About one third of the most common cancers could be prevented by the reduction of modifiable behavioral risk factors. We aimed to identify behavioral patterns of risk and protective factors for cancer in Brazil, between 2014 and 2015. Data from Vigitel Survey ( n = 95,027 adults aged ≥ 18 years) from all Brazilian capitals and Federal District were used. Thirteen risk (RBF) and protective behavioral factors (PBF) for cancer were investigated. RBF included the consumption of red meat, meat with high-fat content, soft drinks, sweets and abusive alcohol, replacement of lunch/dinner for snacks, television viewing, obesity, and smoking. PBF included the consumption of beans, fruits and vegetables, and physical activity practice. Patterns were identified by principal component analysis and linear regressions models assessed its association with sociodemographic characteristics. Four behavioral patterns for cancer were identified. The 'healthy behavior pattern' and the 'unhealthy food consumption pattern' were positively associated to females and schooling. The 'unhealthy behavior pattern' and the 'mixed behavior pattern' were both negatively associated to females, age and schooling. Our data revealed different vulnerable population groups for cancer. Actions for reduction of modifiable behavioral risk factors aiming at cancer prevention should consider distinct approaches by sex, age, and schooling.