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Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a novel antibacterial and fluoride-releasing adhesive formulation on enamel demineralization under sucrose exposure in situ (simulating high caries risk conditions)., Materials and Methods: This crossover, blind study was performed in two phases of 14 days. Volunteers (n = 14) wore an intraoral appliance containing four bovine enamel blocks with cavity preparations restored using self-etching primers/composite resin (Clearfil SE Bond or Clearfil Protect Bond/Clearfil AP-X). The volunteers dropped 20% sucrose solution 8x/day and used fluoridated dentifrice 3x/day. After 14 days, enamel mineral loss was assessed by cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH), and the demineralization areas in enamel adjacent to the restoration were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarizing light microscopy (PLM). The CSMH data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05)., Results: Enamel blocks restored with Clearfil Protect Bond showed higher mineral content (%vol) adjacent to restorations than Clearfil SE Bond only for the first site of microhardness measurement and close to enamel surface (20 microm). SEM and PLM analysis suggested that the Clearfil Protect Bond adhesive promoted less enamel demineralization around restorations., Conclusion: After 14 days of cariogenic challenge, the findings suggested that Clearfil Protect Bond might help to control the demineralization around restorations in cases of high caries risk.

Purpose: To evaluate the bond strength on different cavity walls of Class II preparations. Different bonding systems and the effect of thermomechanical cycling were investigated., Materials and Methods: Human third molars received MOD preparations with dentin margins. Teeth were randomly assigned to 18 groups (n=5) according to the combination of cavity wall (axial, occlusal, and gingival), bonding system (Single Bond Plus, Clearfil SE Bond, and Adper Prompt) and the occurrence of thermomechanical cycling. Restorations were concluded with Filtek Z250 composite. Specimens were sectioned according to the respective cavity wall (4 slabs/restoration), and the adhesive interface was trimmed to an hourglass shape (1 mm2). Slabs were tested under tension, and failure mode was observed. Bond strength data were analyzed with three-way ANOVA/Tukey's test., Results: Single Bond Plus and Clearfil SE Bond performed similarly under most experimental conditions. Single Bond Plus presented similar bond strength on the three cavity walls, regardless of the aging condition. Clearfil SE Bond exhibited significant differences among cavity walls: the occlusal wall showed higher means in both aging conditions. Non-aged gingival walls and aged axial and gingival walls yielded lower means. Non-aged Adper Prompt produced similar bond strengths on the three cavity walls. After thermomechanical cycling, the gingival wall showed lower means., Conclusion: The effect of cavity walls was dependent on the bonding system and thermomechanical cycling. Adper Prompt demonstrated bond strengths lower than Single Bond Plus or Clearfil SE Bond under most experimental conditions.

Purpose: To identify the risk indicators of gingivitis among socioeconomic, clinical and gender variables in 5-year-old children attending preschools in Piracicaba, Brazil, in 2005., Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 728 subjects attending 22 public (n = 428) and 18 private (n = 300) preschools. A previously calibrated examiner performed the clinical examination in an outdoor setting, under natural light, using a dental mirror, Community Periodontal Index probe and air-drying. Gingival status was measured using the gingival alteration index for 5-year-olds according to the national survey carried out in 2002 in Brazil (Health Ministry of Brazil, 2004). Socioeconomic variables (monthly family income, number of people living in the household, parents' educational level, home ownership and car ownership) were collected by means of a parental semi-structured questionnaire., Results: The prevalence of gingivitis was 16.6%. Monthly family income (p < 0.0001), father's education (p < 0.0007), mother's education (p = 0.0004), type of school (p < 0.0001), car ownership (p = 0.0854), gender (p = 0.0087), initial lesion (p < 0.0001), dental caries (p = 0.0008), crowding (p = 0.0054) and spacing (p = 0.0019) were associated with gingival bleeding at p < 0.15 and were selected for the regression analysis. By means of multiple logistic regression analyses, monthly family income of up to 4 Brazilian minimum wages, presence of initial lesion, presence of crowding and male gender were found to be risk indicators of gingivitis., Conclusion: The prevalence of gingivitis in 5-year-old preschool children in Piracicaba was 16.6%. Also, family income of up to 4 minimum wages, male gender, the presence of initial caries lesion and crowding were risk indicators of gingivitis.

Purpose: This study attempts to describe the caries experience in 12-year-old schoolchildren in Piracicaba, Brazil, and to verify the relationship between the disease and socioeconomic factors, and behavioural variables related to oral health., Materials and Methods: The random sample consisted of 939 individuals from public and private schools in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, in 2005. A calibrated dentist performed the examination in an outdoor setting, under natural light, using CPI probes and mirrors, following WHO recommendations. A questionnaire was sent to the parents to collect information on socioeconomic level and behavioural variables related to dental health. The mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth and surfaces (DMFT/DMFS), the Care Index and the SiC (Significant Caries Index) were determined. Multiple logistic regression analyses using the stepwise procedure were performed in order to identify the risk indicators for the DMFT and for the polarisation group., Results: The DMFT and the SiC Index were 1.32 (SD = 1.92) and 3.52 (SD = 1.86), respectively, and the Care Index was 75.0%. The regression models showed that females and children with either low family income or low education level of the fathers were prone to have caries or take part in the polarisation group., Conclusion: The 12-year-old individuals from Piracicaba presented a low prevalence of caries. Nevertheless, those high caries-level individuals showed moderate caries experience. The socioeconomic and the behavioural variables related to dental health were risk indicators of caries in permanent dentition not only for the entire sample, but also for the polarisation group.

Objective: To investigate the influence of different settings, epidemiological and clinical, and different diagnostic thresholds on caries detection in a group of 7-10-year-old children in Brazil., Materials and Methods: In total, 983 children aged 7-10 years old and enrolled in four public schools were randomly selected. Three examiners performed epidemiological examinations followed by an examination of the same children in a clinical setting. The examinations of cleaned and dried teeth in both settings were carried out using a dental mirror and ball-ended probe, under natural light in the epidemiological setting examinations and under artificial light during the clinical setting examinations. For the analysis of results, comparisons were focused on WHO (World Health Organization) diagnostic thresholds versus WHO+IL (initial lesions) diagnostic thresholds, both under epidemiological conditions, in order to demonstrate the influence of the inclusion of IL in the study; and WHO+IL in the epidemiological setting versus WHO+IL in the clinical setting, aiming to demonstrate the importance of examination setting. Outcome measures were dmfs, DMFS, ds, Ds, sealants and number of children 'free' of caries. Paired t-test and McNemar's test were used to test the difference between means and proportions for each age group., Results: Epidemiological examinations, under the WHO diagnostic threshold, showed significant differences for all outcome measures when compared with the WHO +IL threshold. Statistical differences were also detected when comparingthe WHO+IL threshold under different settings., Conclusion: The choice of a diagnostic threshold (WHO or WHO+IL) and the conditions of examination (epidemiological or clinical) were important for caries detection.

Unlabelled: Investigating dental caries and fluorosis prevalence over time is an important measure for monitoring trends in oral health., Purpose: This work aimed to describe the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis of 11- to 12-year-old schoolchildren from Iracemapolis, Brazil, in 2004 (n=236) and to compare the current prevalence rates with those from previous surveys carried out in 1991 (n=200), 1995 (n=160), 1997 (n=314) and 2001 (n=244)., Materials and Methods: The schoolchildren of both genders from all public schools were examined by two calibrated dentists (Kappa > 0.81), using dental probes and buccal mirrors under natural light in an outdoor setting. Dental caries and fluorosis were measured using the DMFT and Thylstrup-Fejerskov (T-F) indexes, respectively. The variation of DMFT index over time was assessed by analysis of regression and the fluorosis prevalence (T-F>1) was compared over time by the Chi-square test at 5% significance level., Results: In 2004, the mean value for DMFT was 1.2; 50% of the children were caries-free, and 15.7% presented dental fluorosis (T-F>1). A significant caries reduction (82.1%) and a significant increase (685%) of fluorosis prevalence have been observed from 1991 to 2004 (p < 0.01)., Conclusion: The results suggest a continuous decrease of dental caries experience and an increase of dental fluorosis prevalence in 11-to 12-year-old schoolchildren from this Brazilian town as well as indicate that further epidemiological surveys should be carried out in order to monitor these trends.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the cariostatic effect of whitening toothpastes., Methods and Materials: Ninety-five dental fragments were obtained from nonerupted third molars. The fragments were embedded in polystyrene resin and sequentially polished with abrasive papers (400-, 600-, and 1,000-grit) and diamond pastes of 6, 3, and 1 microm. The fragments were assigned in five groups according to toothpaste treatment: G1 = Rembrandt Plus with Peroxide; G2 = Crest Dual Action Whitening; G3 = Aquafresh Whitening Triple Protection; and the control groups: G4 = Sensodyne Original (without fluoride); G5 = Sensodyne Sodium Bicarbonated (with fluoride). The initial enamel microhardness evaluations were done. For 2 weeks the fragments were submitted daily to a de-remineralization cycle followed by a 10-minute toothpaste slurry. After that, the final microhardness tests were done. The percentage of mineral loss of enamel was determined for statistical analysis. Analysis of variance and the Tukey test were applied., Results: The results did not show statistically significant differences in mineral loss among groups G1, G2, G3, and G5, which statistically differ from G4 (toothpaste without fluoride). G4 showed the highest mineral loss (P < or = .05)., Conclusion: The whitening toothpastes evaluated showed a cariostatic effect similar to regular, nonwhitening toothpaste.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Carisolv on the shear bond strength (SBS) of hydrophilic adhesive systems in dentin., Method and Materials: Two hundred bovine incisors were polished with 320- to 1,000-grit aluminum oxide paper and randomly divided into 10 groups (n = 20). The adhesive systems were used according to manufacturer's instructions, and a restorative resin composite (Definite) was inserted in a Teflon matrix and cured. The specimens were kept in humid storage for 7 days at 37 degrees C. The SBS tests were performed in an EMIC universal testing machine with a crosshead speed at 0.5 mm/min. The mean values (MPa +/- [SD]) were analyzed with analysis of variance and Dunnett and Tukey tests., Results: The results were expressed in decreasing values (MPa): G6 = 18.55 +/- 6.95; G3 = 17.55 +/- 5.73; G2 = 17.05 +/- 5.33; G8 = 16.95 +/- 7.13; G7 = 16.94 +/- 5.22; G4 = 16.31 +/- 3.38; G1 = 15.85 +/- 4.45; G9 = 14.21 +/- 5.87; G5 = 12.89 +/- 3.79; and G10 = 12.31 +/- 5.18., Conclusion: Carisolv did not interfere in the adhesion to dentin, but its cleanser technique did interfere.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of nonvital bleaching on the shear bond strength of composite resin using three adhesive systems., Materials and Methods: Two hundred seventy bovine teeth were assigned to 3 groups (n = 90): SP, paste of sodium perborate and water; CP, 37% carbamide peroxide; CO, control group (no treatment). After the bleaching treatment, the teeth in each group were cut into enamel (E) and dentin (D) sections. The teeth were embedded in polyester resin and polished in order to obtain a flat E or D surface. Each group was divided into 6 subgroups (n = 15) according to substrate (E and D) and adhesive system: SB, Single Bond (solvent: water/alcohol); PB, Prime & Bond NT (solvent: acetone); CLF, Clearfil SE Bond (solvent: water). The adhesive system was applied on each flat surface according to the manufacturer's instructions and a cylinder of composite resin Z-250 was overlaid. The specimens were stored in distilled water for 7 days at 37 degrees C. The SBS test was performed in a universal testing machine with crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data obtained (in MPa) were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < or = 0.05)., Results: The bleaching treatment influenced the SBS, regardless of the adhesive system used. On enamel, the SP and CP bleaching treatments reduced the SBS values. On dentin, the SP bleaching agent reduced the SBS values, but the CP bleaching did not., Conclusion: Nonvital bleaching treatment with sodium perborate may adversely affect shear bond strength of composite resin for both enamel and dentin. Similar effects can be expected from 37% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on enamel but not dentin bonding strength. The use of water/alcohol and acetone-based adhesive systems cannot reverse the effects of bleaching treatments on bond strengths.