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This work explores dielectrophoresis (DEP)-active hydrophoresis in sorting particles and cells. The device consists of prefocusing region and sorting region with great potential to be integrated into advanced lab-on-a-chip bioanalysis devices. Particles or cells can be focused in the prefocusing region and then sorted in the sorting region. The DEP-active hydrophoretic sorting is not only based on size but also on dielectric properties of the particles or cells of interest without any labelling. A mixture of 3 and 10 um particles were sorted and collected from corresponding outlets with high separation efficiency. According to the different dielectric properties of viable and nonviable Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells at the medium conductivity of 0.03 S/m, the viable CHO cells were focused well and sorted from cell sample with a high purity.

Objective: to explore barriers to the involvement of community midwives in identifying women in early pregnancy as potential participants in the first steps study, a randomised controlled trial of a new intervention to provide health and parenting support to potentially vulnerable women.

In older adults the relationships between health, fall-related risk factors, perceived neighborhood walkability, walking behavior and intervention impacts are poorly understood. To determine whether: i) health and fall-related risk factors were associated with perceptions of neighborhood walkability; ii) perceived environmental attributes, and fall-related risk factors predicted change in walking behavior at 12 months; and iii) perceived environmental attributes and fall-related risk factors moderated the effect of a self-paced walking program on walking behavior. Randomized trial on walking and falls conducted between 2009 and 2012 involving 315 community-dwelling inactive adults ≥ 65 years living in Sydney, Australia. Measures were: mobility status, fall history, injurious fall and fear of falling (i.e., fall-related risk factors), health status, walking self-efficacy and 11 items from the neighborhood walkability scale and planned walking ≥ 150 min/week at 12 months. Participants with poorer mobility, fear of falling, and poor health perceived their surroundings as less walkable. Walking at 12 months was significantly greater in “less greenery” (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.11–9.98) and “high traffic” (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.00–3.91) neighborhoods. The intervention had greater effects in neighborhoods perceived to have poorer pedestrian infrastructure (p for interaction = 0.036). Low perceived walkability was shaped by health status and did not appear to be a barrier to walking behavior. There appears to be a greater impact of, and thus, need for, interventions to encourage walking in environments perceived not to have supportive walking infrastructure. Future studies on built environments and walking should gather information on fall-related risk factors to better understand how these characteristics interact.

It is an absolute privilege to conduct research in partnership with Indigenous people. That privilege carries significant responsibility to give and not just take. Good research is designed, from the outset, to ensure that the time and precious knowledge volunteered by Indigenous participants serves to create positive outcomes for their communities. Having worked and lived in Indigenous communities in Canada and Australia for nearly two decades, I have learned a great deal about how to conduct research that generates reciprocal benefits. It requires a clear focus on how research is conducted.

Marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) cover approximately 50% of the earth’s surface, host a major share of the world’s biodiversity and play a central role in supporting biodiversity and ecosystems across the planet. These areas include both the high-seas water column and the deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction (the Area). The spectrum of threats to marine resources and biodiversity from established and emerging human uses in these vast areas of the ocean beyond the 200 nautical mile limits of coastal state jurisdiction is steadily increasing (Scheiber 2011, 65–66). The deep sea fishing industry is now supported by a battery of technological innovations including global positioning systems, multi-beam sonar and more powerful cables and winches. Fishing nets and lines are composed of virtually indestructible synthetic material and may be laid in huge swathes across the ocean trapping non target species such as turtles, seabirds and cetaceans. Heavy bottom trawling gear has already caused substantial damage to fragile high-seas ecosystems (Scheiber 2011, 86). Seaborne trade and passenger traffic is rapidly expanding and is expected to double over the next two decades (Scheiber 2011, 87–90). The risks to high-seas marine resources and biodiversity from intentional and accidental discharges of oil and other hazardous substances, noise and ship strikes will rise commensurately (Scheiber 2011, 91–92). Beyond these existing threats, emerging uses of the high seas such as bio-prospecting for marine genetic resources, deep seabed mining and marine geo-engineering activities to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change all have the potential to harm the highly interconnected and sensitive ecosystems of the high seas if not carefully managed now and into the future.

Malaysians are evidently freer today to openly criticise their government than they were prior to 1998. But fundamental reforms that civil societies had hoped for during the internet-driven Reformasi movement in 1998 and Bersih rallies (in 2007, 2011 and 2012) are wanting. Instead, Malaysians have a government focused on achieving a high-income developed-nation status by 2020 while eschewing the cultural prerequisites of a normative democracy — freedom of access to public information, free and fair elections, vigilant media and press freedom.

Background Cancer survivorship rates have increased in developed countries largely due to population ageing and improvements in cancer care. Survivorship is a neglected phase of cancer treatment and is often associated with adverse physical and psychological effects. There is a need for broadly accessible, non-pharmacological measures that may prolong disease-free survival, reduce or alleviate co-morbidities and enhance quality of life. The aim of the Steps TowaRd Improving Diet and Exercise (STRIDE) study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an online-delivered physical activity intervention for increasing walking in cancer survivors living in metropolitan and rural areas of South Australia. Methods/Design This is a quasi-randomised controlled trial. The intervention period is 12-weeks with 3-month follow-up. The trial will be conducted at a university setting and community health services in South Australia. Participants will be insufficiently active and aged 18 years or older. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. All participants will receive a pedometer but only the intervention group will have access to the STRIDE website where they will report steps, affect and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise daily. Researchers will use these variables to individualise weekly step goals to increase walking. The primary outcome measure is steps per day. The secondary outcomes are a) health measures (anthropometric and physiological), b) dietary habits (consumption of core foods and non-core foods) and c) quality of life (QOL) including physical, psychological and social wellbeing. Measures will be collected at baseline, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up. Discussion This protocol describes the implementation of a trial using an online resource to assist cancer survivors to become more physically active. It is an innovative tool that uses ratings of perceived exertion and daily affect to create individualised

Malaysians are evidently freer today to openly criticise their government than they were prior to 1998. But fundamental reforms that civil societies had hoped for during the internet-driven Reformasi movement in 1998 and Bersih rallies (in 2007, 2011 and 2012) are wanting. Instead, Malaysians have a government focused on achieving a high-income developed-nation status by 2020 while eschewing the cultural prerequisites of a normative democracy — freedom of access to public information, free and fair elections, vigilant media and press freedom.

Six Steps to Successful Child Advocacy: Changing the World for Children offers an interdisciplinary approach to child advocacy, nurturing key skills through a proven six-step process that has been used to train child advocates and create social change around the world. The approach is applicable for micro-advocacy for one child, mezzo-advocacy for a community or group of children, and macro-advocacy at a regional, national, or international level. This practical text offers skill-building activities and includes timely topics such as how to use social media for advocacy. Case studies of advocacy campaigns highlight applied approaches to advocacy across a range of issues, including child welfare, disability, early childhood, and education. Words of wisdom from noted child advocates from the U.S. and around the world, including a foreword from Dr. Jane Goodall, illustrate key concepts. Readers are guided through the process of developing a plan and tools for a real-life child advocacy campaign.

The provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea dealing with the delimitation of maritime boundaries are limited and open to varied interpretation. Nevertheless, the advent of the Convention had a significant impact on ocean boundary making. Subsequent developments have also arguably led to a clearer approach to maritime boundary delimitation. These evolutions are traced and contemporary challenges highlighted

The provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea dealing with the delimitation of maritime boundaries are limited and open to varied interpretation. Nevertheless, the advent of the Convention had a significant impact on ocean boundary making. Subsequent developments have also arguably led to a clearer approach to maritime boundary delimitation. These evolutions are traced and contemporary challenges highlighted

Background Evidence from the USA suggests that the home-based Family Nurse Partnership program (FNP), extending from early pregnancy until infants are 24 months, can reduce the risk of child abuse and neglect throughout childhood. FNP is now widely available in the UK. A new variant, Group Family Nurse Partnership (gFNP) offers similar content but in a group context and for a shorter time, until infants are 12 months old. Each group comprises 8 to 12 women with similar expected delivery dates and their partners. Its implementation has been established but there is no evidence of its effectiveness. Methods/Design The study comprises a multi-site randomized controlled trial designed to identify the benefits of gFNP compared to standard care. Participants (not eligible for FNP) must be either aged < 20 years at their last menstrual period (LMP) with one or more previous live births, or aged 20 to 24 at LMP with low educational qualifications and no previous live births. ‘Low educational qualifications’ is defined as not having both Maths and English Language GCSE at grade C or higher or, if they have both, no more than four in total at grade C or higher. Exclusions are: under 20 years and previously received home-based FNP and, in either age group, severe psychotic mental illness or not able to communicate in English. Consenting women are randomly allocated (minimized by site and maternal age group) when between 10 and 16 weeks pregnant to either to the 44 session gFNP program or to standard care after the collection of baseline information. Researchers are blind to group assignment. The primary outcomes at 12 months are child abuse potential based on the revised Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory and parent/infant interaction coded using the CARE Index based on a video-taped interaction. Secondary outcomes are maternal depression, parenting stress, health related quality of life, social support, and use of services. Discussion This is the first study of the effectiv

University league tables are increasingly influential. Australian universities lucky enough to appear in the Jiao Tong, Times Higher Education or other world rankings can tout their positions as a way of attracting students and funds.

Does it take two to tango? According to Gallotti and Frith [1], one thing required for joint action is the right psychological attitude, namely ‘mental representations’ in a ‘we-mode’, which they paradoxically describe as both irreducibly collective and belonging to the individual. However, by eschewing the explanatory power of interaction dynamics in favour of individual mental attitudes, the authors are unable to account for how the we-mode functions, gets coordinated, or is even possible.

The provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea dealing with the delimitation of maritime boundaries are limited and open to varied interpretation. Nevertheless, the advent of the Convention had a significant impact on ocean boundary making. Subsequent developments have also arguably led to a clearer approach to maritime boundary delimitation. These evolutions are traced and contemporary challenges highlighted

Six Steps to Successful Child Advocacy: Changing the World for Children offers an interdisciplinary approach to child advocacy, nurturing key skills through a proven six-step process that has been used to train child advocates and create social change around the world. The approach is applicable for micro-advocacy for one child, mezzo-advocacy for a community or group of children, and macro-advocacy at a regional, national, or international level. This practical text offers skill-building activities and includes timely topics such as how to use social media for advocacy. Case studies of advocacy campaigns highlight applied approaches to advocacy across a range of issues, including child welfare, disability, early childhood, and education. Words of wisdom from noted child advocates from the U.S. and around the world, including a foreword from Dr. Jane Goodall, illustrate key concepts. Readers are guided through the process of developing a plan and tools for a real-life child advocacy campaign.

Porphyrin molecules offer immense potential as the light harvesting component of dye-sensitised nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells. Synthetic porphyrin dyes were amongst the first dyes trialled for sensitisation of inorganic semiconducting oxides. Today, they exhibit the best performance reported for dye-sensitised solar cells. Accompanying the significant performance improvement over the last two decades is a much improved understanding of efficiency-determining fundamental electron transfer steps, from charge photogeneration to recombination. In this feature article we highlight our recent discoveries of the influence of porphyrin molecule structure on efficiency determining electron transfer kinetics and device performance by systematically changing the molecular structure and observing electron injection and recombination kinetics using time-resolved optical and electrical probes. Despite our observation of ultrafast charge injection for all porphyrin dyes studied by transient absorption spectroscopy, the injection yield estimated using an internal standard remains below 100% and depends strongly on the molecular structure. The observed discrepancy between kinetic competition and the injection yield is attributed to non-injecting dyes, probably arising due to inhomogeneity. A very interesting sub-ns (0.5 ns to 100 ns) charge recombination channel between photo-injected electrons and porphyrin cations is observed, which is found to be more prominent in free-base porphyrin dyes with a conjugated linker. Charge recombination between the acceptor species in the redox containing electrolyte and injected electrons is shown to be an important limitation of most porphyrin-sensitised solar cells, accelerated by the presence of porphyrin molecules at the TiO2-electrolyte interface. This recombination reaction is strongly dependent on the porphyrin molecular structure. Bulky substituents, using a porphyrin dimer instead of a porphyrin monomer, a light soaking treatment of fr

Porphyrin molecules offer immense potential as the light harvesting component of dye-sensitised nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells. Synthetic porphyrin dyes were amongst the first dyes trialled for sensitisation of inorganic semiconducting oxides. Today, they exhibit the best performance reported for dye-sensitised solar cells. Accompanying the significant performance improvement over the last two decades is a much improved understanding of efficiency-determining fundamental electron transfer steps, from charge photogeneration to recombination. In this feature article we highlight our recent discoveries of the influence of porphyrin molecule structure on efficiency determining electron transfer kinetics and device performance by systematically changing the molecular structure and observing electron injection and recombination kinetics using time-resolved optical and electrical probes. Despite our observation of ultrafast charge injection for all porphyrin dyes studied by transient absorption spectroscopy, the injection yield estimated using an internal standard remains below 100% and depends strongly on the molecular structure. The observed discrepancy between kinetic competition and the injection yield is attributed to non-injecting dyes, probably arising due to inhomogeneity. A very interesting sub-ns (0.5 ns to 100 ns) charge recombination channel between photo-injected electrons and porphyrin cations is observed, which is found to be more prominent in free-base porphyrin dyes with a conjugated linker. Charge recombination between the acceptor species in the redox containing electrolyte and injected electrons is shown to be an important limitation of most porphyrin-sensitised solar cells, accelerated by the presence of porphyrin molecules at the TiO2-electrolyte interface. This recombination reaction is strongly dependent on the porphyrin molecular structure. Bulky substituents, using a porphyrin dimer instead of a porphyrin monomer, a light soaking treatment of fr

Porphyrin molecules offer immense potential as the light harvesting component of dye-sensitised nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells. Synthetic porphyrin dyes were amongst the first dyes trialled for sensitisation of inorganic semiconducting oxides. Today, they exhibit the best performance reported for dye-sensitised solar cells. Accompanying the significant performance improvement over the last two decades is a much improved understanding of efficiency-determining fundamental electron transfer steps, from charge photogeneration to recombination. In this feature article we highlight our recent discoveries of the influence of porphyrin molecule structure on efficiency determining electron transfer kinetics and device performance by systematically changing the molecular structure and observing electron injection and recombination kinetics using time-resolved optical and electrical probes. Despite our observation of ultrafast charge injection for all porphyrin dyes studied by transient absorption spectroscopy, the injection yield estimated using an internal standard remains below 100% and depends strongly on the molecular structure. The observed discrepancy between kinetic competition and the injection yield is attributed to non-injecting dyes, probably arising due to inhomogeneity. A very interesting sub-ns (0.5 ns to 100 ns) charge recombination channel between photo-injected electrons and porphyrin cations is observed, which is found to be more prominent in free-base porphyrin dyes with a conjugated linker. Charge recombination between the acceptor species in the redox containing electrolyte and injected electrons is shown to be an important limitation of most porphyrin-sensitised solar cells, accelerated by the presence of porphyrin molecules at the TiO2-electrolyte interface. This recombination reaction is strongly dependent on the porphyrin molecular structure. Bulky substituents, using a porphyrin dimer instead of a porphyrin monomer, a light soaking treatment of fr

Background Aging is one of the most important and obvious phenomenon observed in our society. In the past years, there has been a growing concern in designing physical activity (PA) programmes for elderly people, because evidence suggests that such health promotion interventions may reduce the deleterious effects of the ageing process. Accordingly, a growing body of literature points to the importance of a sound approach to planning and evaluation in order to improve the quality of PA programmes. However, while numerous PA programmes have been designed for the elderly in recent years, their evaluation has been scarce. Quality management processes and tools provide a practical way for organisations to assess, identify and shed light on the areas requiring improvement. The Quality Self-assessment Tool for Exercise Programmes for Seniors (Q-STEPS) seems to provide a framework tailored to evaluate PA programmes for the elderly. Findings The primary purpose of this study is 1) to determine feasibility, acceptability and usability of the Q-STEPS. Secondary purposes of the study are: 2) to examine the quality of the PA programmes for elderly people developed by the Portuguese Local Administration over a three-year period of self-assessments in terms of: a) Enabler domains (Leadership, Policy and Strategy, People, Partnership and Resources, Processes); b) Result domains (Customer Results, People Results, Society Results and Key Performance Results); 3) to estimate the association between the use of Q-STEPS and some indicators relating to the elderly participants, during the three self-assessments, such as: attendance rates, physical fitness, health-related quality of life and the elderly's perceived quality of the programme. The study will be conducted in PA programmes for elderly adults from mainland Portuguese municipalities over a three-year period. The project will adopt a participative quality improvement approach that features annual learning cycles of: 1) self-assess

This paper explores several paths a distinctive third wave of extended cognition might take. In so doing, I address a couple of shortcomings of first- and second-wave extended cognition associated with a tendency to conceive of the properties of internal and external processes as fixed and non-interchangeable. First, in the domain of cognitive transformation, I argue that a problematic tendency of the complementarity model is that it presupposes that socio-cultural resources augment but do not significantly transform the brain’s representational capacities during diachronic development. In this paper I show that there is available a much more dynamical explanation—one taking the processes of the brain’s enculturation into patterned practices as transforming the brain’s representational capacities. Second, in the domain of cognitive assembly, I argue that another problematic tendency is an individualistic notion of cognitive agency, since it overlooks the active contribution of socio-cultural practices in the assembly process of extended cognitive systems. In contrast to an individualistic notion of cognitive agency, I explore the idea that it is possible to decentralize cognitive agency to include socio-cultural practices.

Porphyrin molecules offer immense potential as the light harvesting component of dye-sensitised nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells. Synthetic porphyrin dyes were amongst the first dyes trialled for sensitisation of inorganic semiconducting oxides. Today, they exhibit the best performance reported for dye-sensitised solar cells. Accompanying the significant performance improvement over the last two decades is a much improved understanding of efficiency-determining fundamental electron transfer steps, from charge photogeneration to recombination. In this feature article we highlight our recent discoveries of the influence of porphyrin molecule structure on efficiency determining electron transfer kinetics and device performance by systematically changing the molecular structure and observing electron injection and recombination kinetics using time-resolved optical and electrical probes. Despite our observation of ultrafast charge injection for all porphyrin dyes studied by transient absorption spectroscopy, the injection yield estimated using an internal standard remains below 100% and depends strongly on the molecular structure. The observed discrepancy between kinetic competition and the injection yield is attributed to non-injecting dyes, probably arising due to inhomogeneity. A very interesting sub-ns (0.5 ns to 100 ns) charge recombination channel between photo-injected electrons and porphyrin cations is observed, which is found to be more prominent in free-base porphyrin dyes with a conjugated linker. Charge recombination between the acceptor species in the redox containing electrolyte and injected electrons is shown to be an important limitation of most porphyrin-sensitised solar cells, accelerated by the presence of porphyrin molecules at the TiO2-electrolyte interface. This recombination reaction is strongly dependent on the porphyrin molecular structure. Bulky substituents, using a porphyrin dimer instead of a porphyrin monomer, a light soaking treatment of fr

This research was carried out among the winners of the Slovenian business excellence prize (PRSPO), finalists and those who received special diplomas as a recognition level reached by applicants in implementing the business excellence model. Based on the findings of the research, we defined eight steps that organizations can consider as a guide on the path towards excellence. The purpose of the study was to examine how the previous winners of the PRSPO began their journey towards excellence, which were the key factors, what problems they encountered and how they managed to win the diploma or award. The analysis of the survey showed that the ISO 9001 standard is considered a first step towards the Slovenian business excellence award - in fact, it is a prerequisite for further improvements in the organization. The second step involves top management commitment and support for the introduction of excellence into business processes. The top management, in cooperation with all the employees, defines the areas for improvement and also confirms the method of implementation, both conceptually and financially. It is also necessary to take environmental aspects into consideration, which is provided by a third step along with the introduction of the ISO 14001. Once an organization defines the processes, it begins to introduce the business excellence model in the fourth step and carries out the self-assessment process. The key opportunities for improvement identified by the self-assessment process are further introduced in the business. In doing so, the organization can use various quality management approaches (the fifth step) and the first application for the PRSPO. In the sixth step, the organization encourages its employees to follow continuous education and innovation and, in the seventh step, participates again in the competition for the Slovenian business excellence award. As the required business excellence level is achieved, the organization receives the award for busi

This research was carried out among the winners of the Slovenian business excellence prize (PRSPO), finalists and those who received special diplomas as a recognition level reached by applicants in implementing the business excellence model. Based on the findings of the research, we defined eight steps that organizations can consider as a guide on the path towards excellence. The purpose of the study was to examine how the previous winners of the PRSPO began their journey towards excellence, which were the key factors, what problems they encountered and how they managed to win the diploma or award. The analysis of the survey showed that the ISO 9001 standard is considered a first step towards the Slovenian business excellence award - in fact, it is a prerequisite for further improvements in the organization. The second step involves top management commitment and support for the introduction of excellence into business processes. The top management, in cooperation with all the employees, defines the areas for improvement and also confirms the method of implementation, both conceptually and financially. It is also necessary to take environmental aspects into consideration, which is provided by a third step along with the introduction of the ISO 14001. Once an organization defines the processes, it begins to introduce the business excellence model in the fourth step and carries out the self-assessment process. The key opportunities for improvement identified by the self-assessment process are further introduced in the business. In doing so, the organization can use various quality management approaches (the fifth step) and the first application for the PRSPO. In the sixth step, the organization encourages its employees to follow continuous education and innovation and, in the seventh step, participates again in the competition for the Slovenian business excellence award. As the required business excellence level is achieved, the organization receives the award for busi

Benchmark experiments produce data in a very specific format. The observations are drawn from the performance distributions of the candidate algorithms on resampled data sets. In this paper we introduce new visualisation techniques and show how formal test procedures can be used to evaluate the results. This is the first step towards a comprehensive toolbox of exploratory and inferential analysis methods for benchmark experiments.

This paper reviews literature dealing with clickstream analysis and other approaches to online information search modelling as well as online consumer information utility. Limitations in each of these modelling techniques are identified as well as aspects that are indispensable for understanding consumer behaviour online. Key challenges that may arise include the reaction of a consumer to information on a website page and changes in their situation resulting from stimuli beyond the site. An alternative approach for online consumer information serving is proposed using patterns of real time activity data combined with personal factors and online information utility to better understand consumer needs.

As is clear from the terms in which the citation above is couched, Sigmund Freud’s 1906 study, Delusions and Dreams in Jensen’s “Gradiva,” is in part concerned with directness, proximity, and distance. Although certain “expedients and substitutes” are an irreducible part of the doctor’s method, his task is nonetheless to reduce the dimension of distance and detour as far as possible: he is to “approximate” a certain immediacy, modeled by Gradiva. To indicate the relation between mediation and immediacy, however, Freud writes, would “take us much too far away from the task before us.” In this paper, I intend to follow up, not “the task before us,” but rather the very detour that Freud cuts off—to proceed along the lines that he indicates but does not follow in the passage cited, in order to end up “much too far away” from the immediate task. That is, I will not privilege immediacy and proximity over distance and detour; rather, I will examine the relation between the two, by analyzing the technical structures of mediation that enable (an approximation to) immediacy in Gradiva.

Collecting a history of the use of personal construct ideas in an isolated community like Australia from 1970 serves a number of purposes. Normally one purpose of collecting this history is to learn from it for the future. However, given the constructive alternativism which must permeate this chapter, this can only be my view, and so the lessons too may only be mine. I have drawn much from the very helpful history of these ideas in Victoria, Australia (Costigan, 2000). This chapter can add to Costigan's paper by dealing with something of the New South Wales and Western Australian history, as well as the Victorian. The West Australians (Stein, 2001) have also provided very useful information. There have been other attempts to encourage the sharing of personal construct ideas, such as the Australasian Personal Construct Newsletter, and the organisations that have been developed with this same aim. My main lesson has been that the effects of geographical distance have been as threatening to the development of personal construct ideas in this vast but isolated country as they have been to so many other endeavours here.

Collecting a history of the use of personal construct ideas in an isolated community like Australia from 1970 serves a number of purposes. Normally one purpose of collecting this history is to learn from it for the future. However, given the constructive alternativism which must permeate this chapter, this can only be my view, and so the lessons too may only be mine. I have drawn much from the very helpful history of these ideas in Victoria, Australia (Costigan, 2000). This chapter can add to Costigan's paper by dealing with something of the New South Wales and Western Australian history, as well as the Victorian. The West Australians (Stein, 2001) have also provided very useful information. There have been other attempts to encourage the sharing of personal construct ideas, such as the Australasian Personal Construct Newsletter, and the organisations that have been developed with this same aim. My main lesson has been that the effects of geographical distance have been as threatening to the development of personal construct ideas in this vast but isolated country as they have been to so many other endeavours here.

In the south of the Nuuk region of West Greenland our 1980s mapping recognized four Archaean gneiss terranes (Færingehavn, Tre Brødre, Tasiusarsuaq and Akia terranes) with different protolith ages and separate early tectonothermal histories. Later in the Archaean these were juxtaposed and then experienced the same 2700-2500 Ma tectonothermal events. Here we abandon extrapolation of only these four terranes across the whole region, and distinguish two new terranes in the NE. The northernmost Isukasia terrane (previously regarded as the northernmost exposure of the Færingehavn terrane) consists of Palaeoarchaean rocks (>3600 Ma) tectonically bounded on its south by the 3075-2960 Ma Kapisilik terrane; these were juxtaposed and metamorphosed together by 2950 Ma. The previously recognized Fæ ringehavn terrane to the SW is another, separate entity of Palaeoarchaean rocks that was juxtaposed with adjacent terranes only after c. 2800 Ma. Hence in an increasingly complex regional model, there were several mid- to Neoarchaean terrane assembly events, with superimposed 'orogenies' from c. 2950 Ma until after 2700 Ma. Although the Færingehavn and Isukasia terranes were incorporated into the later Archaean terrane collage at different times, they might be fragments from a larger Palaeoarchaean complex rifted apart from c. 3500 Ma onwards.

In the south of the Nuuk region of West Greenland our 1980s mapping recognized four Archaean gneiss terranes (Færingehavn, Tre Brødre, Tasiusarsuaq and Akia terranes) with different protolith ages and separate early tectonothermal histories. Later in the Archaean these were juxtaposed and then experienced the same 2700-2500 Ma tectonothermal events. Here we abandon extrapolation of only these four terranes across the whole region, and distinguish two new terranes in the NE. The northernmost Isukasia terrane (previously regarded as the northernmost exposure of the Færingehavn terrane) consists of Palaeoarchaean rocks (>3600 Ma) tectonically bounded on its south by the 3075-2960 Ma Kapisilik terrane; these were juxtaposed and metamorphosed together by 2950 Ma. The previously recognized Fæ ringehavn terrane to the SW is another, separate entity of Palaeoarchaean rocks that was juxtaposed with adjacent terranes only after c. 2800 Ma. Hence in an increasingly complex regional model, there were several mid- to Neoarchaean terrane assembly events, with superimposed 'orogenies' from c. 2950 Ma until after 2700 Ma. Although the Færingehavn and Isukasia terranes were incorporated into the later Archaean terrane collage at different times, they might be fragments from a larger Palaeoarchaean complex rifted apart from c. 3500 Ma onwards.

In the south of the Nuuk region of West Greenland our 1980s mapping recognized four Archaean gneiss terranes (Færingehavn, Tre Brødre, Tasiusarsuaq and Akia terranes) with different protolith ages and separate early tectonothermal histories. Later in the Archaean these were juxtaposed and then experienced the same 2700-2500 Ma tectonothermal events. Here we abandon extrapolation of only these four terranes across the whole region, and distinguish two new terranes in the NE. The northernmost Isukasia terrane (previously regarded as the northernmost exposure of the Færingehavn terrane) consists of Palaeoarchaean rocks (>3600 Ma) tectonically bounded on its south by the 3075-2960 Ma Kapisilik terrane; these were juxtaposed and metamorphosed together by 2950 Ma. The previously recognized Fæ ringehavn terrane to the SW is another, separate entity of Palaeoarchaean rocks that was juxtaposed with adjacent terranes only after c. 2800 Ma. Hence in an increasingly complex regional model, there were several mid- to Neoarchaean terrane assembly events, with superimposed 'orogenies' from c. 2950 Ma until after 2700 Ma. Although the Færingehavn and Isukasia terranes were incorporated into the later Archaean terrane collage at different times, they might be fragments from a larger Palaeoarchaean complex rifted apart from c. 3500 Ma onwards.

In the south of the Nuuk region of West Greenland our 1980s mapping recognized four Archaean gneiss terranes (Færingehavn, Tre Brødre, Tasiusarsuaq and Akia terranes) with different protolith ages and separate early tectonothermal histories. Later in the Archaean these were juxtaposed and then experienced the same 2700-2500 Ma tectonothermal events. Here we abandon extrapolation of only these four terranes across the whole region, and distinguish two new terranes in the NE. The northernmost Isukasia terrane (previously regarded as the northernmost exposure of the Færingehavn terrane) consists of Palaeoarchaean rocks (>3600 Ma) tectonically bounded on its south by the 3075-2960 Ma Kapisilik terrane; these were juxtaposed and metamorphosed together by 2950 Ma. The previously recognized Fæ ringehavn terrane to the SW is another, separate entity of Palaeoarchaean rocks that was juxtaposed with adjacent terranes only after c. 2800 Ma. Hence in an increasingly complex regional model, there were several mid- to Neoarchaean terrane assembly events, with superimposed 'orogenies' from c. 2950 Ma until after 2700 Ma. Although the Færingehavn and Isukasia terranes were incorporated into the later Archaean terrane collage at different times, they might be fragments from a larger Palaeoarchaean complex rifted apart from c. 3500 Ma onwards.

This paper seeks to share with the reader some of the mechanisms currently being used to generate scholarship in academic nursing, both at the institutional and individual levels. It then goes on to explore other ways in which educational managers might encourage scholarly activity. Finally, it presents the crystallization of ideas generated during discussions conducted with lecturers focusing on their selection of a workable path towards a future of scholarship, for them as an academic. It is intended as food for thought for managers of educational programmes and individual nurse academics as they scan the horizons of the future in an attempt to make the best decisions for the profession of nursing and individuals within it.

This paper seeks to share with the reader some of the mechanisms currently being used to generate scholarship in academic nursing, both at the institutional and individual levels. It then goes on to explore other ways in which educational managers might encourage scholarly activity. Finally, it presents the crystallization of ideas generated during discussions conducted with lecturers focusing on their selection of a workable path towards a future of scholarship, for them as an academic. It is intended as food for thought for managers of educational programmes and individual nurse academics as they scan the horizons of the future in an attempt to make the best decisions for the profession of nursing and individuals within it.

This paper seeks to share with the reader some of the mechanisms currently being used to generate scholarship in academic nursing, both at the institutional and individual levels. It then goes on to explore other ways in which educational managers might encourage scholarly activity. Finally, it presents the crystallization of ideas generated during discussions conducted with lecturers focusing on their selection of a workable path towards a future of scholarship, for them as an academic. It is intended as food for thought for managers of educational programmes and individual nurse academics as they scan the horizons of the future in an attempt to make the best decisions for the profession of nursing and individuals within it.

This paper seeks to share with the reader some of the mechanisms currently being used to generate scholarship in academic nursing, both at the institutional and individual levels. It then goes on to explore other ways in which educational managers might encourage scholarly activity. Finally, it presents the crystallization of ideas generated during discussions conducted with lecturers focusing on their selection of a workable path towards a future of scholarship, for them as an academic. It is intended as food for thought for managers of educational programmes and individual nurse academics as they scan the horizons of the future in an attempt to make the best decisions for the profession of nursing and individuals within it.