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Column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2) and methane (XCH4) measured by a solar viewing portable Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS, EM27/SUN) have been characterized and validated by comparison using in situ profile measurements made during the transfer flights of two aircraft campaigns: Korea-United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) and Effect of Megacities on the Transport and Transformation of Pollutants at Regional and Global Scales (EMeRGe). The aircraft flew over two Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) sites: Rikubetsu, Japan (43.46∘ N, 143.77∘ E), for the KORUS-AQ campaign and Burgos, Philippines (18.53∘ N, 120.65∘ E), for the EMeRGe campaign. The EM27/SUN was deployed at the corresponding TCCON sites during the overflights. The mole fraction profiles obtained by the aircraft over Rikubetsu differed between the ascending and the descending flights above approximately 8 km for both CO2 and CH4. Because the spatial pattern of tropopause heights based on potential vorticity values from the ERA5 reanalysis shows that the tropopause height over the Rikubetsu site was consistent with the descending profile, we used only the descending profile to compare with the EM27/SUN data. Both the XCO2 and XCH4 derived from the descending profiles over Burgos were lower than those from the ascending profiles. Output from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model indicates that higher CO2 for the ascending profile originated in central Luzon, an industrialized and densely populated region about 400 km south of the Burgos TCCON site. Air masses observed with the EM27/SUN overlap better with those from the descending aircraft profiles than those from the ascending aircraft profiles with respect to their properties such as origin and atmospheric residence times. Consequently, the descending aircraft profiles were used for the comparison with the EM27/SUN data. The EM27/SUN XCO2 and XCH4 data were derived by using the GGG2014 software without a

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a major health risk in urban settings. Ammonia (NH3) from vehicle exhaust is an under-recognised ingredient in the formation of inorganic PM and there remains a shortage of data to properly quantify the role of NH3 from vehicles in PM formation. An Open-path Fourier transform infra-red (OP-FTIR) spectrometer measured atmospheric NH3, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temporal resolution (5 min) in Western Sydney over 11 months. The oxides of nitrogen (NO2 and NO; NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were measured at an adjacent air quality monitoring station. NH3 levels were maxima in the morning and evening coincident with peak traffic. During peak traffic NH3:CO ratio ranged from 0.018 to 0.022 ppbv:ppbv. Results were compared with the Greater Metropolitan Region 2008 (GMR2008) emissions inventory. Measured NH3:CO was higher during peak traffic times than the GMR2008 emissions estimates, indicating an underestimation of vehicle NH3 emissions in the inventory. Measurements also indicated the urban atmosphere was NH3 rich for the formation of ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) particulate was SO2 limited while the formation of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was NH3 limited. Any reduction in NOx emissions with improved catalytic converter efficiency will be accompanied by an increase in NH3 production and potentially with an increase in NH4NO3 particulate.

We present an innovative decomposition approach for computing the price and the hedging parameters of American knock-out options with a time-dependent rebate. Our approach is built upon: (i) the Fourier sine transform applied to the partial differential equation with a finite time-dependent spatial domain that governs the option price, and (ii) the decomposition technique that partitions the price of the option into that of the European counterpart and an early exercise premium. Our analytic representations can generalize a number of existing decomposition formulas for some European-style and American-style options. A complexity analysis of the method, together with numerical results, show that the proposed approach is significantly more efficient than the state-of-the-art adaptive finite difference methods, especially in dealing with spot prices near the barrier. Numerical results are also examined in order to provide new insight into the significant effects of the rebate on the option price, the hedging parameters, and the optimal exercise boundary.

We present an innovative decomposition approach for computing the price and the hedging parameters of American knock-out options with a time-dependent rebate. Our approach is built upon: (i) the Fourier sine transform applied to the partial differential equation with a finite time-dependent spatial domain that governs the option price, and (ii) the decomposition technique that partitions the price of the option into that of the European counterpart and an early exercise premium. Our analytic representations can generalize a number of existing decomposition formulas for some European-style and American-style options. A complexity analysis of the method, together with numerical results, show that the proposed approach is significantly more efficient than the state-of-the-art adaptive finite difference methods, especially in dealing with spot prices near the barrier. Numerical results are also examined in order to provide new insight into the significant effects of the rebate on the option price, the hedging parameters, and the optimal exercise boundary.

This paper introduces manufacturing constraints into a recently developed evolutionary algorithm for shape optimisation of CFS profiles. The algorithm is referred to as "self-shape optimisation" and uses Genetic Algorithm (GA) together with the Augmented Lagrangian (AL) method to avoid ill-conditioned problems. Simple manufacturing rules derived from the limitations of current cold-forming processes, i.e. a limited ability to form continuously curved surfaces without discrete bends, are described in the paper and incorporated into the algorithm. The Hough transform is used to detect straight lines and transform arbitrarily drawn cross-sections into manufacturable ones. Firstly, the algorithm is verified against a known optimisation problem and found to accurately converge to a manufacturable optimum solution. Secondly, the algorithm is applied to singly-symmetric CFS columns each of which is subject to an axial compressive load of 75kN and has a uniform wall thickness of 1.2 mm. The strength of the columns is evaluated by the Direct Strength Method (DSM) and all buckling modes are considered. Various column lengths (from 500 mm to 3000 mm) and numbers of roll-forming bends were investigated. The optimised cross-sections are presented and discussed.

A novel and low complexity algorithm is proposed to estimate the parameters of air maneuvering target based on Compressive Sensing (CS) and Cubic Phase Transform (CPT). First of all, CPT is utilized to separate the two parameters of the maneuvering target. Then, CS is used to estimate the parameters according to the properties of sparse signal in the time-frequency domain. The proposed algorithm can acquire precise parameter estimation with limited pulses in a coherent processing interval for airborne radar. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the numerical simulations.

A novel and low complexity algorithm is proposed to estimate the parameters of air maneuvering target based on Compressive Sensing (CS) and Cubic Phase Transform (CPT). First of all, CPT is utilized to separate the two parameters of the maneuvering target. Then, CS is used to estimate the parameters according to the properties of sparse signal in the time-frequency domain. The proposed algorithm can acquire precise parameter estimation with limited pulses in a coherent processing interval for airborne radar. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the numerical simulations.

A novel and low complexity algorithm is proposed to estimate the parameters of air maneuvering target based on Compressive Sensing (CS) and Cubic Phase Transform (CPT). First of all, CPT is utilized to separate the two parameters of the maneuvering target. Then, CS is used to estimate the parameters according to the properties of sparse signal in the time-frequency domain. The proposed algorithm can acquire precise parameter estimation with limited pulses in a coherent processing interval for airborne radar. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the numerical simulations.

A novel and low complexity algorithm is proposed to estimate the parameters of air maneuvering target based on Compressive Sensing (CS) and Cubic Phase Transform (CPT). First of all, CPT is utilized to separate the two parameters of the maneuvering target. Then, CS is used to estimate the parameters according to the properties of sparse signal in the time-frequency domain. The proposed algorithm can acquire precise parameter estimation with limited pulses in a coherent processing interval for airborne radar. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the numerical simulations.

2014 ACPE. This paper describes the use of HHT to decompose power quality(PQ) signals with good resolution. A brief description of why the method is needed and the operation of the method are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of HHT when applied to decompose stationary and non-stationary PQ signals are discussed.

The nonstationary nature of power-quality (PQ) waveforms requires a tool that can accurately analyze and visually identify the instants of transitions. One of the recently reported tools available to analyze nonstationary complex waveforms with a very good time resolution is the Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT). However, HHT has difficulty in resolving waveforms containing components with close frequencies with a ratio of less than two, and similar to other waveform classification techniques, it has difficulty in resolving the instants of sudden changes in the waveform. To overcome the problem with components containing close frequencies, a novel Iterative Hilbert Huang transform (IHHT) is proposed in this paper. To overcome the problem in identifying instants of sudden changes in the waveform, a new method using the Symbolic Aggregate ApproXimation (SAX) method is proposed. SAX converts the signal into symbols that can be utilized by a pattern detector algorithm to identify the boundaries of the stationary signals within a nonstationary signal. Results from IHHT and SAX method to analyze and visually identify simulated and measured nonstationary PQ waveforms will be provided and discussed. The proposed method is particularly useful when investigating the behavior of the harmonic components of a particular PQ waveform of interest in a given interval of time, following a data-mining search of a large database of PQ events. It can be used to both identify, and later isolate unique signatures within a provider's distribution system.

Rania Rostom, Communications Director-Middle East, North Africa and Turkey, General Electric (GE), sat with her team and reviewed some of the outcomes of the recent brest cancer campaign conducted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as part of its healthymagination commitment. This initiative focused on GE's belief that sustainable health could work together to drive the company's growth, while taking on some of the world's biggest challenges. Rania was looking at the pilot rollout of the breast cancer awareness campaign in KSA. The focus of the meeting was to see if they could lend momentum to healthymagination across the region with the preliminary insights they had gathered and based on their findings, develop a communication campaign that would encourage women to screen early for breast cancer, seek treatment and reduce the discomfort associated with the process.

The rank transform procedure is often used in the analysis of variance when observations are not consistent with normality. The data are ranked and the analysis of variance is applied to the ranked data. Often the rank residuals will be consistent with normality and a valid analysis results. Here we find that the rank transform procedure is equivalent to applying the intended analysis of variance to first order orthonormal polynomials on the rank proportions. Using higher order orthonormal polynomials extends the analysis to higher order effects, roughly detecting dispersion, skewness etc. differences between treatment ranks. Using orthonormal polynomials on the original observations yields the usual analysis of variance for the first order polynomial, and higher order extensions for subsequent polynomials. Again first order reflects location differences, while higher orders roughly detect dispersion, skewness etc. differences between the treatments.

The rank transform procedure is often used in the analysis of variance when observations are not consistent with normality. The data are ranked and the analysis of variance is applied to the ranked data. Often the rank residuals will be consistent with normality and a valid analysis results. Here we find that the rank transform procedure is equivalent to applying the intended analysis of variance to first order orthonormal polynomials on the rank proportions. Using higher order orthonormal polynomials extends the analysis to higher order effects, roughly detecting dispersion, skewness etc. differences between treatment ranks. Using orthonormal polynomials on the original observations yields the usual analysis of variance for the first order polynomial, and higher order extensions for subsequent polynomials. Again first order reflects location differences, while higher orders roughly detect dispersion, skewness etc. differences between the treatments.

The rank transform procedure is often used in the analysis of variance when observations are not consistent with normality. The data are ranked and the analysis of variance is applied to the ranked data. Often the rank residuals will be consistent with normality and a valid analysis results. Here we find that the rank transform procedure is equivalent to applying the intended analysis of variance to first order orthonormal polynomials on the rank proportions. Using higher order orthonormal polynomials extends the analysis to higher order effects, roughly detecting dispersion, skewness etc. differences between treatment ranks. Using orthonormal polynomials on the original observations yields the usual analysis of variance for the first order polynomial, and higher order extensions for subsequent polynomials. Again first order reflects location differences, while higher orders roughly detect dispersion, skewness etc. differences between the treatments.

The rank transform procedure is often used in the analysis of variance when observations are not consistent with normality. The data are ranked and the analysis of variance is applied to the ranked data. Often the rank residuals will be consistent with normality and a valid analysis results. Here we find that the rank transform procedure is equivalent to applying the intended analysis of variance to first order orthonormal polynomials on the rank proportions. Using higher order orthonormal polynomials extends the analysis to higher order effects, roughly detecting dispersion, skewness etc. differences between treatment ranks. Using orthonormal polynomials on the original observations yields the usual analysis of variance for the first order polynomial, and higher order extensions for subsequent polynomials. Again first order reflects location differences, while higher orders roughly detect dispersion, skewness etc. differences between the treatments.

The nonstationary nature of power-quality (PQ) waveforms requires a tool that can accurately analyze and visually identify the instants of transitions. One of the recently reported tools available to analyze nonstationary complex waveforms with a very good time resolution is the Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT). However, HHT has difficulty in resolving waveforms containing components with close frequencies with a ratio of less than two, and similar to other waveform classification techniques, it has difficulty in resolving the instants of sudden changes in the waveform. To overcome the problem with components containing close frequencies, a novel Iterative Hilbert Huang transform (IHHT) is proposed in this paper. To overcome the problem in identifying instants of sudden changes in the waveform, a new method using the Symbolic Aggregate ApproXimation (SAX) method is proposed. SAX converts the signal into symbols that can be utilized by a pattern detector algorithm to identify the boundaries of the stationary signals within a nonstationary signal. Results from IHHT and SAX method to analyze and visually identify simulated and measured nonstationary PQ waveforms will be provided and discussed. The proposed method is particularly useful when investigating the behavior of the harmonic components of a particular PQ waveform of interest in a given interval of time, following a data-mining search of a large database of PQ events. It can be used to both identify, and later isolate unique signatures within a provider's distribution system.

Rania Rostom, Communications Director-Middle East, North Africa and Turkey, General Electric (GE), sat with her team and reviewed some of the outcomes of the recent brest cancer campaign conducted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as part of its healthymagination commitment. This initiative focused on GE's belief that sustainable health could work together to drive the company's growth, while taking on some of the world's biggest challenges. Rania was looking at the pilot rollout of the breast cancer awareness campaign in KSA. The focus of the meeting was to see if they could lend momentum to healthymagination across the region with the preliminary insights they had gathered and based on their findings, develop a communication campaign that would encourage women to screen early for breast cancer, seek treatment and reduce the discomfort associated with the process.

Self-mixing interferometry (SMI) signals are observed from a laser diode (LD) with optical feedbacks induced by an external target. SMI signals carry information related to both of the target and parameters of the LDs. However, the noise contained in SMI signals greatly degrades the applications of the SMI systems. This paper proposes a wavelet transform based de-noising method which can effectively eliminate noise while keeping an SMI waveform less changed. The proposed method is verified by both simulations and experiments

Self-mixing interferometry (SMI) signals are observed from a laser diode (LD) with optical feedbacks induced by an external target. SMI signals carry information related to both of the target and parameters of the LDs. However, the noise contained in SMI signals greatly degrades the applications of the SMI systems. This paper proposes a wavelet transform based de-noising method which can effectively eliminate noise while keeping an SMI waveform less changed. The proposed method is verified by both simulations and experiments

Self-mixing interferometry (SMI) signals are observed from a laser diode (LD) with optical feedbacks induced by an external target. SMI signals carry information related to both of the target and parameters of the LDs. However, the noise contained in SMI signals greatly degrades the applications of the SMI systems. This paper proposes a wavelet transform based de-noising method which can effectively eliminate noise while keeping an SMI waveform less changed. The proposed method is verified by both simulations and experiments

Concern in recent decades about human impacts on Earth's climate has led to the need for improved and expanded measurement capabilities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this paper we describe in detail an in situ trace gas analyser based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy that is capable of simultaneous and continuous measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and 13C in CO2 in air with high precision. High accuracy is established by reference to measurements of standard reference gases. Stable water isotopes can also be measured in undried airstreams. The analyser is automated and allows unattended operation with minimal operator intervention. Precision and accuracy meet and exceed the compatibility targets set by the World Meteorological Organisation – Global Atmosphere Watch for baseline measurements in the unpolluted troposphere for all species except 13C in CO2. The analyser is mobile and well suited to fixed sites, tower measurements, mobile platforms and campaign-based measurements. The isotopic specificity of the optically-based technique and analysis allows its application in isotopic tracer experiments, for example in tracing variations of 13C in CO2 and 15N in N2O. We review a number of applications illustrating use of the analyser in clean air monitoring, micrometeorological flux and tower measurements, mobile measurements on a train, and soil flux chamber measurements.

We use Fourier transfonn infrared ground-based measurements and satellite and model data to assess long-range correlations in tropospheric carbon monoxide. We fmd that CO columns measured in New Zealand correlate well with those measured in Antarctica, if a transport-related lag is taken into account. The model suggests that this long-range correlation is part of a mode of anomalous CO comprising almost the whole southern extratropics, which is linked to biomass burning in the southern continents. No such mode is modeled for the Northern Hemisphere. The area of long-range correlations maximizes for the southern subtropical Pacific, which is identified as an advantageous location for a hypothetical new measurement station. The satellite data (produced by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPlTT) instrument) partially confinn these fmdings but with generally reduced correlations. In particular, the satellite data suggest no long-range correlation at high latitudes. This is partially explained in terms of retrieval limitations and partially reflects a model deficiency.

We use Fourier transfonn infrared ground-based measurements and satellite and model data to assess long-range correlations in tropospheric carbon monoxide. We fmd that CO columns measured in New Zealand correlate well with those measured in Antarctica, if a transport-related lag is taken into account. The model suggests that this long-range correlation is part of a mode of anomalous CO comprising almost the whole southern extratropics, which is linked to biomass burning in the southern continents. No such mode is modeled for the Northern Hemisphere. The area of long-range correlations maximizes for the southern subtropical Pacific, which is identified as an advantageous location for a hypothetical new measurement station. The satellite data (produced by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPlTT) instrument) partially confinn these fmdings but with generally reduced correlations. In particular, the satellite data suggest no long-range correlation at high latitudes. This is partially explained in terms of retrieval limitations and partially reflects a model deficiency.

Concern in recent decades about human impacts on Earth's climate has led to the need for improved and expanded measurement capabilities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this paper we describe in detail an in situ trace gas analyser based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy that is capable of simultaneous and continuous measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and 13C in CO2 in air with high precision. High accuracy is established by reference to measurements of standard reference gases. Stable water isotopes can also be measured in undried airstreams. The analyser is automated and allows unattended operation with minimal operator intervention. Precision and accuracy meet and exceed the compatibility targets set by the World Meteorological Organisation – Global Atmosphere Watch for baseline measurements in the unpolluted troposphere for all species except 13C in CO2. The analyser is mobile and well suited to fixed sites, tower measurements, mobile platforms and campaign-based measurements. The isotopic specificity of the optically-based technique and analysis allows its application in isotopic tracer experiments, for example in tracing variations of 13C in CO2 and 15N in N2O. We review a number of applications illustrating use of the analyser in clean air monitoring, micrometeorological flux and tower measurements, mobile measurements on a train, and soil flux chamber measurements.

We use Fourier transfonn infrared ground-based measurements and satellite and model data to assess long-range correlations in tropospheric carbon monoxide. We fmd that CO columns measured in New Zealand correlate well with those measured in Antarctica, if a transport-related lag is taken into account. The model suggests that this long-range correlation is part of a mode of anomalous CO comprising almost the whole southern extratropics, which is linked to biomass burning in the southern continents. No such mode is modeled for the Northern Hemisphere. The area of long-range correlations maximizes for the southern subtropical Pacific, which is identified as an advantageous location for a hypothetical new measurement station. The satellite data (produced by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPlTT) instrument) partially confinn these fmdings but with generally reduced correlations. In particular, the satellite data suggest no long-range correlation at high latitudes. This is partially explained in terms of retrieval limitations and partially reflects a model deficiency.

We use Fourier transfonn infrared ground-based measurements and satellite and model data to assess long-range correlations in tropospheric carbon monoxide. We fmd that CO columns measured in New Zealand correlate well with those measured in Antarctica, if a transport-related lag is taken into account. The model suggests that this long-range correlation is part of a mode of anomalous CO comprising almost the whole southern extratropics, which is linked to biomass burning in the southern continents. No such mode is modeled for the Northern Hemisphere. The area of long-range correlations maximizes for the southern subtropical Pacific, which is identified as an advantageous location for a hypothetical new measurement station. The satellite data (produced by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPlTT) instrument) partially confinn these fmdings but with generally reduced correlations. In particular, the satellite data suggest no long-range correlation at high latitudes. This is partially explained in terms of retrieval limitations and partially reflects a model deficiency.

Concern in recent decades about human impacts on Earth's climate has led to the need for improved and expanded measurement capabilities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this paper we describe in detail an in situ trace gas analyser based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy that is capable of simultaneous and continuous measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and 13C in CO2 in air with high precision. High accuracy is established by reference to measurements of standard reference gases. Stable water isotopes can also be measured in undried airstreams. The analyser is automated and allows unattended operation with minimal operator intervention. Precision and accuracy meet and exceed the compatibility targets set by the World Meteorological Organisation – Global Atmosphere Watch for baseline measurements in the unpolluted troposphere for all species except 13C in CO2. The analyser is mobile and well suited to fixed sites, tower measurements, mobile platforms and campaign-based measurements. The isotopic specificity of the optically-based technique and analysis allows its application in isotopic tracer experiments, for example in tracing variations of 13C in CO2 and 15N in N2O. We review a number of applications illustrating use of the analyser in clean air monitoring, micrometeorological flux and tower measurements, mobile measurements on a train, and soil flux chamber measurements.

Self-mixing interferometry (SMI) signals are observed from a laser diode (LD) with optical feedbacks induced by an external target. SMI signals carry information related to both of the target and parameters of the LDs. However, the noise contained in SMI signals greatly degrades the applications of the SMI systems. This paper proposes a wavelet transform based de-noising method which can effectively eliminate noise while keeping an SMI waveform less changed. The proposed method is verified by both simulations and experiments

This paper documents the practical and action-oriented findings of an investigation into child domestic work undertaken in Iringa, Tanzania from 2005 to 2007. It provides an overview of the experiences of both child domestic workers and their employers, before discussing their suggestions for how child domestic working arrangements may be improved. The latter sections of the paper relate the attempts to regulate child domestic work that emerged from such dialogue. In providing detailed information on that process, the paper is positioned within the field of action research and resists the boundary frequently applied between academia and activism. It also moves beyond the tendency - observed in many existing studies of child (domestic) work - to document problems without proposing solutions. The regulatory focus of the project is theoretically supported by a social constructionist reading of the situation facing (child) domestic workers in Iringa (and elsewhere). Domestic workers have been discursively constructed as one of the family rather than employees. This paper posits that the exploitation of child domestic workers relies on such constructions, and that improved regulation of this employment sector may offer an opportunity to discursively and tangibly reconstruct child domestic work as real work. Although formulated in the Tanzanian context, the recommendations are of broader geographical relevance. 2011 Taylor and Francis.

The changing composition of the earth’s atmosphere is a matter of intense scientific research as we strive to understand details of the physical and chemical mechanisms that control our climate. Fourier transform spectroscopy has been applied very successfully to the study of trace gases in the atmosphere by examining terrestrial atmospheric absorption lines in the infrared spectrum from the Sun. In fact many gases were first discovered in the atmosphere during the 1940’s from their absorption features in the infrared solar spectrum. These early optical absorption measurements of the atmosphere using the Sun as a source were made with grating spectrometers and examples of atmospheric gases first detected this way include methane and CO [Migeotte, 1948; 1949]. Continuous or semi-continuous records of infrared solar atmospheric absorption spectra have been made from ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) since the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the first ground-based solar-tracking FTS systems were installed at Kitt Peak National observatory in the USA and at the Jungfraujoch Observatory in Switzerland. Initially interest was focused on the detection and quantification of stratospheric trace gases [Rinsland et al., 1986; Zander et al., 1986]. The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole [Farman et al., 1985] intensified interest in stratospheric chemistry and helped support the establishment of the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC). This global network of instrument sites became operational in 1991 with ground-based FTS amongst the suite of primary techniques being used. Photographs of the instrument at the NDACC site at Wollongong, Australia are shown for illustrative purposes in figure 1 below. Other NDSC instruments are lidars for ozone, temperature, water and aerosols; microwave instruments for ozone, water and chlorine monoxide; UV/Visible spectrograph for ozone and nitrogen dioxide; Dobson/Brewer spectrophotometers for total column

This paper documents the practical and action-oriented findings of an investigation into child domestic work undertaken in Iringa, Tanzania from 2005 to 2007. It provides an overview of the experiences of both child domestic workers and their employers, before discussing their suggestions for how child domestic working arrangements may be improved. The latter sections of the paper relate the attempts to regulate child domestic work that emerged from such dialogue. In providing detailed information on that process, the paper is positioned within the field of action research and resists the boundary frequently applied between academia and activism. It also moves beyond the tendency - observed in many existing studies of child (domestic) work - to document problems without proposing solutions. The regulatory focus of the project is theoretically supported by a social constructionist reading of the situation facing (child) domestic workers in Iringa (and elsewhere). Domestic workers have been discursively constructed as one of the family rather than employees. This paper posits that the exploitation of child domestic workers relies on such constructions, and that improved regulation of this employment sector may offer an opportunity to discursively and tangibly reconstruct child domestic work as real work. Although formulated in the Tanzanian context, the recommendations are of broader geographical relevance. 2011 Taylor and Francis.

The changing composition of the earth’s atmosphere is a matter of intense scientific research as we strive to understand details of the physical and chemical mechanisms that control our climate. Fourier transform spectroscopy has been applied very successfully to the study of trace gases in the atmosphere by examining terrestrial atmospheric absorption lines in the infrared spectrum from the Sun. In fact many gases were first discovered in the atmosphere during the 1940’s from their absorption features in the infrared solar spectrum. These early optical absorption measurements of the atmosphere using the Sun as a source were made with grating spectrometers and examples of atmospheric gases first detected this way include methane and CO [Migeotte, 1948; 1949]. Continuous or semi-continuous records of infrared solar atmospheric absorption spectra have been made from ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) since the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the first ground-based solar-tracking FTS systems were installed at Kitt Peak National observatory in the USA and at the Jungfraujoch Observatory in Switzerland. Initially interest was focused on the detection and quantification of stratospheric trace gases [Rinsland et al., 1986; Zander et al., 1986]. The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole [Farman et al., 1985] intensified interest in stratospheric chemistry and helped support the establishment of the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC). This global network of instrument sites became operational in 1991 with ground-based FTS amongst the suite of primary techniques being used. Photographs of the instrument at the NDACC site at Wollongong, Australia are shown for illustrative purposes in figure 1 below. Other NDSC instruments are lidars for ozone, temperature, water and aerosols; microwave instruments for ozone, water and chlorine monoxide; UV/Visible spectrograph for ozone and nitrogen dioxide; Dobson/Brewer spectrophotometers for total column

This paper documents the practical and action-oriented findings of an investigation into child domestic work undertaken in Iringa, Tanzania from 2005 to 2007. It provides an overview of the experiences of both child domestic workers and their employers, before discussing their suggestions for how child domestic working arrangements may be improved. The latter sections of the paper relate the attempts to regulate child domestic work that emerged from such dialogue. In providing detailed information on that process, the paper is positioned within the field of action research and resists the boundary frequently applied between academia and activism. It also moves beyond the tendency - observed in many existing studies of child (domestic) work - to document problems without proposing solutions. The regulatory focus of the project is theoretically supported by a social constructionist reading of the situation facing (child) domestic workers in Iringa (and elsewhere). Domestic workers have been discursively constructed as one of the family rather than employees. This paper posits that the exploitation of child domestic workers relies on such constructions, and that improved regulation of this employment sector may offer an opportunity to discursively and tangibly reconstruct child domestic work as real work. Although formulated in the Tanzanian context, the recommendations are of broader geographical relevance. 2011 Taylor and Francis.

The changing composition of the earth’s atmosphere is a matter of intense scientific research as we strive to understand details of the physical and chemical mechanisms that control our climate. Fourier transform spectroscopy has been applied very successfully to the study of trace gases in the atmosphere by examining terrestrial atmospheric absorption lines in the infrared spectrum from the Sun. In fact many gases were first discovered in the atmosphere during the 1940’s from their absorption features in the infrared solar spectrum. These early optical absorption measurements of the atmosphere using the Sun as a source were made with grating spectrometers and examples of atmospheric gases first detected this way include methane and CO [Migeotte, 1948; 1949]. Continuous or semi-continuous records of infrared solar atmospheric absorption spectra have been made from ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) since the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the first ground-based solar-tracking FTS systems were installed at Kitt Peak National observatory in the USA and at the Jungfraujoch Observatory in Switzerland. Initially interest was focused on the detection and quantification of stratospheric trace gases [Rinsland et al., 1986; Zander et al., 1986]. The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole [Farman et al., 1985] intensified interest in stratospheric chemistry and helped support the establishment of the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC). This global network of instrument sites became operational in 1991 with ground-based FTS amongst the suite of primary techniques being used. Photographs of the instrument at the NDACC site at Wollongong, Australia are shown for illustrative purposes in figure 1 below. Other NDSC instruments are lidars for ozone, temperature, water and aerosols; microwave instruments for ozone, water and chlorine monoxide; UV/Visible spectrograph for ozone and nitrogen dioxide; Dobson/Brewer spectrophotometers for total column

The changing composition of the earth’s atmosphere is a matter of intense scientific research as we strive to understand details of the physical and chemical mechanisms that control our climate. Fourier transform spectroscopy has been applied very successfully to the study of trace gases in the atmosphere by examining terrestrial atmospheric absorption lines in the infrared spectrum from the Sun. In fact many gases were first discovered in the atmosphere during the 1940’s from their absorption features in the infrared solar spectrum. These early optical absorption measurements of the atmosphere using the Sun as a source were made with grating spectrometers and examples of atmospheric gases first detected this way include methane and CO [Migeotte, 1948; 1949]. Continuous or semi-continuous records of infrared solar atmospheric absorption spectra have been made from ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) since the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the first ground-based solar-tracking FTS systems were installed at Kitt Peak National observatory in the USA and at the Jungfraujoch Observatory in Switzerland. Initially interest was focused on the detection and quantification of stratospheric trace gases [Rinsland et al., 1986; Zander et al., 1986]. The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole [Farman et al., 1985] intensified interest in stratospheric chemistry and helped support the establishment of the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC). This global network of instrument sites became operational in 1991 with ground-based FTS amongst the suite of primary techniques being used. Photographs of the instrument at the NDACC site at Wollongong, Australia are shown for illustrative purposes in figure 1 below. Other NDSC instruments are lidars for ozone, temperature, water and aerosols; microwave instruments for ozone, water and chlorine monoxide; UV/Visible spectrograph for ozone and nitrogen dioxide; Dobson/Brewer spectrophotometers for total column

We report a 13-year (1992–2005) dataset of total column measurements of formaldehyde (HCHO) over Lauder, New Zealand, inferred from solar infrared spectra measured using a high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). Ambient HCHO concentrations at this rural location are often close to levels typical of remote marine environments (<250 ppt), which are close to the detection limit using standard techniques. Consequently we develop a new method that successfully produces HCHO columns with sufficient sensitivity throughout the whole season. HCHO columns over Lauder have a strong seasonal cycle (±50%), with a mean column of 4.9×1015 molecules cm−2, peaking during summer months. A simple box model of CH4 oxidation reproduces the observed broad-scale seasonal cycle, but significantly underestimates the seasonal peak HCHO ground concentrations during summer. This suggests the existence of an additional significant source of HCHO, possibly isoprene that cannot be explained by oxidation of CH4 alone. The ground-based FTS column data compare well with collocated HCHO column measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite instrument during the operational period of GOME (1996–2001, r2=0.65, mean bias=10%, n=48).

We report a 13-year (1992–2005) dataset of total column measurements of formaldehyde (HCHO) over Lauder, New Zealand, inferred from solar infrared spectra measured using a high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). Ambient HCHO concentrations at this rural location are often close to levels typical of remote marine environments (<250 ppt), which are close to the detection limit using standard techniques. Consequently we develop a new method that successfully produces HCHO columns with sufficient sensitivity throughout the whole season. HCHO columns over Lauder have a strong seasonal cycle (±50%), with a mean column of 4.9×1015 molecules cm−2, peaking during summer months. A simple box model of CH4 oxidation reproduces the observed broad-scale seasonal cycle, but significantly underestimates the seasonal peak HCHO ground concentrations during summer. This suggests the existence of an additional significant source of HCHO, possibly isoprene that cannot be explained by oxidation of CH4 alone. The ground-based FTS column data compare well with collocated HCHO column measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite instrument during the operational period of GOME (1996–2001, r2=0.65, mean bias=10%, n=48).

We report a 13-year (1992–2005) dataset of total column measurements of formaldehyde (HCHO) over Lauder, New Zealand, inferred from solar infrared spectra measured using a high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). Ambient HCHO concentrations at this rural location are often close to levels typical of remote marine environments (<250 ppt), which are close to the detection limit using standard techniques. Consequently we develop a new method that successfully produces HCHO columns with sufficient sensitivity throughout the whole season. HCHO columns over Lauder have a strong seasonal cycle (±50%), with a mean column of 4.9×1015 molecules cm−2, peaking during summer months. A simple box model of CH4 oxidation reproduces the observed broad-scale seasonal cycle, but significantly underestimates the seasonal peak HCHO ground concentrations during summer. This suggests the existence of an additional significant source of HCHO, possibly isoprene that cannot be explained by oxidation of CH4 alone. The ground-based FTS column data compare well with collocated HCHO column measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite instrument during the operational period of GOME (1996–2001, r2=0.65, mean bias=10%, n=48).

A software tool (script and plugin) for computing circular Hough transforms (CHT) in Digital MicrographTM has been developed, for the purpose of automated analysis of selected area electron diffraction patterns (SADPs) of polycrystalline materials. The CHT enables the diffraction pattern centre to be determined with sub-pixel accuracy, regardless of the exposure condition of the transmitted beam or if a beam stop is present. Radii of the diffraction rings can also be accurately measured with sub-pixel precision. If the pattern is calibrated against a known camera length, then d-spacings with an accuracy of better than 1% can be obtained. These measurements require no a priori knowledge of the pattern and very limited user interaction. The accuracy of the CHT is degraded by distortion introduced by the projector lens, and this should be minimised prior to pattern acquisition. A number of optimisations in the CHT software enable rapid processing of patterns; a typical analysis of a 1k1k image taking just a few minutes. The CHT tool appears robust and is even able to accurately measure SADPs with very incomplete diffraction rings due to texture effects. This software tool is freely downloadable via the Internet.

A software tool (script and plugin) for computing circular Hough transforms (CHT) in Digital MicrographTM has been developed, for the purpose of automated analysis of selected area electron diffraction patterns (SADPs) of polycrystalline materials. The CHT enables the diffraction pattern centre to be determined with sub-pixel accuracy, regardless of the exposure condition of the transmitted beam or if a beam stop is present. Radii of the diffraction rings can also be accurately measured with sub-pixel precision. If the pattern is calibrated against a known camera length, then d-spacings with an accuracy of better than 1% can be obtained. These measurements require no a priori knowledge of the pattern and very limited user interaction. The accuracy of the CHT is degraded by distortion introduced by the projector lens, and this should be minimised prior to pattern acquisition. A number of optimisations in the CHT software enable rapid processing of patterns; a typical analysis of a 1k1k image taking just a few minutes. The CHT tool appears robust and is even able to accurately measure SADPs with very incomplete diffraction rings due to texture effects. This software tool is freely downloadable via the Internet.

The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite was launched on 12 August 2003. Its two instruments measure vertical profiles of over 30 atmospheric trace gases by analyzing solar occultation spectra in the ultraviolet/visible and infrared wavelength regions. The reservoir gases HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 are three of the key species provided by the primary instrument, the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). This paper describes the ACE-FTS version 2.2 data products, including the N2O5 update, for the three species and presents validation comparisons with available observations. We have compared volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles of HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 with measurements by other satellite instruments (SMR, MLS, MIPAS), aircraft measurements (ASUR), and single balloon-flights (SPIRALE, FIRS-2). Partial columns of HNO3 and ClONO2 were also compared with measurements by ground-based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. Overall the quality of the ACE-FTS v2.2 HNO3 VMR profiles is good from 18 to 35 km. For the statistical satellite comparisons, the mean absolute differences are generally within ±1 ppbv ±20%) from 18 to 35 km. For MIPAS and MLS comparisons only, mean relative differences lie within±10% between 10 and 36 km. ACE-FTS HNO3 partial columns (~15–30 km) show a slight negative bias of −1.3% relative to the ground-based FTIRs at latitudes ranging from 77.8° S–76.5° N. Good agreement between ACE-FTS ClONO2 and MIPAS, using the Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung and Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IMK-IAA) data processor is seen. Mean absolute differences are typically within ±0.01 ppbv between 16 and 27 km and less than +0.09 ppbv between 27 and 34 km. The ClONO2 partial column comparisons show varying degrees of agreement, depending on the location and the quality of the FTIR measurements. Good agreement was found for the comparisons with the midlatitude Jungfraujoch partial columns for which the mean relative differenc

A software tool (script and plugin) for computing circular Hough transforms (CHT) in Digital MicrographTM has been developed, for the purpose of automated analysis of selected area electron diffraction patterns (SADPs) of polycrystalline materials. The CHT enables the diffraction pattern centre to be determined with sub-pixel accuracy, regardless of the exposure condition of the transmitted beam or if a beam stop is present. Radii of the diffraction rings can also be accurately measured with sub-pixel precision. If the pattern is calibrated against a known camera length, then d-spacings with an accuracy of better than 1% can be obtained. These measurements require no a priori knowledge of the pattern and very limited user interaction. The accuracy of the CHT is degraded by distortion introduced by the projector lens, and this should be minimised prior to pattern acquisition. A number of optimisations in the CHT software enable rapid processing of patterns; a typical analysis of a 1k1k image taking just a few minutes. The CHT tool appears robust and is even able to accurately measure SADPs with very incomplete diffraction rings due to texture effects. This software tool is freely downloadable via the Internet.

The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite was launched on 12 August 2003. Its two instruments measure vertical profiles of over 30 atmospheric trace gases by analyzing solar occultation spectra in the ultraviolet/visible and infrared wavelength regions. The reservoir gases HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 are three of the key species provided by the primary instrument, the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). This paper describes the ACE-FTS version 2.2 data products, including the N2O5 update, for the three species and presents validation comparisons with available observations. We have compared volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles of HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 with measurements by other satellite instruments (SMR, MLS, MIPAS), aircraft measurements (ASUR), and single balloon-flights (SPIRALE, FIRS-2). Partial columns of HNO3 and ClONO2 were also compared with measurements by ground-based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. Overall the quality of the ACE-FTS v2.2 HNO3 VMR profiles is good from 18 to 35 km. For the statistical satellite comparisons, the mean absolute differences are generally within ±1 ppbv ±20%) from 18 to 35 km. For MIPAS and MLS comparisons only, mean relative differences lie within±10% between 10 and 36 km. ACE-FTS HNO3 partial columns (~15–30 km) show a slight negative bias of −1.3% relative to the ground-based FTIRs at latitudes ranging from 77.8° S–76.5° N. Good agreement between ACE-FTS ClONO2 and MIPAS, using the Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung and Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IMK-IAA) data processor is seen. Mean absolute differences are typically within ±0.01 ppbv between 16 and 27 km and less than +0.09 ppbv between 27 and 34 km. The ClONO2 partial column comparisons show varying degrees of agreement, depending on the location and the quality of the FTIR measurements. Good agreement was found for the comparisons with the midlatitude Jungfraujoch partial columns for which the mean relative differenc

The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite was launched on 12 August 2003. Its two instruments measure vertical profiles of over 30 atmospheric trace gases by analyzing solar occultation spectra in the ultraviolet/visible and infrared wavelength regions. The reservoir gases HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 are three of the key species provided by the primary instrument, the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). This paper describes the ACE-FTS version 2.2 data products, including the N2O5 update, for the three species and presents validation comparisons with available observations. We have compared volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles of HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 with measurements by other satellite instruments (SMR, MLS, MIPAS), aircraft measurements (ASUR), and single balloon-flights (SPIRALE, FIRS-2). Partial columns of HNO3 and ClONO2 were also compared with measurements by ground-based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. Overall the quality of the ACE-FTS v2.2 HNO3 VMR profiles is good from 18 to 35 km. For the statistical satellite comparisons, the mean absolute differences are generally within ±1 ppbv ±20%) from 18 to 35 km. For MIPAS and MLS comparisons only, mean relative differences lie within±10% between 10 and 36 km. ACE-FTS HNO3 partial columns (~15–30 km) show a slight negative bias of −1.3% relative to the ground-based FTIRs at latitudes ranging from 77.8° S–76.5° N. Good agreement between ACE-FTS ClONO2 and MIPAS, using the Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung and Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IMK-IAA) data processor is seen. Mean absolute differences are typically within ±0.01 ppbv between 16 and 27 km and less than +0.09 ppbv between 27 and 34 km. The ClONO2 partial column comparisons show varying degrees of agreement, depending on the location and the quality of the FTIR measurements. Good agreement was found for the comparisons with the midlatitude Jungfraujoch partial columns for which the mean relative differenc

A software tool (script and plugin) for computing circular Hough transforms (CHT) in Digital MicrographTM has been developed, for the purpose of automated analysis of selected area electron diffraction patterns (SADPs) of polycrystalline materials. The CHT enables the diffraction pattern centre to be determined with sub-pixel accuracy, regardless of the exposure condition of the transmitted beam or if a beam stop is present. Radii of the diffraction rings can also be accurately measured with sub-pixel precision. If the pattern is calibrated against a known camera length, then d-spacings with an accuracy of better than 1% can be obtained. These measurements require no a priori knowledge of the pattern and very limited user interaction. The accuracy of the CHT is degraded by distortion introduced by the projector lens, and this should be minimised prior to pattern acquisition. A number of optimisations in the CHT software enable rapid processing of patterns; a typical analysis of a 1k1k image taking just a few minutes. The CHT tool appears robust and is even able to accurately measure SADPs with very incomplete diffraction rings due to texture effects. This software tool is freely downloadable via the Internet.

In this article, we use a Mellin transform approach to prove the existence and uniqueness of the price of a European option under the framework of a Black-Scholes model with time-dependent coefficients. The formal solution is rigorously shown to be a classical solution under quite general European contingent claims. Specifically, these include claims that are bounded and continuous, and claims whose difference with some given but arbitrary polynomial is bounded and continuous. We derive a maximum principle and use it to prove uniqueness of the option price. An extension of the put-call parity which relates the aforementioned two classes of claims is also given.

The interseasonal variability of stratomesospheric CO is reported from Poker Flat, Alaska, using spectra from a ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometer (gb-FTS) for the time period from 2000 to 2004. The CO spectra were analyzed using an optimal estimation technique that separates the tropospheric and stratospheric/mesospheric components into partial columns. The distribution of CO in the polar winter is such that the gb-FTS retrieved partial column is weighted to the mesosphere. The gb-FTS data are compared with measurements of partial column CO from the Sub-Millimeter Radiometer on board the Odin satellite and shown to be in very good agreement despite the relatively small sample size. The mean difference of the two data sets indicates a small positive bias (7.6 ± 6%) in favor of the Odin data, with a correlation coefficient, r2 = 0.91. The gb-FTS data indicate that there is a strong seasonal dependence of the CO partial column that is consistent with known winter polar thermospheric descent of CO enriched air. Year-to-year variability is explained in terms of mesospheric wind dynamics, which show 2004 and components of 2002 were affected by earlier than expected breakdown (30 ± 13 d) of the winter polar circulation compared with 2000 to 2003. Finally, the measured CO data is compared with a 2-D chemical transport model that gives support to the idea that springtime polar mesospheric CO is driven by meridional winds.