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Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Psychology is one of the important sciences that requires extensive study and deep understanding due to its significant impact on individuals. It is a field that has seen increased demand in recent years, especially in the educational sector, because of its effective influence on the educational process. It is one of the crucial sciences with a direct impact on enhancing and improving the performance levels of learners, making it a vital focus in scientific studies within the field of education. The research aimed to identify: *The level of communication skills among students from certain departments of the College of Basic Education at the University of Mosul. *The differences in the level of communication skills between students from certain departments of the College of Basic Education at the University of Mosul. To verify this, the researchers hypothesized the existence of: *Varying levels of communication skills among students from certain departments of the College of Basic Education at the University of Mosul. * Differences in the level of communication skills between students from certain departments of the College of Basic Education at the University of Mosul. The research sample consisted of 121 students from some departments of the College of Basic Education at the University of Mosul. To collect data, the researchers employed the "Communication Skills" scale developed by Ali Hussein Najm Al- Omrani, which included 38 items. The scale was subjected to scientific statistics before the final application on the research sample. The researchers utilized the following: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, percentage, theoretical mean analysis of variance for unequal samples, and the least significant difference value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research goal is to: A comparative study between the skill performance of some basic football skills using legal balls and the balls used in practical lectures. The researchers used the descriptive approach to suit it and the subject of the research. The research population was intentional from the first academic stage, where they were chosen intentionally because this stage teaches the basic skills of football. As for the research sample, it consisted of (15) male students only who were chosen randomly. The researchers presented a questionnaire to those with experience and specialization to find out the appropriate skills for the study. These skills were the skill of controlling and controlling the ball, the skill of scoring, and the skill of handling. The researchers used the following tests to measure the performance of the sample on the skills chosen by the experts. These tests are (the test of control and basic control of the ball, and the test of scoring balls. And the handling test towards a small target 20 meters away. The researchers used the following statistical methods: (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, ttest for non-independent samples, SPSS statistical package). The researchers concluded that there was a difference in the sample’s performance in the two tests, as the sample’s performance was better using legal balls. The researchers recommend the necessity of using balls that conform to the rules of the game and in all sporting events because they have a clear impact on the quality of performance and thus improve the learning process for students in the colleges of physical education and sports sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reason for the spread of this phenomenon is the lack of control over border crossings, so the research aimed to identify the reasons behind the spread of drug abuse through a field study on the inmates of the Anbar Rehabilitation Centre by identifying the aura that the user forms about the drug, as well as the role of psychological pressure suffered by the addict, in addition tothe role of psychological pressure suffered by the addict, in addition to identifying the role of media propaganda in pushing the user to addiction by answering the main question, What are the most important reasons and factors leading to drug abuse by identifying the social aura? A questionnaire was developed by reviewing the previous literature and was subjected to apparent honesty by presenting it to a number of specialists in the field of education and psychology, and the coefficient of honesty was calculated, where the coefficient of 80/0 of the research results were significant indicators that appeared through statistical analysis of the study sample for the three dimensions: aura, psychological pressure relief, and media propaganda in pushing the user to addiction. In the aura dimension, the paragraph I expect drugs to give the individual strength to face life difficulties ranked first with an arithmetic mean of 4.45, "I believe that drugs are a unique magical experience" came in second place, and "I expect drugs to contribute to increasing thinking" came in third place, while in the psychological pressure dimension, "I believe that drugs are the best way to eliminate worries" came in first place with a mean of 4. In the third dimension after media propaganda, the paragraph I think there is no harm in trying drugs once ranked first with a computational average of 4.33, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research aims to prepare special speed exercises in the variables of the first arc of running the 400 m hurdles under 20 years of age and to identify the effect of special speed exercises in the variables of the first arc of running the 400 m hurdles under 20 years of age. To achieve the goal, the researchers used the experimental method by designing one group with two pre-and posttests to suit the research problem. The research community included elite runners in the youth 400 m hurdles event for the year (2021-2023) and those with similar levels, numbering (8) athletes, who are of a community of origin. The sample was chosen intentionally and consisted of (6) players, representing 75% of the original population. After the tests and variables to be studied were determined, the researchers conducted the exploratory experiment as well as the pre-test, and then the exercises were applied during the training units. After completing the training units, the researchers conducted the post-test on the sample, and the researchers used the statistical package (Spss) (arithmetic mean, Standard deviation, paired samples t-test. The researchers concluded that special speed exercises contributed to increasing the rate of explosive power, as well as having a positive effect on the variables related to the first arc investigated, and that relying on the use of more specialized exercises by mechanical principles and laws contributes to improving the level of the runner in terms of abilities and indicators related to effectiveness. As well as that training the athlete according to the centrifugal principle had a positive impact in standardizing the training intensity for 400m/hurdles event runners, The researchers recommend the need for trainers to rely on regulating training intensity according to mechanical indicators and laws that are specific to effectiveness, and the need to pay attention to the mechanical aspects that constitute a factor influencing the success of the event, in addition to paying attention to special speed training because it effectively affects the variables of the first arc and achieving 400-meter hurdles event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraq Journal of Market Research & Consumer Protection / Al-Mağallaẗ al-ʿIrāqiyyaẗ li-Buḥūṯ al-Sūq wa-Ḥimāyaẗ al-Mustahlik is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research aims to reveal the effect of Swiss ball exercises on some physical variables for the players of the experimental group, as well as the effect of Swiss ball exercises on some basic skills for the players of the experimental group, as well as to compare the two research groups (control and experimental) in some physical variables in the post-test for the football players. In addition to the comparison between the two research groups (control and experimental) in some basic football skills. The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (32) players from the Mosul Youth Sports Club in football, representing %75of the research community. The sample was divided into two groups (experimental and control) by following the selection method. Randomly using a lottery, there were (12) players for the experimental group and (12) players for the control group. The players who did not complete the tests and the players who could not commit to the experiment were excluded. Their number was (5) players, in addition to the goalkeepers being excluded, their number was (3) goalkeepers. Achieving homogeneity in the variables (age, height, weight, and training age), and parity between the two research groups in the physical and skill traits that were determined by the specialists . The experimental design, which is called a random-selection control group design with a pre- and post-test, was adopted . The experimental design was adopted, which is called a random-selection control group design with a pre- and post-test. The data was processed statistically using the SPSS program to obtain (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, percentage, t-test for linked samples, and ttest for paired samples). Independent .). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a debate among researchers regarding the impact of environmental factors, such as varying temperatures, on bodily functions, particularly the respiratory system of athletes. Hence, investigating the influence of moderate to cold weather on athletes during exercise is essential for comprehending this relationship and determining optimal strategies for public health maintenance, fitness enhancement, and performance improvement under diverse environmental conditions. Consequently, this study aims to ascertain the impact of the surrounding environment on individuals, the extent to which their physiological systems are affected, and the resultant manifestations, especially during physical exertion. The primary aim of the present study was to assess the differences in respiratory system variables (respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), pulmonary ventilation (V̇ E)), as well as other parameters (heart rate (HR), completion time (Ct)), at rest and post-cardiorespiratory exercise test (CPET) between moderate heat (24°C ± 1) and cold conditions (15°C ± 1). The researcher hypothesized that there would be no significant disparities in respiratory system variables (RR, TV, V̇ E), HR, and Ct between the moderate and cold conditions, both at rest and after CPET. A descriptive approach was chosen for its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample comprised eight randomly selected individuals aged between 22 and 24 years who engaged in physical activity. The experimental sessions were conducted in two different thermal conditions: moderate temperature (24°C ± 1) with 30-40% humidity, and cold temperature (15°C ± 1) with 30-40% humidity. Data processing involved the use of statistical and computational methods such as arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, body mass index, body surface area, and t-tests for two related samples. The findings of the study revealed the following: - Cold environmental conditions led to a significant increase in comfort in the variables TV, V̇ E, and HR at the conclusion of physical exertion, as well as an increase in RR, compared to temperate conditions. - Cold environmental conditions did not result in a significant increase in comfort in RR, TV, V̇ E, and HR at the end of physical exertion in comparison to temperate conditions. - The cold environmental condition during physical exertion did not exhibit a clear negative or positive impact on Ct in terms of the duration of the end of exertion compared to the moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: A correct preoperative intraocular lens (IOL) power measurement in cataract surgery depends on accurate assessment of axial length (AL), anterior segment parameters, and using the suitable formula for the calculation of the power. Objectives: To determine the accuracy of IOL power calculations using keratometric measurements of the IOL Master compared to the Pentacam and to determine whether the results obtained can be used interchangeably in clinical practice in calculating IOL power in routine cataract surgery. Patients and Methods: In this prospective study, the biometric data including AL, keratometric readings, and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were obtained by both the IOL Master 500 and Pentacam Scheimpflug devices added to these measures the white-to-white (WTW) distance by IOL Master and central corneal thickness by Pentacam and calculation of the IOL power using SRK/T formula for the enrolled patients who undergone uneventful cataract surgery with IOL implantation. Postoperatively, spherical equivalent refraction was measured and the mean arithmetic error and the mean absolute error (MAE) for both keratometric readings were calculated to compare the accuracy between them in calculating the IOL power. Results: The study evaluated 57 eyes of 57 patient, the mean K value for the IOL Master was 43.92 (D) ± 1.5 (standard deviation [SD]) and the mean K value for the Pentacam was 43.77 (D) ± 1.7 (SD) (P = 0.62), ACD values between the two groups, was 3.19 ± 0.44 mm measure by IOL Master compared to 3.22 ± 0.48 mm in Pentacam (P = 0.769), with a very strong positive correlation between the two values (r = 0.995, P < 0.001). MAE for the IOL Master was 0.230 (D) ± 0.187 (SD), while for the Pentacam was 0.255 (D) ± 0.204 (SD), with no statistically significant differences between two devices' values (P = 0.54). Conclusions: Pentacam Scheimpflug measured keratometric and ACD data had good correlation with IOL Master data with good interchangeability between two devices readings in measuring the IOL power in routine cases of cataract surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Administration & Economics is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraq Journal of Market Research & Consumer Protection / Al-Mağallaẗ al-ʿIrāqiyyaẗ li-Buḥūṯ al-Sūq wa-Ḥimāyaẗ al-Mustahlik is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Nabo is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Administration & Economics is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)