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This chapter examines the legal factors which were central to the US subprime crisis, the international credit crunch and subsequent global economic developments. Some innovative developments are examined, such as increased protection for mortgage consumers and an intermediate tenures project in Catalonia. After the abrogation by the Dodd-Frank Act 2010, it seems clear that rating agencies were considered as experts and were not simply giving their 'opinion', thus losing the protection of the First Amendment of the US Constitution for their ratings. The reform of the mortgage market in Spain, by Act 41/2007, introduced two new risky practices that were discouraged by the European Commission White Paper on the Integration of EU Mortgage Credit Markets. Another group of provisions deals with the fact that new types of housing tenures are needed to augment the housing market, and to adapt it to the economic capabilities of each family, instead of making families to choose between full ownership and renting.

Innovation is increasingly decentralized, traded and transferred internationally. Specialized suppliers of knowledge-intensive business services have emerged, enhancing the international transfer of knowledge and technology. This has important implications for the global geography of technological and innovative capabilities. This paper focuses on the role of European KIBS providers for the catch-up process in the Chinese wind turbine industry. Drawing on in-depth studies of three central technology domains in wind turbine research and development, it shows how the recent catch-up in the Chinese wind turbine industry was closely connected to organizational changes taking place in the incumbent wind turbine lead markets in Europe. The paper suggests that access to knowledge through KIBS can unlock rapid but bounded latecomer development in emerging markets.

The three main themes of this Special Issue of European Journal of Teacher Education are brought together and considered in the light of what has been said in the articles included. These themes of teacher education, professionalism and research are all dynamic in the way they have been developing over time and also demonstrate considerable geographical diversity in their manifestations. This paper considers the extent to which these temporal and spatial differences indicate a series of tensions, difficulties and paradoxes as the processes of globalisation continue to influence educational policies and practices around the world. The extent to which the outcomes represent increasing convergence or divergence is discussed and the paper concludes by suggesting a number of key questions that may be asked within a particular context in order to make an assessment of the state of health of the teaching profession within that setting., This work was financially supported by Portuguese national funds through the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology) within the framework of the CIEC (Research Center for Child Studies of the University of Minho) projects under the references UIDB/00317/2020 and UIDP/00317/2020.

This paper argues that more focus on the temporal is needed in critical policy sociology in education. In so asserting, the paper extends the concept of ‘historically informed’ as included in the foundational definition of policy sociology in education proffered by Jenny Ozga. There are four foci to this extension to encompass the temporal, taken to refer to the complex relationships between past, present and future, namely: the changing historical concept/definition of policy; policy histories; the temporal construction work of policies; and changing spatio-temporalities and timespaces of policy in the context of globalization. To a considerable extent these have been neglected in policy sociology in education research and theorising and as such demand new research and theoretical work in the field. Looking back in time will help us understand the present and possible futures.

This paper examines the entry of Indian information and communication technology–information technology-enabled services (ICT-ITES) companies on the Dutch service outsourcing market. Using this case study, the paper integrates two academic debates: the rise of emerging country-based multinationals and the international dynamics in the ICT-ITES sector. Indian ICT-ITES firms can no longer only rely on cheap labour in their home country and need to build global delivery capacity in order effectively to compete with Western ICT-ITES multinationals. By examining their entry strategy in the Dutch service outsourcing market, this paper highlights the difficulties of latecomer multinationals in entering the more profitable domains of the ICT-ITES market.

Because of their economic importance, international bond markets are thought to be the likely location for the operation of financial market pressures on emerging market (EM) government policy. An important but unresolved debate that runs through the literature is the relative importance of domestic factors specific to the country receiving the capital flows (pull factors), versus push factors exogenous to the receiving country, in driving portfolio flows to EMs. Through extensive interviews with financial market participants, and analysis of the financial press between January 2008 and 2013, this paper argues that not only were market participants fully aware of the importance of push factors over the cycle, but that their perceptions of the domestic fundamentals themselves were influenced by these push factors. The paper provides evidence on the micro-foundations of investment decision making that make investors susceptible to influence by the push factors, and adds to a growing body of evidence that financial market borrowing costs are even less in the control of emerging market governments than previously assumed, because even when investors pay attention to domestic fundamentals, their assessments can be divorced from reality. This means that government efforts to attract foreign capital through implementing investors' preferred policies may be ultimately futile.

The aim of this paper is to enlighten the role second home owners can play within the dynamic of touristic coastal territories. Under the rising globalization, coastal zones are generally concerned with an important economic and demographic attractiveness. Second homes play a major part in this coastal pressure, first of all because of their number. In many cities, not only second homes form an important part of the housing stock, but they also represent numerous touristic accommodations and contribute to the local economy. Second homes owners are a hybrid population: somewhere between inhabitants and tourists, they are an example of new arts of dwelling and the mobility in our modern societies. They are alsoa subjectof considerable debate and controversy. We assume that, far from being “secondary”, this population takes a full part in their territories dynamics, especially in coastal and touristic zones. Our research group has conducted a methodological reflection in order to launch a pioneering study about second homes owners’ habits in Charente-Maritime. France being the first destination of international tourism, Charente-Maritime is the second touristic region in the country in terms of visits. As tourism represents the first economy in Charente-Maritime, the study leans on a significant partnership between La Rochelle University and local institutional and economic stakeholders. Thanks to this study, an important database has been built, and will be broadened in 2014 as the survey extends to all territories of Charente-Maritime. This paper presents some of first results.

This paper analyses social policy reforms that have been adopted recently in Southern European countries (Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece). Such measures are aimed partially at adapting to the restrictions impinged on their national economies by the creation of the European Economic and Monetary Union and by the process of globalization. Social policy innovation is also influenced by the arguments and pressure capacities of the different socio-political actors in each country. The paper includes, in the first place, a conceptual clarification of the term "social dumping". Secondly, the study focuses on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the actual reform processes that have taken place and their impact on both public revenues and expenditure. Finally, an assessment is offered of the factors shaping recent policy patterns.

This paper surveys the study of Japan in and outside Japan, and explores the potential to study Japan as the ‘other’. It points out that the size of Japan’s domestic market for scholarship and publication is so large that its cultural commodities have not often considered the needs of overseas markets, with a resulting prevalence of monological studies for domestic consumption. Overseas studies of Japan on the other hand have often adopted an Orientalist approach. Academia in Japan has addressed the monologic tendency to a degree, as Japanese scholars increasingly share theories and methodologies with overseas scholars as a result of globalization. However, monologic discourse continues to be more accepted amongst ordinary Japanese people who are marginalized and isolated from this process. The paper proposes a fruitful collaboration between overseas and Japan-based scholars.

The theme of this paper is reconstruction of local food systems in Fukushima. To advance recovering industries of food and agriculture, it is considered to be essential not only to restore agriculture, but to rebuild local food systems linking from the stages of the agriculture, processing, distribution, and to the last stage of con- sumption. In Fukushima, the "Fukushima Soybean Project (FSP)" has been developed since 1998. It is a project in which farmers, farmers' unions, soybean processors and consumer groups have collaborated, processed locally produced soybeans, and supplied them to residents of the prefecture. In spite of huge damages incurred by the Great East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent nuclear disaster, the project continues with efforts of each actor such as producers, processors and cooperatives. This article therefore focused on the actions of the FSP after the nuclear disaster, and by clarifying the difficulties and problems that they face as well as their efforts for recov- ery, examines a direction of reconstruction of local food systems in Fukushima. The main findings of this paper are summarized as follows. The prime characteristic of the FSP is a collab- oration between cooperatives. Through the supply of soy foods, agricultural cooperatives as producers' organi- zations, and consumers' cooperatives as consumers' organizations joined hand in hand to make a substantive organization and build a win-win business model, which enabled its sustained development. The trusting rela- tionship and social capital among farmers, food manufacturers and consumers nurtured through the efforts hap- pened to function effectively after the nuclear disaster. It emphatically shows that local food systems such as the FSP can exert an effect not only as a countermove to globalization as a problem that "gradually erodes regional societies", but also as a mechanism of "resilience" against the nuclear disaster as a "rapid and strong exogenous shock".

This paper examines, within the context of globalization, the impact of the main channels of international trade on domestic innovation, namely outward direct investment (ODI), inward direct investment (IDI), cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) by foreigners, R&D expenditure, exports, and imports. The number of approved Triadic patents serves as a proxy for innovation. The data set contains 37 countries that are considered to be highly competitive in world markets, covering the period 1994-2005. The empirical results show that increased exports and ODI are able to stimulate an increase in approved patents. In contrast, IDI exhibits a negative correlation with domestic patents. Imports are shown not to have a significant impact on international technology spillovers. The paper shows that the impact of IDI on domestic innovation is characterized by two forces, namely the cross-border M&A by foreigners and remaining IDI, both of which are found to be negative.

The purpose of this paper is to show how the Indian IT industry could position itself in the Japanese market. But in order to accomplish this, it is necessary to identify the key challenges and opportunities the Indian IT industry faces in the Japanese market. The opportunities for India, as well as other IT-strong developing countries, are to supply technical talent, whose availability in Japan is constrained by the secular demographic crisis and changing educational and occupational preferences. The challenges for India are the institutional barriers, in particular, Japanese business practices that act as significant barriers to the entry of foreign skilled professionals. The paper brings out the source and pattern of foreign professionals and students in Japan as a proxy for talent. Though India’s presence in Japan is currently limited, its share of technical professionals to the total number of Indians in Japan is the highest. Also, the preconditions in the Japanese economy suggest a historic opportunity to forge a long-term, mutually beneficial, bilateral partnership between the two countries. For India, this means reducing its dependence on the US market and availing new learning opportunities. For Japan, it means access to technical professionals and managed interfacing with the global economy.

European integration has prompted great interest in the adjustment capacities of small and medium enterprises in regions characterized by high levels of unemployment and lower-than-average incomes. At issue, in these circumstances, is the extent to which economic competitiveness can be enhanced by technological change and the resources of European and national governments. Relying upon the results of a detailed survey of small- and medium-sized firm competitive strategies in selected vulnerable regions across Europe, the paper focuses upon firm adjustment strategies in four labour-intensive industries vulnerable to international competition. It draws together the results of these surveys providing econometric and statistical analyses that demonstrate the commonalities and differences apparent in small- and medium- sized firms' responses to changing market competition. Significant insights were gleaned from the pooling of these data. It is shown that there are statistically significant firm, country and industry effects in competitive strategies. Unlike many other related studies, the derived results are quite consistent across Europe. Furthermore, statistically significant relationships are established between changes in market sales, local employment and the adoption of process-specific technologies. The findings provide robust conclusions about the significance of country and industry determinants of European small and medium enterprises' competitive strategies in relation to the expanding European and global economy. In sum, the paper raises doubts about the value of regional development strategies that rely exclusively upon clusters and geographical embeddedness in the face of globalization.

Domestic and international economic policy is still dominated by laissez‐faire economics, despite the failure of such policy analysis in the 1980s to have brought about the sort of economic growth and high employment witnessed through the 1950s and 1960s. The dominant feature of international trade theory is the assumed superiority of free trade and non‐intervention. In this paper we argue that the neo‐classical case for free trade is based on inappropriate assumptions; relax these assumptions and the case for non‐intervention goes with them. This paper argues that to return to a situation of reasonable stability and balanced growth for individual countries, and for the world economy as a whole, increased management of the international trading and monetary systems will be required.

Global value chains analysis has become an ever more important approach in economics and economic geography to study the globalization of different sectors. However, it is largely ignored in tourism research. This paper examines the modes of governance of the tourism value chain from Holland to Turkey. One of the most striking findings of this paper is the large variety of governance modes of that chain, not only within the same market segment but even within one firm. The second important finding is the importance of the specific context of the inbound country, to a much lesser extent than the outbound country. In other words, the chain is strongly embedded in the national/local political economic institutions of the inbound country but is fairly disembedded from those of the outbound country.

This paper introduces a serendipitous special issue of Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, focusing on the rise of large-scale international testing and performance data in school system accountability and the effects that such changes have produced in education policy and research. These developments are theorised in terms of the reworking of the State and networked modes of governance, including the increased involvement of edu-businesses in education policy-making and enactment, and the emergence of new topological spatialities and connectivities associated with globalisation. We contend that the prevalence of international large-scale assessments has greatly enhanced the mutual ‘visibility’ between participating national (and subnational) schooling systems within a commensurate space of measurement, which in turn makes possible new ways of acting in light of ‘evidence-informed’ policy-making. This analysing and theorising serves to both contextualise and introduce the papers included in this special issue. The paper closes by considering the implications of such developments on education policy and research, and how this necessitates the development for a new approach for researchers engaged in policy analysis, now and into the future.

This chapter explores the critical approach to the study of organizations, from 'within', focusing on decision-making processes in terms of 'recontextualization' on employment policies in the European Union. It discusses the reconstruction of decision-making processes in the complex, multinational, multilingual organization by showing how a policy paper on employment policy and unemployment intended for the Council of Ministers in Luxembourg in November was produced in several drafts; that is the genesis of the paper. The chapter explains the definition of discourse and provides a model the discourse-historical approach on which the research is based. It examines the reconstruction of decisions by looking at the drafts of the policy paper and charting the 'life of arguments' in their recontextualization, so-called textual chains, from the first proposal through the draft to the final version. The chapter analyzes the employment policies in the EU and by the role of globalization in the search for new 'European employment policies'.

The Asia Pacific region, and especially East Asia, has experienced rapid economic integration without the ‘hard politics’ of legally binding economic and political treaties, unlike Europe where integration has been institution-led. The ‘soft politics’ and market-led integration in East Asia set against a background of political tensions and rivalries in key relationships in the region. The paper measures trade and investment performance in the world economy. This allows comparison of bilateral and regional trade and investment flows. A measure of the effect of political distance on both trade and investment flows is also defined. The growth of China-Japan trade and investment, despite political distance between the two countries is discussed to highlight and elaborate on key findings. The analysis leads to five conclusions. Multilateral institutions are important in reducing economic and political distance between trading partners. While political relations do affect economic relations, their effect is not important across the vast majority of trading relationships. The important effects of political relations on economic relations come in today’s world via international investment rather than through international trade. East Asian economies are leading trade and economic integration, measured in terms of their trade and investment performance and their impact on global trade and investment frontiers. Finally, of all the major regional groupings, APEC and ASEAN stand out as arrangements in which there has been no trade diversion, unlike the other formal regional groupings such as NAFTA and the EU in which trade diversion is measurable. The paper finds an ‘APEC effect’, explains how economics can dominate politics in international economic relations and recommends priority to strengthening regional and international investment regimes to help ameliorate the likely effects of politics on economic integration in the future.

On-Line Papers – Copyright This online paper may be cited or briefly quoted in line with the usual academic conventions, and for personal use. However, this paper must not be published elsewhere (such as mailing lists, bulletin boards etc.) without the author’s explicit permission. If you copy this paper, you must: • include this copyright note. • not use the paper for commercial purposes or gain in any way. • observe the conventions of academic citation in a version of the following: Robertson, Susan, L. (2009) ‘Spatialising the Sociology of Education: Stand-points, Entry-points, Vantage-points’, published by the Centre for Globalisation, Education and Societies, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1JA, UK at: http://www.bris.ac.uk/education/people/academicStaff/edslr/publications/28slr

On-Line Papers – Copyright This online paper may be cited or briefly quoted in line with the usual academic conventions, and for personal use. However, this paper must not be published elsewhere (such as mailing lists, bulletin boards etc.) without the author’s explicit permission. If you copy this paper, you must: • include this copyright note. • not use the paper for commercial purposes or gain in any way. • observe the conventions of academic citation in a version of the following: Robertson, Susan L., ‘Globalisation, Education Governance and Citizenship Regimes: New Democratic Deficits and Social Injustices’, published by the Centre for Globalisation, Education and Societies, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1JA, UK at: http://www.bris.ac.uk/education/people/academicStaff/edslr/publications/11slr/

How ethical trade develops in specific ways in particular national-institutional and historical contexts remains largely unexamined. This paper analyses approaches to ethical trade in the South African wine industry through a case study of the Wine and Agricultural Ethical Trade Association. It examines factors influencing WIETA, including the legacies of colonialism and apartheid, its relationship with post-apartheid restructuring and legislation, and the role of international retailers. WIETA’s impact within the wine industry, stakeholder perceptions, and improvements in on-farm standards are explored. The paper illustrates how these impacts are mediated by political and economic factors operating at various scales, and by the contradictions of improving working conditions within free market globalisation. Within these broader contexts, it argues that expectations of WIETA are unrealistic and its role in transformation widely misunderstood. Instead, ethical trade initiatives need to be understood within their spatial, institutional, and historical contexts so as not to overestimate and undervalue their contribution to socio-economic transformation.

This Reader brings together selected papers from leading scholars to address the most significant recent development in educational policy and politics: the impact of globalisation. The papers discuss, document and analyse evidence of globalisation’s effects on the new direction of education policies and practices, and in the production of globalised agendas for the redesign of state provision and the governance of education. The Reader is organised in two parts. The first part provides a selection of articles that interrogate globalisation and its effects from a variety of analytical perspectives, and explore what kind of politics are possible in the framing context of globalisation. The second part documents and discusses different types of engagement with politics and policy in a variety of settings and sectors, including numerous European and Pacific Rim policy contexts. This important collection underlines the need to approach globalisation, education policy and politics from numerous perspectives, and offers analytical, empirical and theoretical resources for the reframing of contemporary education politics. Students of educational policy and politics will find this Reader an invaluable resource for understanding, theorising and researching in these academic fields.

This paper argues that processes of economic globalisation have significantly transformed labour markets in Asia during the last three decades. A central feature of this transformation is the growing importance of female labour at the core of economic processes. This feature has been extensively discussed by feminist economists and anthropologists but received relatively little attention in macro-policy debates. At best, policies towards women workers are viewed as welfare measures of primary interest to the women themselves. The paper argues that such a view is short-sighted and its limitations are becoming evident in the context of the recent economic crisis.Gender-biased or “gendered” labour markets, as we call them, are not only a problem for women workers. They also trap economies on the so-called low road of labour-intensive growth, making it difficult to garner the full fruits of growth, or to ensure its sustainabililty. Sustainable human development focused on the conditions of women’s participation in labour markets can lay a firmer grounding for sustained increased in income per capita. Sustainability in the paper is viewed along three dimensions – human development, the gains from trade and integration into the global economy, and resilience in the face of economic shocks such as the recent crisis.The paper is divided into three main sections:1) The implications of globalisation for the transformation of labout markets2) The micro and macro implications of gendered labour markets, and3) The policy implications of gendered labour markets under gloablisation

The UAE, which celebrated independence in 1971, is a rapidly changing environment where aspects of traditional Bedouin culture co‐exist with the immense changes being wrought by the forces of globalization and the wealth brought about by the development of the oil industry. Emirati nationals are a minority within the UAE, comprising approximately 20% of the population, and the majority of the schoolteachers are expatriates drawn from other Arabic speaking countries. Within this context, the Higher Colleges of Technology’s Bachelor of Education degree in Teaching English to Young Learners prepares young UAE national women for English language teaching positions in local government schools. The research presented in this paper is drawn from this two‐year study of student teachers and explores the discursive construction of the students’ systems of knowledge and belief. The paper concludes with a critical consideration of the study’s implications and some possible recommendations for teacher education in the...

This paper provides a critical analysis of the EU’s Memorandum on lifelong learning in light of the evolution of the concepts of lifelong education and lifelong learning from the late sixties onward. It also analyses this document in light of the forces of globalisation that impinge on educational policy‐making in Europe as well as the all‐pervasive neo‐liberal ideology. The paper moves from theory to practice to provide critical considerations concerning certain ‘on the ground’ projects being presented as ‘best practice’ in EU documents. It brings out the neo‐liberal tenets that underlie much of the thinking and rationale for these projects, and indicates, in the process, how much of the old UNESCO discourse of lifelong education has been distorted to accommodate capitalism’s contemporary needs. An alternative conception of lifelong learning is called for., peer-reviewed

Labour market and social policies both affect and are affected by the process of trade liberalization and globalization. This two‐way interaction and the feedback effects are the focus of this paper. The analysis is mainly conceptual—but examples are illustrated throughout, based mainly in the context of labour markets in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean basin. Attention is paid to outlining the mechanisms whereby globalization and trade liberalization affect labour market and social policy initiatives, and the extent to which these pressures will lead to a harmonization of legislative and policy initiatives, and if that harmonization will necessarily be downward to the lowest common denominator. The paper concludes that: (1) the pressures will lead towards policy harmonization; (2) the harmonization generally will be downwards; (3) such harmonization is not always negative as generally perceived; (4) efficient regulatory and social policy initiatives will survive and indeed expand, with the...

Globalisation is natural, as no country can produce its needs on its own. Cooperation and collaboration within countries in both production and trade are a must. Since the world economy does not converge by its nature, interests can be either collide or complete, yet the world needs to find its global equilibrium. There are always ups and downs to achieve a so-called win-win solution in keeping this global equilibrium stable both at the global and country-level. This article observes the impact of globalisation on Indonesia’s economy from Indonesia’s perspective and experiences. It shows Indonesia’s globalisation trends – both in trade and investment over the last four decades from the new order era until now. This observation is essential to understand how Indonesia deals with globalisation factors in the short term and brings it to the next stage of development with structural reform and transformation. This paper also shows the long-run impact of globalisation for Indonesia’s economy. It found that globalisation’s cost for Indonesia is immediate yet temporary, while its benefit is long-run and permanent.

Australia’s experience of globalisation has many positive elements, but involves challenges, both of which are reviewed here. The focus of this paper is the period since the 1970s, where a significant shift out of an era of protection begins with a policy of significant tariff cuts in 1973. The drivers that led to this policy shift are reviewed. Detail is provided on the evolution of Australian policy with respect to the movement across borders of goods, services, capital, and people. The broader context of microeconomic and macroeconomic reform is discussed and its relevance explained. Consequences of these changes in terms of structural change (including labour market adjustment), productivity, and incomes are identified. The chapter reviews some of the policy lessons from this experience and the elements of the future reform agenda. Some of the lessons include the value of starting reform with external liberalisation, the relevance of an incremental approach, the value of proceeding unilaterally and the relevance of institutional reform, the pursuit of which is an enduring legacy of political leadership. Issues at the border remain, but the Australian agenda also includes further attention to a number of domestic institutions.

Study abroad programs allow students to develop a deeper understanding and sensitivity to issues related to internationalization, cultural diversity, and globalization. Due to the fact that many students in the United States cannot afford or are otherwise unable to participate in study abroad programs, this paper explores the institutional programs and classroom-activities which help to provide students with the opportunity to critically think about diversity, immigration, and other cultures in a domestic setting.

Taken together, the various articles that make up this special issue offer a variety of analyses in different social, cultural, material, political, economic, and historical settings from which to understand how discrimination, and segregation are formed in contexts of high mobility and intense labour, with a special focus on processes of racialization, but not excluding others like age and gender. The papers explore how mobility and labour converge to create and perpetuate racial categories, cultural profiling, and forms of exclusion. The contributions include both contemporary and historical studies, and their geographies encompass the arctic, the Middle East, Asia, the Atlantic, Europe and the seas themselves. These include analyses of labour lifestyles in arctic working camps, the racialization of Filipino workers in container ships, or the racialization of Chinese workers in Singapore, the livelihoods of expats between Europe and Dubai and how they cope with different racial categories, as well as an analysis of segregation in Cyprus and Italy, the roles of age differentiation in the future of mobile labour, and a historical perspective on mobile labour in the Atlantic in the 19th century. The main point is to show how mobility is a factor in amplifying categories of race, as well as gender and age. Mobility does not necessarily mean deleting or alleviating these. Highly mobile lifestyles, particularly in the context of labour mobilities, do not translate into a more liquid, transnational, or hybrid outset. What people do and how people move operate together to perpetuate certain categories and profiles – and, as we discussed, there are even new categories and profiles that are created by a moving lifestyle. This special issue only offers a starting point to consider and tackle these important issues. ispartof: Mobilities vol:16 issue:2 pages:155-163 status: published

In this special issue response paper, we pick up from prior discussions to suggest areas where we think policy sociology can benefit from further conversation and research. In particular, we bring together our respective readings and work on policy mobilities, in conversation with the contributions of this special issue, to think further about what policy mobilities and related orientations can bring to the development of policy sociology. We specifically focus our attention on four areas for further conceptual and methodological extension in relation to policy mobilities and related approaches in policy sociology of education: (i) temporality, (ii) scale, (iii) land, and, finally, (iv) methodological diversity. In doing so, we advocate against ‘fast’ readings of literature from other fields, while emphasizing the value of transdisciplinary work in policy sociology and critical policy studies.

This prospective paper is about ‘after the triumph’, a short-hand for a much larger and more powerful idea, namely, the return, reconstitution and redeployment of the public domain in a post-Seattle and post-Washington consensus world order (Williamson 1990, 1999). The emergence of the global economy with its predilection for market fundamentals, tough zero-inflation bench-marking, an unstoppable political dynamic of one worldism and silence on the need for an expansive notion of the public sphere is unquestionably the watershed event of our times. The meta-narrative of globalization has no rivals as the last grand political discourse of the twentieth century and if we understand anything about the endless capacity of the globalization narrative to reinvent itself in a new guise when conditions demand it, today is one of those defining moments. A new kind of state is emerging with its own particular institutions, practices and innovative forms as theorized by Held (1995) and Castells (1996). Yet after the battle in Seattle and the 2008 global financial crisis, the future prospects of ‘market fundamentalism’ are increasingly troubled. A turning point has been reached in the debate over the rising costs and elusive benefits of globalization.The contemporary rebundling of identity and territory makes available policy space for the re-entry of the public domain. If there are to be clear sites of national authority and a stable international community, the re-emergence of the public domain, in which consensus, co-operation and public discourse figure predominately, has a compelling, if neglected, role to play as one of the co-ordinates that will rebundle ‘identity and territory’ in Ruggie’s evocative words. With material and institutional dimensions that are large and complex with overlapping aspects, the public domain should not be used interchangeably with the public sector, with which it is often confused. Nor should it be limited to the provision of public goods, a staple of modern economic liberalism. In the primary sense of the term, the public domain is about the resources carved out from the market that empower and transform both the state and non-state actors.

Globalization can promote cultural understanding and empathy among nations and spread the values of democracy and diversity. It also - and paradoxically so - homogenizes cultures and causes the loss and disappearance of lesser known languages and their cultures, especially those that exist in the oral form. Fortunately in Bhutan, cultural preservation and promotion is pursued as one of the four pillars of the country’s development philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Government policy recognizes children and teachers as the custodians of culture and the catalysts of cultural transmission, respectively. They are therefore the key to addressing the cultural consequences of globalization and ensuring intergenerational continuity and influence of the Bhutanese cultural heritage. Policy envisages that the “country’s rich traditions, values, ideals and beliefs must ideally live on in the minds of Bhutanese youths [youth]”, so that these traditions continue to inspire their thoughts and actions and enable them to make “ethical and moral choices” in their lives (GNHC, 2009a, p. 20). Since teachers’ influence has a direct bearing on the students’ lives, their role is considered vital for instilling in young people an understanding and appreciation of Bhutanese culture and heritage through the curricula they study in school and university. These overarching policy visions influence the approach to school and tertiary education in Bhutan. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the interaction of culture and education in Bhutanese schools in light of current initiatives and to foster reflection and future action.

Northern Ireland (NI) was formerly synonymous with emigration. During the Great Famine, its people were drawn to new immigrant dense cities like Melbourne, from townlands like Killycomain that were extremely deprived. This paper explores findings from the first project to investigate the sociolinguistics of globalization and migration in NI both synchronically and diachronically. The approach thus mirrors that of Hymes (1974:77) since it examines “linguistic phenomena from within the social, cultural, political, and historical context of which they are part”. The chapter focusses on the notion of the “feature pool” first introduced by Mufwene (2001:4–6) to examine emerging vernaculars (see also Kerswill and Torgersen, this volume) that are produced by similar forces that generated contact varieties historically in Australia’s wealthy metropolises.

Diversity always being the core of our Indian cultural fabric is the reason why Indian organizations naturally comprise a diverse workforce. Consequently, while the developed nations have systematically fostered and managed diversity at the workplace for the last two to three decades, Indian organizations did not observe the need to address workplace diversity issues. But the issues related with assimilation, exclusion, conscious and unconscious discrimination, isolation and groupism were often ignored. Globalization has changed the face of business dealings all over the world, and India is no exception. Due to the LPG model (liberalization, privatization and globalization), Indian organizations cannot ignore the significance of diversity among the workforce, as it is vital to organizational performance and eventually its success. Indian companies are expanding their operations abroad, and many multinationals are venturing into India because of LPG and the “Make in India” campaign over the last five years. Consequently, the composition of the workforce in India has changed significantly, imposing pressure on talent acquisition mangers to assimilate and synergize the competencies of diverse workforce, perhaps making diversity and inclusion a necessity. Hence, analyzing Indian dimensions of workplace diversity is imperative in today’s scenario. This would harness and facilitate better understanding about the advantages of diversity and inclusion among not only Indian but global managers as well. This paper reviews and discusses the literature on diversity and inclusion, especially in the Indian context, to unfold the challenges faced by the organizations.

For five centuries the Malacca Portuguese community have maintained a unique intangible cultural heritage comprising oral traditions, expressions, arts, social practices, rituals, festivities, and knowledge regarding nature. However, at present, most of the traditional culture is vanishing at an unprecedented rate and is on the brink of being lost. Worldwide, globalization is triggering a cultural change that trails a loss of indigenous identity. Locally, the absence of interaction between Portugal and Malacca, the depopulation, the land grant, and reclamation issues have been fading sociocultural share and exchange. The term “extinction” sums up the foreseeable fate of the Malay Portuguese community. It is imperative to set up a structure to protect the immaterial heritage. Cultural mapping can achieve that by interacting, recording, exposing, revitalizing, and promoting traditional knowledge. This includes the insertion of information into databases and the processing of information on computer-based systems like GIS. This paper introduces the Malacca Portuguese intangible cultural heritage and associated issues, and highlights the importance of mapping this. The goal is to establish a guideline for future studies that will be vital for the preservation of Malacca cultural heritage diversity and economy.

One consequence of the growing globalization of production and markets is the fact that services develop rapidly and manifold. The pattern of trade has changed in many ways, influenced by technological developments, mass production, and subsequent overcapacities of many products and, most importantly, the appearance of new producing countries on the world market. Under a clear US leadership, world trade and finance, both having been subjected to heavy turbulences between the first and the second world wars, were tied into a multilateral system. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade’s (GATT) aim was to replace as many bilateral trade agreements as possible, and to provide its Contracting Parties with the legal security and protection they needed. Smaller countries especially profited because it would have been difficult for them to achieve such security and protection bilaterally. The GATT Secretariat and the Negotiation Committees are confronted with a three digit figure of national position papers.

The materials that make up this volume come from an international conference held in Rome from the 30th November to the 2nd December 1995 on the topic "Economics - for what kind of future?" The papers discuss the effects, rules, institutions, and philosophy of those processes which have generally come to be called globalization. The debates concentrate above all on the economic aspects of globalization, not because it was regarded as a purely economic issue, but because economic factors - and in particular finance, rather than the so-called real economy - have clearly taken the lead role, determining how, and in what sort of climate globalization occurs. The texts are grouped in four parts, and from these discussions two main threads emerge. The first idea is of co-operative competition, which was the focal point of the conference, and is dealt with primarily in part four. The second, which repeatedly emerges as a source of widespread concern, is the need and the search for sustainable globalization.

This paper examines the key elements within the relationships of sport and civil society in Scandinavia. The analysis combines themes and developments in Nordic sport and civil society, such as the role of the welfare state and the impacts of neoliberalism, with consideration of specific national experiences, especially in Finland. The discussion has four main parts. First, we set out the principal features of the ‘Nordic model’ of society, and how it shapes sport and civil society relations. Second, we advance a Finnish case study, examining the historical connections of three sectors to the national sport culture. Third, we consider how, in recent decades, the Nordic model has encountered and sought to respond to neoliberalism and globalization processes. Finally, we explore how Nordic societies have sought to influence globalization processes and ‘global civil society’ through sport, specifically through taking lead roles within the transnational ‘sport for development and peace’ sector. peerReviewed

The paper probes into an antithetical aspect of China’s economic reforms in the global context by focusing on the recent developments of China’s intellectual property regime. By analyzing this cutting-edge legal system, it highlights China’s political divergence against its economic convergence in its decade-long reforms, in particular, its state-oriented innovation system as against the world’s neo-liberal economic order. The last decade witnessed China’s preeminent transformation from a passive follower to a proactive advocator of IP standards. However, certain entrenched limits characterizing China’s state-oriented economy and cultural systems such as information blockade and coercive technology transfer serve as catalysts that are apt to provoke acrimonious confrontation between China and major economies. In this sense, China’s incomplete reforms have taken on a new form: as China’s influence on the global economy grows, conflicts of diverse national priorities become more palpable than simple-minded economic cooperation.