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This review aim to examine the researches that address the association between Return to Play (RTP) and psychological factors in athletes. To this end, a systematic review of the literature was conducted, taking in consideration PRISMA guidelines. As keywords were used: return to play and sport and psycho* and injur*. Base data used were "Web of Science". Inclusion criteria were: 1) address at least one psychological variable, 2) to be empirical investigation and 3) not to be a validation. 70 articles were obtained, which were reduced to 29. The results show a direct relationship between the influence of psychological factors and the time and quality that the athlete uses in rehabilitation and return to play. The time spent in rehabilitation and the early withdrawal of the athlete from his activity after the injury seems to be decisive for the correct RTP. The importance of understanding the psychosocial aspects that are part of the rehabilitation process is discussed. The fear of a re-injury, the sport level prior to the injury, the personality traits and the psychological disposition to play again were very important for the RTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach to the psychological profile of vulnerability to the injury of the athlete has become necessary in competitive sports. Subjects consisted of a total of sample were 285 males (23 non-injured) and 168 females (24 non-injured). The male athletes had an average age of 21.77 years and the female athletes of 20.55 years. The sample consisted of athletes of individual sports (tennis, athletics and swimming) and players of team sports (football, basketball and handball) belonging to different sports clubs in the Valencian Community. A Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT) was used for the evaluation of competitive anxiety; an EPR scale was used to evaluate hardiness; a Competitiveness-10 scale was used to assess competitiveness; and a specific registration form was used for the assessment of injury. The study was carried out basing on a quantitative methodology. The design of the study was observational, descriptive and correlational. The study was based on the hypothesis: the number of injuries will increase with lower levels of hardiness and success-oriented motivation, and higher levels of competitive anxiety and motivation addressed to avoid failure. The objective was to analyze the differences in the number of injuries among athletes who had a profile of vulnerability to injury (low hardiness, high competitive anxiety, low motivation for success and high motivation oriented to avoid failure) against those who did not fit that profile. According to the theoretical foundation, those placed in this profile would be more susceptible to injury. However, the results of the study indicate that men with a profile of vulnerability to injury (who should sustain more injuries) suffered fewer moderate injuries, and the total number of injuries and rate of injury were lower. Results are discussed and some conclusions of the study are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of an intervention program of goal setting using written report as feedback and controlling players' perception during the competitive season of a mini-basketball team. The intervention program was implemented on under- 12 male mini-basketball team. The independent variable was the application of the intervention program of the goal-setting. The dependent variables were players' perception, and level of achievement of the goals. Three-four goals were design for each player. After each match, the players indicated in a scale from 0 to 10 their perception about the level of achievement of the goals. First day of practice of the week, the achievement of the goals and their perception was shown to the players. The results found show that: a) a reduction between the differences of the players' perception and the goal achievement through the season, and b) a significant increase through the season of the achievement of the goals was found. The study may be a reference to help coaches to implement goal-setting in youth teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological training is a form of sports training that is gradually inserting itself into the work methods of many athletes and sports teams. We present the implementation of a psychological training programme whose goal is for athletes to learn psychological techniques and strategies and apply them to improving their psychological skills, both during training and competition; we also sought to ascertain whether there were any differences between the CPRD scores taken at the start of the intervention and those taken at the end of it. The sample consisted of 22 footballers ages 14 to 18 from a professional football club who compete in the children's and junior categories. The psychological intervention was conducted for five months through individualised (voluntary) work and group (obligatory) work. The results indicate that there were no significant differences between the initial and final scores on the different factors of the CPRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this piece of work was to know the ages of the players with the highest performance, through the participation time and the performance indicators of basketball players in Olympic Games. The final objective is to provide more significant values which allow to guide training processes to trainers and clubs youth coordinators. Results showed the following: a) in guard position, players with more than 29 years old are the ones who have better statistical in most of the indicators, either for men or women; b) in forward position, the age range varies between 27-29 in men arid between 26-29 in women; c) the age range in centers diversify between 25-28 in most indicators in men, while in women it is above 28 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the different defensive performance indicators in basketball, analyzing the difference in relation to success (efficacious or non-efficacious defenses) and the game result (win or loss). All half-court offenses (n=1045) from the quarterfinal, semifinal, consolation game, and final of the 2008 Olympics Games were analyzed. In each defense phase, the following variables were analyzed with regard to the team on defense: (1) Type of defense used, (2) Pressure in offense transition, (3) Defensive switches, (4) Helping on defense, (5) Inside passes, (6) Degree of opposition when shooting, (7) Points allowed, (8) Final result of the game, and (9) Defensive efficacy. The most significant results show that: : a) the type of defense that was most used was quarter-court man-on-man (man-on-man at 6.25m), but the one that was most efficacious was the half-court zone defense; b) transition pressure was used in 23.83% of the game phases; c) defensive switches were done in 7.85% of the game phases; d) helping on defense was used in 60% of the game phases; e) inside passes were taken in 30.9% of the game phases; 1) 38.9% of the shots were done with high opposition; and g) points were scored in 42.28% of the game phases, such that winning teams allowed the opponent to score in 38.81% of the game phases, and losing teams in 45.77%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of the present study are: a) to assess which technical and tactical actions of the game youth basketball players like to do in competition at different learning stages, h) to find out how much they like to play offense and defense, c) to assess the type of offense and defense that they prefer to execute, and d) to record the basic tactical team resources (BTTR) that are most requested by the youth player at different learning stages. The sample was composed of 989 youth basketball players who participate in the Spanish Basketball Federation leagues (60.1% from mini-basketball and 39.9% from the under-14 category). The results indicate that in competition: a) the action that players most like to execute is the shot, b) players prefer to be on offense than defense, c) the defensive game system that players most enjoy is man-on-man defense, d) players prefer pre-established offensive systems as opposed to open systems, and e) basic tactical team resources players most enjoy are give-and-go, clear-outs, and penetrate and dish. These data may serve as a reference when doing short-, medium-, and long-term planning. In any case, it is necessary for coaches to combine the preferences of the players with the actual needs of each learning stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyzed the relationship between the level of self-efficacy of the player with the ball in basketball, various performance indicators, and individual participation of the youth player in competition, with the goal of being able to establish initial values that help to define game styles and systems that ate adapted to the characteristics of the youth player. In order to evaluate the levels of self-efficacy, a questionnaire was administered to 187 players from the under-16 age category. From a total of 22 games, the following variables related to the individual performance of the player were analyzed: a) points scored; b) shot attempts and shots made of 1,2, and 3 points; c) efficacy percentage of 1,2, and 3-point shots; d) rebounds made; and c) personal fouls received. With regard to participation, the following variables were analyzed: f) minutes played; g) total time of ball possession; h) number of ball possessions; i) number of passes received; and j) number of offensive phases in which the player participates. The results indicate that the performance and participation variables correctly classify 74.2% when differentiating between players with high and low levels of self- efficacy. The players with high levels of self-efficacy presented higher values in the different performance and participation variables than the players with low levels of self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses how the application of an intervention program involving the use of video improves basketball players' real perception of their actions when competing and boosts their performance levels. A three-month intervention program was designed and applied that consisted of watching videos of games in which the degree of efficacy of each player's proposed objectives were evaluated. The following were recorded for four months before the intervention program was applied and during its development: a) the outcome of each player's individual objectives and minutes played; b) the subjective perception of the outcome of these objectives and minutes played; and c) the difference between what actually took place and what was perceived, as well as between the minutes played and minutes perceived to have been played. The results indicate an improvement in the players' real perception of their actions in games after the intervention program; in terms of efficacy, the percentage of positive actions rose and the percentage of negative actions fell. These data indicate that watching videos of actions in games improves players' perception of reality, which leads to a better grasp of negative and positive actions, a key aspect of intervening in practice sessions. This, in turn, boosts both individual and collective performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to design and validate a questionnaire that measures the perception of the injured athlete regarding their short-term RTP. For the validation of the instrument the Delphi methodology for content validity, involving a total of 16 expert judges, was applied. For the calculation of the concurrent validity, different physical (anthropometric measurements, 8x5 speed test and Barrow test), psychological (anxiety state and moods) and medical (process of functional progression and perception pain) tests were used as gold standard. The results show that the implementation of the questionnaire in a sports context invites professional to think of appropriate levels of validity and utility of the instrument as a complement to other tests and assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study were: I) to analyse the influence of inside pass on the basketball offensive success and 2) to detect the influence of both passer and receiver location, and the receiver immediate action on successful inside pass. The sample was 1324 attack phases of nine games of the 2012 Euroleague Playoff. All recorded matches were analysed by four observers. Observational methodology was used through a follow-up, ideographic, and multidimensional design approach. An ad-hoc instrument was developed in order to obtain behaviour systematic registration. For the first aim, analysed criteria were: 1) offensive effectiveness, 2) shooting zone, 3) total points scored by attack phase, 4) possession duration and 5) number of passes. For the second one: 1) passer location, 2) receiver location, and 3) immediate receiver action were registered for each inside pass attack. Multirater k free index (Randolph, 2005) was used to measure inter-observers agreement, obtaining a value over .84 in each case. In addition, intra-observers reproducibility was evaluated at the end of the observation process by calculating Cohen's Kappa, obtaining a minimum value of .90. For statistical data analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, crosstabs, Chi-square and multinomial logistic regression were carried on. The finding results show that a) those attack phase in which inside pass is done are more effective and achieve a larger amount of points, and b) passer location and immediate receiver action determinate a successful inside pass, being the outside pass with an inside reception the most effective option. These results suggest to consider the inside pass as a performance indicator in basketball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimism is considered a relevant parameter in sport performance and this study aims to analyse its effects in adverse circumstances. In this study, 66 swimmers (boys and girls) with an average age of 13.66 completed the same test at two different times, After the first test, they received negative feedback (a higher than real time) in order to check the effects on the second test. The results of this study were expected to replicate the study published by Seligman at Berkeley University in 1990. Interestingly, after such negative feedback, pessimists showed significant differences between the first and second tests. In contrast, although not statistically significant, our results indicate that all the swimmers whose performance improved in the second test had optimistic profiles. Finally, we discuss the use of evaluating and providing training in optimism for enhanced performance in competitive sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]