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Aiming at tracing a profile of the most recent research carried out in the field of Use-Based Linguistic Models, this paper brings together studies that relied on empirical data, mainly within the scope of two specific projects: CAPB Project (Corpus Acadêmico do Português Brasileiro - UFMG/UFV) and D&G (Grupo Discurso e Gramática-UFRN/UFRJ). In an attempt to show the prominence of the area, especially regarding training high-level researchers, the studies gathered here intertwine with each other, underscoring the relevance of the results found in Brazilian Portuguese, as well as pointing to an important and sustained growth in the field of research in discourse and grammar in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the elaboration of grammars for the Portuguese and Spanish languages, describing textual and extratextual aspects that characterize this process in the respective linguistic traditions and comparing them in order to find points of convergence and divergence. For that purpose, by consulting the physical and electronic collections of different research centers, it was possible to build a bibliographic corpus which allowed the fulfillment of the study's objective based on the analysis of 172 Portuguese and 138 Spanish grammars distributed since the 15th century. As a result, it was possible to observe that both codification traditions bring historical compatibilities which resulted in a process of linguistic normalization in which many features converge, while others diverge. They converge, for instance, in the intensification of this process from the 19th century onwards, marking a movement of constant growth. They diverge, on the other hand, in the number of countries engaged in the process and in the relation of school grammar to the descriptive model, for instance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A formal perspective is the focus of this paper, which aims to discuss and represent the perception of nasalization of vowel /a/ in certain nasal contexts, a phenomenon of allophony in Spanish, which can be either phonological or allophonic in Portuguese. Empirical support is based on data from 9 native speakers from Montevideo, Uruguay, and 15 Brazilian learners of Spanish as a second language. Perception data, taken from studies carried out by Brisolara and Matzenauer (2018a, 2018b), were obtained by an Identification Test, which was run by the TP software program (RAUBER et al., 2012). The fact that the Uruguayan have lower accuracy than the Brazilian to identify nasalized vowels is attributed to the strict allophonic nature of the phenomenon in Spanish. It was captured and formalized by the Bidirectional Processing and Grammar Model -- BiPhon (BOERSMA, 2006, 2007; BOERSMA; HAMANN, 2009), which integrates the Stochastic Optimality Theory. Since perception, according to BiPhon, has the role of mapping continuous phonetic representation to a discrete phonological surface structure, the phenomenon related to the perception of nasalization of the vowel /a/ in Spanish was formalized in a way that represented, through the interaction between Cue Constraints and Structural Constraints, the difference between grammars of Brazilian Spanish learners and of Uruguayans: the weight of the *VORALN and *Vnasal Structural Constraints was decisive in specifying both grammars, and the proximity of the central values of the Structural and Cue Constraints represented the presence of variation in the perception data of the Uruguayan and the Brazilian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to critically examine implicit persuasion and its occurrence in multimodal memes circulating on Facebook, focusing on the metaphormetonymy relationship. Persuasion tends to occur mostly implicitly, avoiding evaluative language related with interpersonal meanings. Thus it depends on notions such as frame, which allows addressees to infer hidden message contents. This phenomenon commonly occurs in metonymies, tropes that for being indexical inform only part of reality, and depend on the receiver for the complementation of the information they carry. In this sense, the idea that conceptual metaphors can be special cases of their conceptual interaction with metonymies that provide contiguity between the text and the reader's frame has been accepted. On the basis of this relationship, memes, despite their small extent, can promote persuasion. The research is based on Sociosemiotic Visual Grammar and Systemic-Functional Linguistics and answers the following questions: (a) How does implicit persuasion occur in verb-visual memes? (b) What is the role of metonymies and metaphors in such process? (c) How can Systemic Functional Linguistics by means of transitivity and appraisal contribute to the persuasive process of memes? The results show that the implicit persuasion in memes is made thanks to lexicogramatical choices, metonymizations, motivated by conceptual metaphors, which not only permeates and dominates the whole meme, but also forms the backbone of its argumentative structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the adequacy of grammaticalization postulates, concerning the development of items toward the discourse level of language production. Different views on the issue are discussed and a case study about the expression of modality pode ser, in Brazilian Portuguese, is presented. Based on the Functionalist Theory, the study reveals a slip in the operation of construction, from grammar to discourse. It is argued, then, that these developments seem more consistent with a process of (inter) subjectification (TRAUGOTT, 2010), though they do not completely exclude the grammaticalization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Cognitive Grammar and on the Theory of Grammaticalization, this paper aims at describing the whole class of adverbial conjunctions in Portuguese. The aim of this study is to revise the traditional assumptions that adverbial conjunctions lack lexical meaning and that they are part of a closed class. Instead, it is suggested here that adverbial conjunctions are greatly diverse with respect to both their structure and categorical status. Three groups of lexical/grammatical scales can be identified, depending on the degree of lexical meaning the conjunction displays. The data analyzed were collected at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on data of a pilot study and aims at analysing the effort spent by translation students in a postediting task based on pauses and recursiveness when dealing with instances of grammatical metaphorization (cf. HALLIDAY, 1998) during ongoing text production. The study analyses the process and the end product of a postediting task carried out by three graduate translation students, drawing on keylogging data recorded by the software Translog 2006. Results show that some instances of grammatical metaphorization were more effortful to the translator, although effort did not necessarily result in the construal of more adequate meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an invitation to discuss open questions in the domain of morphology, such as the adequacy of the principle of atomicity for words, the place of morphology in the architecture of grammar, and the necessity to mingle historical and synchronic approaches to increase the knowledge of words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the frequent association that is established, both among laymen and among some grammarians, between the notions of "Traditional Grammar" (TG) and "normative" or "prescriptive grammar". To this end, we analyze the concepts of tradition and norm. In the background, values commonly attributed to TG and its role in commiunicative teaching of foreign languages are discussed, such as the case of German, in constant dialogue with other thories and models to be worked upon by the teacher. It is concluded that the TG model is a theoretical description of the system of rules that are inherent in the language from a specific perspective, with its limitations and advantages, and that the prescriptive or normative character assigned to it derives from extra-linguistic actions, a political and ideological motivation, not necessarily intrinsic to the model itself. It discusses the wide application of terms and concepts from TG in textbooks of communicative foreign language teaching in order to take advantage of the pre-metalinguistic knowledge base of learners, acquired during the learning of the mother tongue at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the expression of concession rhetorical relation as expressed by means of concessive hypotactic adverbial clauses in formal speeches (university lectures) and oral interviews. The research is theoretically based on RST (Rhetorical Structure Theory), a theory that assumes that besides the explicit content conveyed by clauses, rhetorical relations arise from the combination of parts of texts. Parameters from Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) were used in order to characterize the hypotactic concessive constructions used by the speakers to express concession rhetorical relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lexicon modeling is the main difficulty to overcome when building deep syntactic parsers for unrestricted text. Traditionally, two strategies have been used for tackling lexical information in the domain of unrestricted syntactic parsing: compiling thousands of lexical entries or formulating hundreds of morphological rules. Due to productive word-formation processes, proper names, and non-standard spellings, the former strategy, resorted to by freely downloadable parsers for Brazilian Portuguese (BP), is not robust. On the other hand, deploying the latter is a time-intensive and non-trivial knowledge engineering task. At present, there is no open-source licensed wide-coverage parser for BP. Aiming at filling this gap as soon as possible, we argue in this paper that a much less expensive and much more efficient solution to the lexicon bottleneck in parsing is to simply reuse freely available morphosyntactic taggers as the system's lexical analyzer. Besides, thanks to the free and broad availability of POS-tagged corpora for BP and efficient machine learning packages, building additional high accurate taggers has become an almost effortless task. In order to easily integrate the output of taggers constructed in different architectures into context-free grammar chart parsers compiled with the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK), we have developed a Python module named ALEXP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first free software specially optimized for processing Portuguese to accomplish such a task. The tool's functionality is described by means of BP grammar prototypes applied to parsing real-world sentences, with very promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the possessive classifiers ka, lo and ko of the wichí language. In the wichí reviewed literature, only ka and lo have been described and studied. This article describes, compares and analyzes the morphosyntatic characteristics, compatibilities and notions of possession of the three classifiers according to Heine's (1997) approach. The following hypothesis is proposed here: a possession scale in which, on the one hand, possessive constructions with ko and lo express permanent possession (in the sense that the possessor it is always, in some way, related to the possessed item; therefore it is possible to affirm that such an item belongs to that possessor). On the other hand, possessive constructions with ka express temporal and/or physical possession as well as permanent possession; but in this case, the possessed item may belong to the possessor or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In private correspondence written in Brazil in the 19th Century, we find a variable clitic-placement in all syntactic contexts. This departs from both modem Brazilian grammar, which generalizes proclisis (cl-V) and classical and modem European grammars, in which the proclisis-enclisis distribution is governed by very strict rules, strongly sensitive to the type of clause in which the clitic pronoun occurs. In this paper, we argue that this variation is the effect of the competition in texts between those three grammars (or I-languages). This competition is associated with change, but we show that, in the case we consider, the direction of change may change throughout time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of comparative studies among languages of the Tupi Stock, as defined by Rodrigues (1955, 1958a, 1958b, 1964), by means of the historical-comparative method, led to a better understanding of the relations among these languages and to the reconstruction of the sound system of Proto-Tupi, as well as part of its lexicon and grammar. This paper aims at gathering the results of the historical-comparative research in order to characterize the proto- language and bring to light the pre-historical linguistic reality, with the purpose of narrating a linguistic account of the Tupian cultural history, enriched by the significant contributions of archaeology, ethno-history and ethnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]