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Marine and freshwater microalgae grow in two different ecosystems, which influence their properties thus requires attention prior to determining its application. This paper has successfully disclosed the thermal, chemical, and physical properties of two types of microalgae on carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation and underwent pyrolysis process. Slow pyrolysis process for marine and freshwater microalgae (Isochrysis sp. and Monoraphidium c.) was performed in the fixed bed pyrolysis reactor and TGA (thermogravimetric analyzer) to determine the product yield and study their thermal decomposition profile. The pyrolysis was completed at various temperatures (400, 450, 500, and 550°C) at a heating rate of 15 °Cmin-1 and nitrogen flow rate of 200 ml min-1. Pyrolysis in TGA analyzer ran from 27 to 800°C at three heating rates (10, 20, and 40 °Cmin-1). For chemical composition, Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed on both microalgae samples. The highest yield (up to 33.9%) of bio-oil was obtained from Isochrysis sp. for all temperatures while the highest average yield (65.78%) of bio-char was collected from Monoraphidium c. species. From TGA pyrolysis, the major decomposition occurred between 200-400°C for Monoraphidium c. species. On the other hand, the decomposition profile of Isochrysis sp. was slightly slower, which may be due to the differences in lipid composition (FTIR peak 2929 cm-1). The activation energy of all tests is lower (33.6-40.3 kJ mol-1) compared to several other biomasses. Marine species fixed with CO2 showed promising results even without addition of catalyst and no additional cost needed.

Interest in torrefaction has improved along the recent years and it has been studied extensively as a mean of preparing solid fuels. Biomass to be considered as a renewable source of energy must endeavor improvement continuously and where it is more sustainable going forward in which can come from waste product, wild and cultivated plant. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature and residence time of wild Napier grass and Oil palm petiole from waste. The torrefied samples were derived by pyrolysis reactor mimicking torrefaction procedure. The temperature parameter ranges between 220 and 300 ℃ while residence time parameter is from 10 minutes to 50 minutes of reaction. It was found that as temperature and time increasing, moisture content and amount of O and H atoms decreases as well as both mass and energy yield, but calorific value and the energy density increase along with both two parameters. Between the two parameters, the temperature variation shows more significant changes to the torrefied samples as compared time. The optimized temperature and time are found to be 260 ℃ and 30 minutes, respectively. Remarkably, the usage of pyrolyzer as torrefaction reaction has proved to be a good option since they share similar characteristics while can also produce product with similar properties reflecting torrefaction process.