gleason score in 44% of cases, but there were no cases of predominant grade 4. After a mean follow-up of 19.2 months, there was no clinical or biological recurrence., Conclusion: In our experience, 20% of patients who meet the criteria for active surveillance show an extracapsular extent of the tumor on pathological analysis. Active surveillance is still under evaluation. Its main risk is to underestimate the aggressiveness of the tumor at the time of diagnosis.

Objectives: To explain the high incidence of misdiagnosis of angiomyolipoma (AML) prior to surgery., Materials and Methods: Between 1989 and 2007, 2,657 patients were operated for a renal tumor at Dupuytren hospital in Limoges and at Cochin hospital in Paris. In 85 cases (3.2%), tumors were AMLs on pathology. The group of patients in which the diagnosis was done preoperatively was compared to the one in which the diagnosis was missed., Results: Mean age of patients was 57-years-old and the sex-ratio was five women for one man. The mean size of AMLs was 5.4 cm. The patients were symptomatic in 46% of cases (39/85). The diagnosis of AML was ignored preoperatively in 62 patients (73%). In multivariate analysis, the small size of the AML, low proportion of fat and male sex were significantly associated with misdiagnosis of AML (p<0.001, p<0.018 and p<0.008, respectively)., Conclusions: The incidence of misdiagnosis of AML preoperatively is high. The diagnosis seems particularly difficult when the tumor is small or contains a small proportion of fat. In addition, this study highlights that the diagnosis of AML is frequently ignored in men. The increased resolution of CTscan and the use of preoperative biopsies for tumors less than 4 cm could be helpful to decrease the incidence of useless surgery of AMLs.

Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different stages subject to a broad range of appropriate therapies to the patient or to the point in the disease course. Hormonotherapy has been developed for metastatic cancer and palliative therapy but is commonly used to treat all stages of prostate cancer nowadays. However its toxicity is not negligible and the cardiovascular, bone and metabolic side-effects are mainly responsible of a decrease of the benefits and in observance. The observational study CAPITAL has defined the conditions of prescriptions of androgen-deprivation therapy by physicians (n=208) in France (i.e., urologists and oncologists) and the effects of hormonotherapy in a population of more than 1,000 patients. Androgen-deprivation therapy was mainly given in case of biochemical recurrence after first-line treatment (32.2 %) or for metastasis (32.9 %). Overall, 83 % patients were satisfied of LH-RH agonists. Hormone therapy might be debated especially in young men with prostate cancer whose quality of life should be reduced. The prescription has to be associated with a global personal and stringent follow-up to prevent and reduce the toxicity.

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare ureteroileal anastomosis strictures rates in patients receiving either double J stent or open-ended ureteral stent, after bladder replacement for cancer., Methods: Medical charts from 75 patients who underwent cystectomy and Z pouch bladder substitution for bladder cancer, between 2001 and 2005, were retrospectively reviewed. Ureteroileal anastomosis was direct, spatulated end-to-side fashioned in all patients. Double J stents were used in 39 patients (group A) and open-ended ureteral stent were used in 36 patients (group B). Mean hospital stay, early and late complications were also observed., Results: Seventeen anastomotic strictures have been documented during the follow-up: 5.2% in group A versus 18.3% in group B (p=0.012). Mean catheterization period was six weeks in group A and 12 days in group B. No significant differences were found in mean hospital stay, early and late complications., Conclusion: The use of internal double J ureteral stent is now a feasible option and can decrease the rate of anastomotic stricture. The fact that the double J stent is removed after the anastomosis healing period may be a possible explanation.

Objective: To assess the satisfaction of men and of their partner towards their testicular implants after undergoing orchidectomy., Materials and Methods: Hundred and twenty-four consecutive patients, who had undergone orchidectomy, and their partner were sent an anonymous questionnaire. The follow-up after the implantation was at least one year. The testicular implants used were all Perthèse., Results: Seventy-two patients answered to the questionnaire, among whom 63 had a testicular implant. Fifty-eight partners answered. From the patients with implant, 5% thought their body image was worse than before the operation and 80% thought their sexual activity was unchanged. Ninety-six percent thought the implantation was worthwhile and would do it again if they had to do the choice again. The reasons for dissatisfaction were: for the shape (n=8), for the size (n=3), for the position (n=2) and one patient thought the implant was too cold. Forty percent of the partners did not care about the implants and 58% thought the implant was essential. The dissatisfaction rate for the partners was 26% and reasons for were: for the shape (n=5), for the size (n=2), and one partner thought the implant was too cold. From the patients without implant, only one is thinking about having one., Conclusion: Testicular implants are well accepted, but some reasons of dissatisfaction appeared in our study. It was the first evaluation of the partner's satisfaction.

Objective: The aim of this work has been to study the prognostic factors of recurrence and progression of stage pTa bladder tumours., Patients and Methods: The case files of 193 patients, consecutively undergoing transurethral resection for primary pTa bladder tumour between 1980 and 2003, were retrospectively reviewed. Recurrence, progression and specific survival rates were studied. Prognostic factors associated with this type of tumour were then investigated., Results: After a mean follow-up of 58 months, the recurrence rate was 56.5% and the rate of progression to stage T1 was 9.3%. The 10-year specific survival was 95.8%, but the 10-year recurrence-free survival rate was only 22.5%. Two risk factors for recurrence were identified on univariate analysis: haematuria at the time of diagnosis (p=0.009) and tumour size (p=0.01). Two factors were associated with a risk of progression: tumour size (p=0.03) and relapse during the first year after initial resection (p=0.003). None of these factors were independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis., Conclusion: pTa bladder tumours present a high risk of recurrence. However, with attentive follow-up, the risk of progression is low and their 10-year specific survival rate is greater than 95 %. Tumour size at the initial diagnosis and early relapse increase the risk of progression to more aggressive disease.

Objective: The presence of positive surgical margins (PSM) on radical prostatectomy specimen is predictive of biological recurrence. Our objective was to analyze the influence of prostate weight on surgical margins status after radical prostatectomy., Patients and Methods: A cohort of 295 patients operated consecutively between 1998 and 2004 at our institution was prospectively studied. The variables significantly associated with the surgical margins status in univariate analysis were used for multivariate analysis., Results: The overall rate of PSM was 23% (9% for pT2 patients). Parameters significantly associated with surgical margins status were preoperative PSA (p = 0.02), number of positive biopsy cores (p = 0.04), pathological stage (p < 0. 001), and Gleason score on radical prostatectomy specimen (p < 0. 001). In addition, patient age and surgical specimen weight were conversely associated with surgical margins status (p = 0.008 and p = 0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, only three parameters were found to be independent factors of PSM: the pathological stage (p < 0. 001), the patient age (p = 0. 02), and the surgical specimen weight (p = 0.02). PSM rates were 6% and 25% in patients with prostate > 70g and < 70g, respectively (p = 0.008), and 15% and 28% in those with prostate weight > or = 50g and < 50g, respectively (p = 0.015)., Conclusion: Low prostate weight is an independent risk factor of PSM. Patients with prostate weight > or = 70g should be considered at low risk of PSM, while those with prostate weight < 50g are at high risk of PSM.