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In recent years, fact-checking journalism has become one of the dominant strategies to tackle disinformation. For these entities to be effective and gain the trust of citizens, it is essential that they carry out their work under the principles of ideological neutrality, especially when they try to verify political discourse. This paper, groundbreaking in the Spanish context, aims to analyze the verification practices and possible partisan biases of political fact-checking in Spain through a specific study applied to Newtral, the main fact-checker specialized in politics in this country. The political verification practices used by this fact-checker since the beginning of its activity (October 2018-October 2022) were analyzed through quantitative content analysis. In a second phase, the same study was replicated, applied only to the discourse of the main national political leaders. The study used inferential statistics (chi-square hypothesis tests, correlational studies, Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test). No significant differences were observed between political parties in any of the variables analyzed in the phases of execution and verdict, neither in the general sample nor in the specific sample related to political leaders. However, greater attention is paid to the statements made by politicians belonging to Partido Popular, whose discourse is more checked, which could indicate a certain selection bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role of women in communication research. It does so by studying their presence/absence in the bibliographies of the syllabus of 108 theoretical courses of journalism degrees taught in 36 colleges in Spain during the 2020-2021 academic year. The work investigates the roles and presences of women in the field of communication, measuring the degree of visibility of women scientists and their contributions in a statistical and comparative way to that of male researchers, quantifying the citation patterns according to the gender of the authors. The data were analyzed with the free statistical software R (version 4.0.3) and a descriptive and inferential analysis was performed. The main results regarding the citation patterns of the research are: 1) an under-citation of publications written by female scientists; 2) an over-citation of publications by male researchers; and 3) the nonexistence of gender homophily (researchers do not tend to cite more authors of their same gender), since female authors are little cited and this low visibility is due to both female and male faculty members. The most referenced author is Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann, one of the few "classics" present, indicating a Matilda effect regarding the historical erasure of female contributions. In conclusion, the paper argues for the need to transform not only citation practices, but an entire scientific culture that denies women as a source of reference and authority from the early stages of university education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the individual conditions of journalistic production in two independent medias of the media-partisan structure in Cuba. These can be considered among the most internationally recognized Cuban media. In the research, in-depth interviews with 40 journalists. It was found that these conditions are marked, fundamentally, by the confluence in the two media organizations of young graduates of journalism courses in the country with a multiple spatial location, and different referents and professional trajectories. A professional identification with the functions of journalism to inform, monitor power, participate in social debate and show society in its diversity, among others, was also detected. In addition, personal concerns were found about the violence against independent journalism on the island. It was concluded that these conditions materialize in terms of an anti-authoritarian professional discursiveness (and representation) shared by journalists. A comparison with the findings of inquiries located in other national spaces is proposed in the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 26 April 1986, one of the most important events in the history of nuclear energy took place: the Chernobyl accident. This historic event marked the decline of the Soviet Union, an environmental agenda and new geopolitics of the world. It has been portrayed in literature, film, photo-reportage and documentary, among others. This paper seeks to analyse and contrast the HBO series Chernobyl (2019) and Svetalna Alexievich's Voices from Chernobyl (1997), specifically the relationship between reality and literary and filmic reconstruction. For this purpose, we use a descriptive-argumentative logic and a visual analysis with a mixed methodology. The analysis reveals a conflictive relationship between the two works, since the testimonies recorded in the book are easily recognisable in the series, although the latter has never specified that they are based on the book. Among the conclusions, the narrative structure carrying ideology (which seeks to strengthen a collective imaginary over the commonly accepted biases about the Soviet Union and its model of socialism), carried out with remarkable art direction, stands out. Finally, the series comes at a time of widespread debate in civil society about the use of nuclear energy, just as the end of the current model of fossil fuel-based energy generation for society and heavy industry approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the advent of societal issues surrounding minority groups, this paper investigates a significant such example in history (1992 Los Angeles Riots) to better understand how mainstream news media covered the story with regard to issues pertaining to key minority groups (blacks, Koreans). Utilizing theoretical frameworks such as media framing and the public sphere (Habermas, 1989), this paper examined how the Los Angeles Times framed issues regarding those minority communities before, during, and after the 1992 LA riots. Furthermore, the study analyzed audience discourse (letters to the editor) in the same time period to examine how the frames in news coverage compares with audience framing. Findings suggested that in the months after the riots, LAT significantly altered its coverage in a way that corresponded with the framing by its readers. Findings were then discussed in light of mass communication's relationship with society, especially for minority representation and framing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a formal analysis of the local laws related to Mexican journalists' protection, and compare it with news workers' perceptions on this issue. The starting point is a theoretical discussion on the current risk of practicing journalism, and the need to provide local legal assistance. This is followed by an argumentative formal analysis of the local laws, complemented by a set of 55 semi-structured interviews with journalists from the same places, which were conducted between February 2017 and August 2018. The findings show three kinds of legal protection: social, civil, and physical. On the contrary, based upon their own experiences, reporters do not trust in those laws. The final argument is that the local context matters in order to understand how the protection measures operate in the most dangerous country in the world for journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research on media business models is characterized by a very high grade of experimentation and the absence of unique answers to the monetization of digital contents. In this landscape, the model of The Wall Street Journal tends to be mentioned as a reference of subscription's model. This paper shows how the most prestigious financial newspaper of the world relies on an hybrid model in which the free content represents the 73% of the whole content included in his website. Furthermore, this paper examines the main traits of the news put behind the daily's paywall, in contrast to the main characteristics of free content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the online agenda of two of the most important newspapers in Argentina -Clarín and La Nación- through quantitative content analysis of the news stories published on their respective homepages and on the official accounts of these two media outlets on Facebook and Twitter. The analysis of 3.780 news shows that newspapers maintain an agenda related to public affairs on their home pages, while on social networks they prioritize news related to non-public topics. The divergence is lowest early in the morning and increases throughout the day. This paper explores the reasons for the differences between the topics selected by the news companies on their homepages and their social media presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2002 and 2012 some investigations were carried out that concluded that Chilean journalists lacked independence and autonomy when carrying out their work. In them, it was found that there were influences of its editors, in addition to the pressures exerted by the company and the sponsors. The aim of this paper is to analyze some of the influences of journalists, 15 years after the beginning of this research. It is intended to evaluate the conclusions of previous research and add another factor: the effect of social networks as a new element of pressure. In-depth interviews were conducted with eight journalists who worked as reporters on various national media. The elected journalists were young, precisely to evaluate new opinions regarding perceived autonomy. It was concluded that, for half of the interviewed journalists, the economic pressures of the owners of the company lack autonomy; Most do not feel pressured by their editors and social networks mean, for half the interviewees, a factor to take into account in their publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first reported case of transmission of the Ebola virus in Europe occurred in Spain. The subsequent management of communication surrounding the 'outbreak' brought about a crisis with implications for both health authorities and the media. This paper explores the management of institutional communication by the Ministry of Health, within the first forty-eight hours leading up to the diagnosis, as well as the Spanish press' coverage of the "crisis of Ebola". Focus will be placed on the analysis of the front pages of 6 Spanish newspapers (with the largest national circulation) as well as 17 regional newspapers, and their possible sensationalist impact within those first forty-eight hours (October 7th and 8th, 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of the information via databases is one of the big innovations since the arrival of the computer science and telecommunications to the journalism. In this paper, we present the results of a project which studies ways of managing information and memory in four representative cases of media in Spain and Brazil. This research uses content analysis, observation and interviews as methodological tools and shows the importance of a correct management and recovery of the data at every stage of the journalistic process: documentation, production, recovery, circulation and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigative Journalism has not been done inside media companies anymore. They do not provide conditions necessary to sustain this activity for monitoring and control of policy power in a society. Both radio, like television, such as print, have been cornered by fall of advertising investment, incessant rise of price of paper as raw material, and displaced by arrival of telephone operators as new owners of communication news channel. Managers of traditional media have been forced to make budget cuts. However, nonprofit organizations has initiated recovery of investigative journalism. The aim of this work is to make a compilation of six major U.S. efforts by providing resources to investigative journalism. I try to describes their ways to get money, but also identifies its risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a common thinking that communicator's professional landscape ends in journalism and other derives, as corporate communication, marketing and advertising. Even academia has proven little interest in communicators for development and social change, a practitioner that play an important role in development processes in order to promote the participation of stakeholders. The following paper offers a review on this practitioner's profile from the standpoint of his professional exercise, one that links and includes knowledge, skills and communication attitudes, anthropology as well as education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media criticism is an essential activity for any democracy. Named as the fourth power, media generally are against criticisms made to their practices and products and almost never make any self-criticisms. Facing this fact the present paper arguments in favour of media criticism in order to improve their practice, and thus the reason why the manuscript ends showing a Brazilian experience on media observatories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper tries to measure the journalist's initiative, where it's considered to express himself more freely, in order to accomplish two goals: on one hand, update data about his consideration, status and professional self esteem; on the other hand, discover new challenges he presently confronts, consequence of recent organization schemes inside newsrooms. With this in mind, it's suggested that initiative of that particular professional profile should express more spontaneously within newsrooms, side by side with other professional profiles, where it should acquire more entity and character. Research observation has centred in newsrooms, focusing in daily communication processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]