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Background Episiotomy is the surgical enlargement of the posterior aspect of the vagina by an incision made on the perineum during the last phase of the second stage of labor. The rate of episiotomy is on the decline in developed countries but remains high in less industrialized countries. Studies are limited to showing the extent of the problem and the reasons behind episiotomy practice. The objective of this study was to assess the proportion of episiotomy practice and its associated factors among mothers who gave birth at public health institutions in Debark town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 mothers who gave birth from 1 April 2021 to 30 June 2021 in Debark town. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were entered into Epi data version 3.1, coded, cleaned, and then exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Variables with p-value

Background Gender-based violence (GBV) violates human rights, has terrible repercussions on the educational system, and is remarkably underreported. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the combined prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV) and its determinants among female students in high schools in Ethiopia. Methods Data base search were conducted through PubMed, Science Direct, HINARI. Web of Science,and Cochrane Library. Essential data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel format and analyzed by using STATA Version 17.0. Heterogeneity were checked by using heterogeneity I2 test and p-values at (I2 = 98.9%, p

Background: Schizophrenia is a syndrome, which is characterized by affecting of thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self, and behavior of an individual. Schizophrenic people are faced more difficulty than the rest in the community at the areas of their social interaction. This study aimed to identify factors associated with poor social support in schizophrenia patients who were on follow up in public health hospital in mekelle city. Methods: Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. Double population proportion was used to calculate sample size, and we used Oslo‐3 Social Support Scale (OSS‐3) to assess social support. Systematic sampling technique was employed to collect the data. Data was entered in the computer using Epidata manager 4.4.2.1 version and analyzed by using SPSS 25 version. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associated factors. The p-value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.Results: divorced/window (AOR=3.93, 95%CI: 1.07, 14.43), and had no religious practice (AOR=6.6, 95%CI: 1.44, 30.29) were significantly associated with poor social support in schizophrenia patients. But, age, educational level and substance use were not significantly associated.Conclusion: This study identified important associated factors with poor social support in schizophrenia patients in the study area. Among the studied factors, divorced/window, and had no religious practice were found to be associated with poor social support of schizophrenia patients.

Background Rapid Ethical Assessment (REA) is a rapid qualitative study anticipated to understand the ethical sphere of the research setting prior to recruiting study subjects. The aim of this study was to gather ethnographic data to assess the knowledge about TB and research, study the social arrangements of the community and appraise the research ethics process in Amhara National Regional State (ANRS). Methods An ethnographic study was conducted in ANRS from January 5 to 30, 2021. Google based quantitative survey was carried out to assess the perceptions of researchers about REA. Face to face indepth interview (IDI) and focus group discussion (FGDs) were carried out to collect the qualitative views of participants. The study was conducted among researchers, data collectors, health professionals and community and religious leaders. The information was structured in to seven themes. Results Over 71% of researchers were not satisfied with the current consent process, and 82.7% of researchers agreed that the best interest of research participants was not adequately addressed in the current research practice. Tuberculosis is well known by the community as disease of cough. The community misunderstood and misinterpreted what research is and its goals. For community based research, participants advised researchers to approach the community either with health extension workers (HEW), religious leaders or local health professionals for data collection. Combined use of verbal and written based information provision at individual participant level. Conclusion and recommendations: The general public in ANRS have low level of knowledge and awareness about research, goal of research, research ethics and TB host genetic study key terms. Hence, a short flyer of key terms to research, ethics and TB genomic study shall be prepared in the local language and shared to the community using available public media. Besides the international ethical standards, it is appropriate to adhere to local rules and regulations.

Unmet need for family planning is a major problem in developing countries. Millions of women want to delay or avoid pregnancy but are not using Contraception. Addressing the unmet need for family planning provides an opportunity for policymakers to respond to existing choice problems. Simultaneously improving maternal and child health, slowing the rate of population growth, and contributing to the achievement of national goals. This study aimed to determine the pooled Magnitude and determinants of unmet need for family planning in Ethiopia. Ten articles with 19312 study participants were identified through electronic search of reputable databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane library, MIDLINE, EMBASE, and Ovid Maternity and Infant Care Databases. 10 studies were selected based on a comprehensive list of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis was done by using STATA 14 statistical software. To assess heterogeneity, the Cochrane Q test statistic and I2 tests were used and a random effect model was also used to estimate the pooled prevalence of perinatal mortality rate. The pooled prevalence of the unmet need of modern family planning among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia was 19.99,95% CI(16.53,23.45).Age at first marriage less than 18, OR = 1.37, 95 CI :( 1.04–1.18),discussion with husbands, OR = 0.24, 95%CI :( 0.12–0.49), having two and less children OR = 0.49,95CI:(0.35–0.67), illiterate partner OR = 3.61, 95 %( 2.63–4.95), good attitude of partner OR = 0.11,95% CI:(0.05–0.26), history of discussion with health care worker OR = 0.31,95%CI: (0.14–0.68), a poor knowledge OR = 3.15,95% CI:(1.75–5.69) were significantly associated with unmet need for family planning. Unmet need for planning in Ethiopia is high as compared to world unmet need according to the United Nations World family planning report of 2017 which states one in ten reproductive age women have an unmet need for family planning but this study revealed one in five the same age group women had an unmet need for it. Early marriage, women’s discussion with husbands and health care workers about family planning, having children greater than two, education status and attitudes of husband, and knowledge of women about family planning were significantly associated with unmet need for family planning. So great effort is needed from all stakeholders to involve males in family planning decisions, alleviate early marriages, and structured health education interventions for both husbands and women to reduce the unmet need for family planning.

Introduction: Contraception is a procedure that can be used to avoid pregnancy or childbirth. When women choose to prevent pregnancy or have a longer birth, they frequently use contraceptives. The global prevalence rate of contraceptive use was 64 percent, with Africa responsible for 33 percent. Ethiopia has an estimated rate of 39.2 percent of its population engaging in this activity.Objectives: This study was aimed to identify the predictors of married women’s contraceptive practice using Bayesian and classical approach. In addition, this study has identified the within and between Woredas variation using the hierarchical nature of the data obtained in different woredas. For identifying the better model, researcher has compared the Bayesian and classical multilevel logistic regression models. Methods: This research was conducted in seven Woredas of Assosa zone and was based on a cross-sectional study that primarily focused on married women between the ages of 15 and 49 and the factors that influenced their contraceptive use. Two stage model comparisons were used to approximate the parameters, with the first stage having a null, random intercept, and random slope with a Bayesian approachResult and Conclusion: The overall contraceptive prevalence rate among 6866 married women 3121(45.46%). According to the intra Woreda correlation of the appropriate model, the between Woreda variance in married women's contraceptive practice was 15.71%, with the remaining 84.29 percent variation attributed to differences in contraceptive practice between women. Finally, predictors for married women contraceptive practice such as women's age, place of residence, women's educational level, husband's educational level, women's job, husband's occupation, wealth index, religion, and knowledge of family planning. The Bayesian multilevel model was found to be the most suitable model for fitting the data after a comparison of classical and Bayesian multilevel models.

Background: The perinatal mortality is defined as neonatal deaths of less than seven days of age and fetal deaths after 28 weeks of gestation for developing countries. Perinatal mortality is a worldwide health problem even if variation exists among countries. Despite the presence different studies done on the determinants of perinatal mortality in Ethiopia, there is no comprehensive and currently updated study in this time period in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to determine the determinants of perinatal mortality in Ethiopia from 2012 up to 2020 time period.Method: The articles were identified through electronic search of reputable databases: Google scholar, PubMed, Cochrane library, MIDLINE, EMBASE and Ovid Maternity and Infant Care Databases. Nine studies were selected based on a comprehensive list of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Analysis was done by using STATA 14 statistical software. To assess heterogeneity, the Cochrane Q test statistic and I2 tests were used and a random effect model was also used to estimate the pooled prevalence of perinatal mortality rate. Results: The determinant factors for perinatal mortality were gestational age less than 37weeks , birth weight greater than or equal 2500 gram , had not history of previous abortion, had not history of perinatal death, illiterate maternal education, not using partograph , not vaccinated women about TT vaccine, had not history of obstetric complication ,level of hemoglobin greater than or equal to 11mg/dl ,women who had no prenatal visit ,child birth interval less than two years and non-vertex fetal presentation were significantly associated with perinatal mortality.Conclusion: Government should give especial emphasis for women’s with previous history of abortion, perinatal death and child birth interval less than two years.as well as strengthen all the above associated variables.

Background: Ending food insecurity is one of the goals of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is also one of the serious problems of Ethiopia. However, there is a dearth of studies that show the status of food insecurity among lactating mother in Ethiopia including the study area. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the predictors of food insecurity among lactating mothers in Ataye District, North Shoa, and Central Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was used among 612 lactating mothers aged 15-49 years. The food insecurity was determined by computing nine standards Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) questions. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.2 and exported to SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 24 for analysis. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used for the predictors of food insecurity using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity among lactating mothers was 36.8%. No formal education [(AOR=1.82, 95% CL: (1.13, 2.92)], no income-generating activities [(AOR=3.39, 95% CI: ((2.05, 5.64))], no home gardening practices [(AOR=5.65, 95% CI: (3.51, 9.08)], alcohol use by husbands [(AOR=2.02, 95% CI: (1.25, 3.24)], low minimum dietary diversity scores [(AOR=2.94, 95% CI: (1.88, 4.57)], less than three frequencies of meals [(AOR=3.97, 95% CI: (1.65, 9.54)] and three meals only per day [(AOR= 1.86, 95% CI: (1.08, 3.17)] were significant predictors of food insecurity of mothers. Conclusion: The prevalence of food insecurity was high in the study area. No formal education, no income-generating activities, no home gardening practice, alcohol use by husbands, low minimum dietary diversity score, fewer than three frequencies of meals and three meals only per day were independent predictors of food insecurity. Therefore, increasing home gardening, decreasing alcohol intake, increasing dietary diversity, and performing income-generating activities are highly recommended to reduce food insecurity.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) remains a major public health concern affecting both children and adolescents in Ethiopia. However, little attention has been given to intestinal parasitic infection within primary school children. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was done to determine pooled prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitic infection in this target group.Method: We systematically retrieved available articles on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in primary school children in Ethiopia. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Science Direct between September 1 and December 27, 2019. Two authors independently extracted all relevant data using a standardized Microsoft™ Excel data extraction form. Heterogeneity among included studies was assessed with the Higgins I2 tests. The pooled estimates and associated factors of primary school children’s intestinal parasitic infection were assessed with a random-effects model using Stata/se Version 14.Result: We have retrieved 30 eligible articles with pooled sample size of 14,445 primary school children with response rate of 97.8%. Entamoeba spp (16.11%), Ascaris lumbricoides (13.98%), Hookworm (12.51%) and Giardia lamblia (9.98%) were among the top four causes of intestinal parasitic infection among primary school children. The pooled prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was found to be 46.09 (95% CI: 38.50, 53.68). Heterogeneity was assessed by doing subgroup analysis by study province/region, with the highest prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection being 66.6 % (95% CI: 55.5, 77.7) in Tigray region, followed by Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region at 50.8% (95% CI: 33.1, 68.5). Latrine availability (OR=4.39: 2.50,7.73), fingernail hygiene (OR= 2.37: 1.67, 3.35), place of defecation (OR=1.67:1.64,4.36), maternal education (OR=2.02: 1.18,3.47), residence (OR= 1.88: 1.46, 2.41), habit of wearing shoes (OR= 2.66: 1.79, 3.96), source of drinking water (OR=1.99: 1.42,2.76), hands washing practices (OR= 3.45:1.85,6.47), and habit of washing fruits and vegetables (OR=1.59:1.01,2.49) were found to be significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infection. Conclusions: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was high (46%) in the study population. Therefore, this finding warrants the need to design school children hygiene and sanitation service and expand school children deworming programs to decrease intestinal parasitic infections and improve academic performance in the country. In addition, attention should be given to promoting personal hygiene, latrine utilization, wearing shoes, avoiding eating raw food, and creating awareness for those mothers who lack formal education. Moreover, the researchers try to conduct research on province/regions which have no prior research.

Background The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among uropathogens is increasing, especially in resource limited settings due to a number of reasons. The emergence of drug resistance and particularly the production of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) by some strains of E. coli and methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus species, limits the choice of antimicrobials in the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI). However, little is known about the bacteriology of UTI among pregnant women in Hargeisa, SomalilandMethods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the period of 1 Feb to 30 May 2019 among pregnant women at Edna Adan Hospital (EAH), Hargeisa. Following the standard procedure, clean-catch mid-stream urine samples were collected and processed for bacteriological culture. A urine sample was considered positive for significant bacteriuria (SBU) when a single organism was cultured at a concentration of ≥ 105 Colony Forming Units/ml. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Ceftazidime (30 µg) and Cefotaxime (30 µg) disks were used for ESBL screening as per CLSI guideline and each ESBL screening positive isolate were phenotypically confirmed by a combination disk test.Results Among 376 study participants, 79 (21.0%) had SBU. Majority at 58(73.4%) of the isolates were Gram-negative. The most predominant isolate was E.coli at 36(45.6%) followed by K. pneumonea 16(20.3%) and S. aureus at 9(11.4%). The proportion of ESBL producing isolates was at 25(32.9%). Gram-negative bacteria showed high level resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, and cephalexin at 87%, 85%, 57%, and 52%, respectively. Previous history of UTI, monthly income, educational status and having dysuria were significantly associated with SBU (p ).Conclusions Most of the isolates were found resistant to the commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, actions to minimize AMR should be in place to reduce the impact of urinary tract infections among pregnant women. Future large scale study is warranted to find out bacteriological and other factors associated with ESBL producing uropathogenes.

Background Globally, husband attendance of skilled maternal ANC care remains a challenge to safe motherhood. Even though husband attendance in antenatal care is one of the strategies for enhancing reproductive and sexual health in Ethiopia, the magnitude of husband attendance in ANC is not well investigated in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess husband antenatal care attendance and associated factors among husbands whose wives gave birth in the last twelve months prior to the study in Enebsiesarmider district, Northwest Ethiopia.Methods A Community-based cross-sectional study was employed to assess husband antenatal care attendance and associated factors among husbands whose wives gave birth in the last twelve months in Enebsiesarmider district, Northwest Ethiopia. The study was conducted from February 10-March 10, 2018. A total of 402 participants were involved in the study. Multi stage sampling method was used to recruit study participants. Data were collected using structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Data were entered using epi Data software and exported to SPPS for analysis. Descriptive statistics including mean, proportion were used to describe study variables. Binary and multivariable logistic regression was employed to describe variables in relation to the outcome variable.Result: The prevalence of husband antenatal care attendance was found to be 31.8% [95%CI, 27.4-36.3]. Attending secondary education and above [AOR 1.93, 95%CI, 1.14-3.26], good antenatal care knowledge [AOR 3.30, 95%CI, 2.02-5.39] and hadn’t health system barriers [AOR 2.32, 95%CI, 1.35-4.00] were statistically associated with husband antenatal care attendance.Conclusion Husband ANC attendance was found to be low in the study area. Regional health department shall design behavioral change interventions to reducing health system pitfalls towards ANC in the study area, furthermore, enabling all pregnant women to be booked for ANC and providing invitation letter to their husbands in the subsequent ANC visits seems essential to initiate husband ANC attendance.