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As a masculine-feminine pairing comparable to butch-femme lesbian genders in Euro-American societies, T-P gender roles constitute lively elements in the lesbian, or lala, subculture in contemporary mainland China. Based on an ethnographic study conducted in the mid-2010s in Shanghai and Yunnan Province, China, and applying the theoretical framework of ‘passionate aesthetics’, in this article I investigate discourses and practices relevant to T-P genders. I analyse how hierarchies have been (re)produced inside lala communities, and how, in these processes, (hetero)normative understandings of gender and sexuality have become both sources of knowledge and objects of critique. I argue that multiple and competing passionate aesthetics, including the dominant form of heteronormativity in China and globalized, if not Western, knowledge about gender and sexuality, have entailed three major kinds of hierarchy among lalas: hierarchies among T-P categories, which are paradoxically defined by the notion of ‘pureness’; hierarchies in feminist and LGBTQ activist discourses, which trivialize or even silence everyday T-P embodiments; and hierarchies between masculinity and femininity, which encourage diverse practices of female masculinity but still value masculinity over femininity.

Indies' Economy The plantation system in the British West Indies cannot be viewed only in the light of the monocultural production of sugar by exploited black slave labor. It was also the social, political, economic, cultural, and psychological lifeline of British mercantilism. Although the plantation system was a local creation, its very emergence and continued existence depended on several external factors. One was the development of the continental colonies as the producers and purveyors of foodstuffs and lumber, which freed the plantation system to specialize in sugar production. In the course of the growth of the sugar colonies, Britain's colonial policy shifted from a strict orthodox mercantilist system to a loose imperial structure with its administrative center in Britain. This arrangement explains why the individual islands had only tangential relationships with Britain. On the one hand, they looked to Britain for capital, manufactured goods, the purchase of their major products, and for the supply of African slaves. On the other hand, the sugar colonies relied chiefly on their mainland North American counterparts for the sale of their rum and minor staples, including coffee. But, of greater importance, they depended on the mainland colonies for their sustenance.

According to local and national press reports, Hurricane Hugo, which transpired on 17-18 September, 1989, may have been the greatest natural disaster to hit either the U.S. Virgin Islands or the mainland of the United States of America in over a century [18], and the people on the three main Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix) responded in a different manner. There was no looting on St. John, limited and controlled looting on St. Thomas, and widespread and uncontrolled looting on St. Croix.

This chapter presents a historical account of English language policies in Mainland China from the time when the language was first taught in the late Qing Dynasty to the present day, when the language is entrenched as the dominant foreign language in Mainland China’s education system. English language teaching in China has been closely intertwined with her political, ideological, socioeconomic, and cultural upheavals, reflecting and responding to the vicissitudes of national fortunes and successive national agendas “to acquire Western knowledge to withstand foreign aggression. The twists and turns of English language policy have reflected changes in foreign relations, needs of national survival and development and a quest for modernisation in the last 180 years. The cultural revolution disrupted China’s economic and educational development and led to a whole decade of chaos and isolation. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.

The recent development of assessment-as-learning pays increasingly attention to the learning opportunities related to students' active engagement throughout the assessment process. The current chapter explores whether and how assessment-as-learning practices help students develop their capacity of making evaluative judgement. The ability to make evaluative judgement is crucial for students to up-take feedback effectively, generate internal feedback, and develop the capacity to evaluate their own learning. Data of the current study were collected through semi-structured interviews from the English for Academic Purposes course in a top-tier English medium university in the Chinese mainland. Participating students were involved actively in the assessment-as-learning practices including analysing exemplars, peer assessment, and self-reflection based on peers’ performance, with facilitation of the course instructor. Findings reveal that evaluative experience helped students develop a clear understanding of the standards, and provided them chances to compare their work with expected standards. The contribution of the current chapter lies in that it demonstrates how teachers could possibly facilitate the development of student evaluative judgement through providing multiple exemplars and scaffolding students to make evaluation through direct assessment experience.

With an estimated 840 million active Internet users in 2019, the mainland Chinese market has the largest online user base in the world. Two-thirds of this digital population is engaged in online gaming. As the birthplace of China’s digital industry and the major consumption center, Shanghai has become home for many middle-class Chinese families striving for material wellbeing and career success. However, as many youth living in the city are finding it hard to define their place and role in this highly competitive society, they often resort to online gaming as a liminal space for self-identity formation. To better understand the impact of online gaming on society, in this work, the reconstruction of gender identity and gender relationships among the ‘digital youth’ living in Shanghai is examined.

This chapter provides a general overview of the recent development and observation of environmental accounting and reporting practices among five Asian countries, including Mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore and Malaysia. This chapter is primarily based on the extant literature review of environmental accounting and reporting studies in Asian countries. Such environmental reporting is mainly driven by political and social factors that affect regional environmental accounting and reporting approaches. Governments, investor pressures and local stock exchange requirements in Western countries play vital roles in increasing environmental reporting incidence, while Asian countries tend to develop legal means to support environmental reporting. Companies in Asian countries are required to disclose good-quality, comparable and reliable environmental information in their annual reports or stand-alone sustainability reports. It is assumed that this will ensure that policymakers, regulators and companies are better able to understand how to develop effective policies and practices to improve environmental performance.

Nowadays, there is an increasing trend in life and moral education under the globalised and transitional world. In Chinese societies, it is notable that Confucian Cultural Heritage has a significant impact on education, and life and moral education is no exempt from it. Although rooted in similar cultural heritage and values, not only similarities but also differences are observed both in the moral education and the development of life in the Greater China region. This chapter aims to have an overall introduction on life and moral education development in Greater China, with broad comparisons between mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau. Key features of life and moral education in the Greater China region are discussed. In addition, this chapter inspects life and moral education from a West-East comparative perspective. There is ample room for professional dialogue for the meaning of life education and life education practice; it is also suggested that a “3Ds” approach (diversified and dynamic and developmental) can be utilised to life education development in the Greater China region. This chapter also summarises the other chapters in this book to highlight the perspectives of different scholars from the Greater China region.

In mainland China, there is an increasing concern about the development of life education. Different educational groups have made contributions to life education from different perspectives, such as moral education, citizenship education, and safety education, yet it is important to pave the way to consolidate life education from both theoretical and practical grounds. In this chapter, incorporating philosophical and Chinese cultural perspectives, the authors propose three value orientations of life education and specifically illustrate implementation strategies in mainland China. It is suggested that life education is a new type of pedagogy and should not only be an education concept but an educational belief which strives for both teachers' and students' life growth, leading them to experience and explore a life of happiness.

This article provides a critical sociological examination of how Hong Kong youth’s relationship towards Chinese identity and China is negotiated vis-a-vis schooling, language policy, and the broader Hong Kong postcolonial condition, and how this mediates these students’ aspirational imaginations regarding possibilities of studying and working in mainland China. Through focus group interviews with middle-class senior secondary school students studying in English as medium of instruction (EMI) Hong Kong government schools, we highlight the conflicted relationships students had towards China, which is embedded within historical memory, but complicated by the contrasting values inherent in Hong Kong as a global financial hub and neoliberal node. Despite the school’s active policies promoting Chinese cultural identity, deep ambivalences associated with Chinese sociopolitical values affected aspirational capacity. Furthermore, language policy and language acquisition are implicated in the formation of Hong Kong students’ spatiotemporal aspirations towards China.

Based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with older women and men in two cities in mainland China, this article reports respondents’ experiences of ageing. Interviewees’ attitudes to health and their changing bodies suggest an orientation unlike the ‘medicalization’ approach. They report personal strategies that navigate conditions of ongoing social and economic change by both drawing on and modifying traditional norms, including those related to filial obligation in their relations with adult children as well as to terminal disease and death. Practices of ‘getting old’ in contemporary China reshape gender norms and expectations. The examination of ageing reported here identifies the notion of ziran as an approach to ageing quite distinct from discourses frequently reported in the literature.

Claudine Herzlich had not manipulated her samples of Parisians and Normans statistically. In particular, the more positive and egocentric approach of those in positions of greater power and wealth compares markedly with the more negative and sociocentric definitions among manual workers who have fewer resources and less self-determination available to them. The workshop which Bert Tax organised in 1984 showed how widely the study of lay concepts of health is pursued on the mainland of Europe. The age dimension is shown to be more of a discriminating factor in the closed questions than in the open question. Hence the more marked correlations between the synchronic and diachronic dimensions, managers and young people combining to emerge together at the positive and egocentric pole of the attitudinal grid, with manual workers and the older age groups at the negative and socio-centric pole.

Geographically, Sri Lanka was located between the two major ancient empires of Rome and Peking, with a calculated sailing distance of approximately three months from either capital. Longitudinally, Sri Lanka lies almost on the equator, a promontory at the southern tip of the mainland of Asia. In 1978 the Sri Lanka Government requested Unesco to provide guidance and assistance in managing the archaeological sites in the historic regions of Sri Lanka, subsequently identified as the Cultural Triangle. The organization in Sri Lanka itself is based on a distinguished Board of Governors chaired by the Prime Minister. A steering committee has been set up for each of the six projects of the Cultural Triangle, intended to keep them on target in terms of the ten-year macro-plan and in terms of the annual micro-plan.

The inauguration of the People’s Republic of China’s Open-door Policy in 1978 has led to the rapid integration of Hong Kong with China, especially with Guangdong Province. The importance of cultural affinity is quite evident; Guangdong has received the bulk of Hong Kong's investment in China; Taiwan's investment is similarly concentrated in Fujian. Hong Kong's investment in China is very diversified, ranging from small-scale labor-intensive operations to large-scale infrastructural projects. China's investment in Hong Kong is likely to exceed Hong Kong's investment in China. China's investment in Hong Kong is thus likely to exceed Hong Kong's investment in China. As expected, the further decentralization of China's trade enhanced the middleman role of Hong Kong. It is often alleged that if South Korea and Taiwan were to establish direct commercial links with the mainland, the role of Hong Kong as a middleman in China's trade would decline.

There are both global and local challenges for Taiwan during the next several decades. Taiwan must think, plan, and act long-term. It must adopt a rational and sustainable strategy that takes into account changes in the world (for example, the rise of the Mainland), focuses on its own long-term best interests, and transcends short-term domestic political differences. There are also opportunities for Taiwan. Taiwan must decide where it wants to be, and where it expects to be, in, say, 2035 or 2050. It must decide what can be achieved and what cannot and act accordingly. It is best to focus on developing the economy and promoting peace.

The interpreter-mediated premier-meets-the-press conferences are an institutionalised practice in mainland China, permitting the Chinese premiers to address journalists’ questions on a wide range of issues of common concern. This televised discursive event enables China’s top decision-maker to clarify Beijing’s official positions and articulate discursively what constitutes truth and fact. Drawing on a corpus consisting of 20 years’ press conference data, this CDA study explores how China’s discourse is (re)configured by interpreters in English through metadiscursive resources semantically related to truth, fact and reality (e.g. in fact, actually, indeed, as a matter of fact). A comparison of metadiscursive devices established in both sub-corpora shows that the interpreters tend to proliferate the use of these markers in English overall. Discursively, this adds an additional layer of factualness and authority to the Chinese original. In addition, special attention is focused on the structure ‘the fact that’. Due to its linguistic property to front-load attitudinal meanings and express stance, the noun complement structure (the fact that) is proven useful in knowledge construction in academic writing (cf. Jiang and Hyland 2015) yet remains largely underexplored in interpreter-mediated political encounters from the perspective of ideology and discourse. Critical comparative analyses point to the interpreters’ proliferated use of this structure. This leads to further political legitimation and the (re)creation of positive self-representation and negative other-representation in interpreting, thus constituting a classic case of van Dijk’s ‘ideological square’ (1997). To illustrate the potential global ramifications of such (re)construction, examples of the interpreted discourse being taken for granted and invoked, quoted or (re)contextualised verbatim by various media outlets and official sources are also presented. This study highlights the interpreters’ role as important co-constructors of the ‘Chinese story’ and vital agents of truth and knowledge for Beijing.

The growth of educational drama in mainland China has been significant over the past ten years, with the government increasingly advocating the place of the arts in schools and promoting their integration with other subjects, particularly at primary level. Due to strong, political centralisation in China, teachers feel most secure when responding to moral topics that the government has recently promoted or outlined in policy documents, and both schools and drama companies are quick to respond to the agendas set. When teachers do make an effort to use drama for the purposes of moral education, there are often strongly ingrained attitudes that divert them from doing so either effectively or appropriately. Feng recalls the stories told during moral education lessons when she was a young girl about young martyrs for the Republic, such as the fourteen-year-old Liu Hulan, beheaded in 1947 by the Kuomintang army for her unshakeable loyalty to the Communist party.

Donald Brown, upon arrival in Brunei in 1966, insisted on living in Kampong Ayer, the traditional centre and settlement of the Brunei Malays. Many attempts have been made to resettle the local population on the mainland, but contrary to expectation, Kampong Ayer is still a flourishing water settlement, supported partly by local pride and sentiment and partly by tourist groups in line with heritage areas in Georgetown, Penang or China Town in Singapore. Water settlements were and are still common along the rivers and coasts of Borneo, but as the following study shows, the water settlements along the Brunei River are by far the largest in extent and in number of inhabitants throughout the Indonesian, Malaysian and Brunei districts and provinces. Using remote sensing data we measured the extent of water villages in Borneo and estimated their number of households and inhabitants. In 2012 water villages (kampung [kampong] air[ayer]) cover an area of approximately 25 square kilometres, housing 215,000 inhabitants. Though water villages are closely routed in Malay customs and traditions, other communities have also moved in, making use of relatively cheap accommodations. An earlier version of this chapter was published as Hans-Dieter Evers, 2015. “Kampung Air: Water Settlements on the Island of Borneo”. JMBRAS, Journal Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 88 (1):79–86.

This book examines how Chinese-language newspapers across greater China report on severe mental illness, and why they do so in the ways they do, given that reporting in local newspapers can strongly influence how Chinese readers view the illness. By assessing how the reporting in three leading broadsheet newspapers from mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan constructs the illness, the book considers how the distinct social and political histories of the three culturally Chinese communities shape the reporting, and whether it bears out or contests the intense stigma against the illness that prevails locally. The findings can usefully encourage and inform attempts to humanise, include, and empower those with a severe mental illness across greater China and the global Chinese diaspora. Employing a well-tested, transparent discourse analytic approach, the book also includes numerous Chinese-English bilingual news report extracts to illustrate its claims. As such, Reporting Mental Illness in China will be of interest to sinologists, discourse analysts, mental health professionals and public health authorities across the globe, especially in places where there are large Chinese-speaking populations.

The people of Mafia Island, Tanzania, are Sunni Muslims and utilize the Shafei canon of personal law (sheria). They are also Tanzanian citizens, subject to the laws of the secular state, which are also usually termed sheria in Swahili, sometimes amplified by the term za serikali (of the government) and also known as kanuni. Marriage is virtually universal, and takes place for women after puberty, and for men some years later. In recent years, the age of marriage for both has risen somewhat, since girls do not marry until after the completion of primary schooling at around the age of sixteen, while young men often spend several years living and working on the mainland before marrying. Under Islamic law, men have the right to divorce their wives simply by pronouncing the formula (talaka), although it is not complete until this has been done three times. Husbands do not have to give a reason for this action.

The question of Viking settlement in Wales has been a matter of debate for some time. Henry Loyn’s view that some Scandinavian speakers must have been present on the mainland of Wales depended largely on place-name and literary evidence. Davies has suggested that there must have been some Scandinavian settlement in N. Wales during the first half of the 10th century, though possibly at this time comprising no more than a few small communities. The usual starting point for an assessment of archaeological evidence for Viking-age settlement in Wales during this period is a combination of topographical and place-name evidence. The regular reporting of coins and lead weights of Viking type from three different fields at Glyn, Llanbedrgoch, resulted in a fuller investigation of their context by the National Museums & Galleries of Wales, starting in 1994.

In this chapter, the author discusses his experience of using comparative law materials and incorporating experiences from legal practice to enrich Evidence Law teaching. As most people now know, the implementation of “one country, two systems” in Hong Kong has not been without its challenges. In the conclusion, the author reflects upon whether the civil unrest of 2019, sparked by a proposed bill enabling ad hoc extradition of Hong Kong residents to Mainland China and other places, has implications for the teaching of Evidence in Hong Kong. Legal academics naturally speak of comparative law with a mind to scholarship, judges with a mind to adjudication, and most apex court judges with a mind to the coherent development of the law. But the author returns to the classroom and pedagogy. Comparative materials are especially useful in shedding light on how the local law might develop in an unsettled area.

The post-1979 socio-economic reforms in People’s Republic China have created new opportunities for Chinese women’s self-mobilization and self-consciousness. After the 1995 Beijing U.N. Conference on women, Chinese scholars started to examine health through a gender lens. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo emphasized the significance of women’s sexual and reproductive health to social development. Unlike in Taiwan where many commercial health books for women had been translated into Chinese, women’s sexual and reproductive health in the 1980s and 1990s mainland China was viewed mostly through the lens of population control. However, the international conferences and the activities of foreign funding agencies in China have facilitated translation flows of texts on women’s health, gender, and social equity into China. This chapter presents a case study of the translation of Our Bodies, Ourselves, by a Chinese feminist NGO in the late 1990s. This case study reveals issues of domestication and culturally sensitive adaptation of women’s health communication texts. More importantly, it demonstrates the limitation of US health feminism when it travels to a new cultural context through translation, and calls for future attention on how to make translated feminist texts more distributable in the target society.

The present study examines the media usage pattern within Macau and mainland Chinese college students and how media shapes their attitudes toward the Umbrella Movement. Research findings are as follows. First, although Macau students in general show more support on the Umbrella Movement than mainland China students, the magnitude is moderate (4.7 in 10-point scale). Second, the two types of students have divergent pattern in media consumption but the differences are not clear-cut. While mainland China students read less Hong Kong and Macau newspaper and more rely on WeChat in receiving news, they have the same preference as Macau students in some pro-democracy media like Apply Daily and foreign media. Third, exposure to the same type of media exerts heterogeneous effects on students. Mainland China students only increase their support toward the Umbrella Movement under intentional exposure to neutral media. In contrast, changes in political attitude in relative political moderate Macau students can be caused by either intentional exposure or incidental exposure on pro-democracy media. We finally discuss the implications on the above findings in studies of Macau Politics and political communication.

Macau has been assigned the task of performing the function platform for relations between China and Portuguese-Speaking Countries in 2003, with the creating of the Macau (Sino-Lusophone) Forum. Macau, as a Non Central Government is a case study in terms of multi-layered diplomacy as it has been used as a national branding and Soft Power tool for China’s foreign policy in its relations with the eight Lusophone countries, spread thorough four continents. Macau’s Sino-Lusophone function can also be regarded as a showcase of external autonomy within the “One Country, Two Systems” framework. More than bringing in trade and economic added-value, Macau has proved to be a people-to-people hub. The cooperation fields have been expanding to include educational, cultural and professional exchanges. Training of Portuguese Speaking Countries (PSC) officials and multiple visits to mainland China have been gaining steam. As the Forum and Macau are gradually encompassed in China’s grand projects—Belt and Road Initiative and Greater Bay Area—the city’s role is highlighted, however questions remain over Macau’s capability to perform a bold and more substantial role in the ever-expanding Sino-Lusophone dynamics.

This chapter primarily examines the development of professional football in Mainland China in the context of commercialisation. It presents the latest trend in China of mixing economic policy with sport policy, which largely follows the Western model of sport governance. The governance structure of Chinese professional football is subject to careful scrutiny at the league/club level in an attempt to identify the structural barriers that may hinder the commercialisation process. Additionally, the controversial topic of overcommercialisation is incorporated into this chapter. Although Chinese sport commercialisation development is still in its infancy, several indicators of overcommercialisation have already surfaced that deserve greater academic attention.

Since the inception of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, China has adopted various multilateral and bilateral approaches in order to expand its influence. In a move to extend its influence across all the mainland Southeast Asian countries, China established the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC) mechanism at the sub-regional level. Many signs indicate that the LMC is poised to eclipse all the other existing sub-regional cooperation initiatives in mainland Southeast Asia. Drawing upon the minilateralism literature, this chapter attempts to analyse China’s institutionalisation in the Mekong Basin sub-region. It seeks to address one fundamental question: why is China still interested in establishing the LMC when its influence is already dominant in the region? This chapter joins the debate by using minilateralism theory to argue that China is intentionally seeking to improve its relations with Mekong countries by selectively using water resources management cooperation to shape regional security governance. It uses minilateralism as a cover to exclude other external players by highlighting identity, selectively setting the agenda and providing regional public goods. Although this minilateral initiative lacks multilateral substance, it complements China’s bilateral approach and enhances its dominance in the region. Lower Mekong countries are motivated to participate in the LMC because minilateralism addresses urgent issues on water governance. Therefore, the inherent exclusiveness of minilateralism will inevitably have a significant impact on regional governance.

This chapter focuses on Twins’ stardom from 2001 to 2004, with the rapid formation and growth of the “Twins effect” in Hong Kong, before their focus shifted to the mainland Chinese market. It explores the creation and reception of Twins’ cross-media stardom by conducting in-depth interviews with 18 Twins fans and examining industry reports, entertainment magazines, and newspaper coverage. “Stars” are the result of contemporary cultural commodification. They are consumable and, more importantly, they generate profit. The practice of cross-media stardom in Hong Kong dates back to the pre-World War II era when Cantonese opera performance was a dominant mass entertainment, and filmmaking, a then innovative technology, used Cantonese opera as one of its prevalent genres. Twins represents a positive idea able to energize Hong Kong after the 1998 Asian financial crisis. For adolescent fans, the significance of Twins goes beyond their singing and acting skills to the point where Twins become part of their everyday lives.

The current geostrategic situation in the Baltic provides the West with a decisive advantage, since Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany control the entrance to the Baltic Sea. In essence, defending the Baltic Sea entrance means defending the Great Belt and the eyelet straits. Thus, the primary tasks of the defenders are to conduct combat operations to protect the straits and to secure and defend the mainland territories. To a large extent, these tasks have been assigned to the Danish Navy, which is not strong enough to fulfill these tasks and thus relies on West Germany. Neither West Germany nor Denmark can afford to modernize at an equal pace. The imbalance is particularly critical in the areas of missile development, command and control and mine warfare. Even when one considers the combined naval strength of West Germany's European Allies, one must conclude that only the US Navy is capable of wresting naval superiority from the Soviets in the Baltic.

This paper discusses whether practitioners’ gender subjectivities influence pedagogies and practices in early years education and care (EYEC) settings and whether an increase of men’s participation can improve gender diversity in EYEC. It draws on poststructuralist theories, understanding gender as the product/outcome of the social formation of subjects and the process of subjectification. This is illustrated through accounts for how individual practitioners from Scotland, Hong Kong, and Mainland China discursively construct their gender subjectivities, in accordance with the respective cultural discourses that shape work with young children in EYEC in the three contexts. Thirty-four practitioners from 17 EYEC settings (1 male and 1 female practitioner from each setting) in the cities of Edinburgh, Hong Kong, and Tianjin were interviewed. The study finds that participant practitioners’ constructions of gender subjectivities vary within and across contexts, and gender-binary discourses are to different extents prevalent in all three contexts. This paper argues for a cross-cultural approach to gender-sensitive teacher training, to interrogate popular discourses that advocate for men to fulfil complementary roles in EYEC to women and to challenge gender binary thinking that persists in EYEC and beyond.

Despite an emerging and significant impact upon daily life, health, and self-care in China, the popularity of smartphone-based short videos (duan shipin短视频) has not yet drawn enough attention from either anthropological study or the study of Medical Humanities. The research of this chapter is part of an ongoing long-term (Feb 2018–June 2019) ethnographic research among the retired population in Shanghai, with a specific focus on the use of short videos and their influence and potential for influence upon everyday health and self-care. Along with this development in digital technology, there is an ever-growing and ever-richening visual language among the elderly in mainland China. Given the challenges that China faces with its ageing population and the breakdown of the family as the unit of care, understanding what sorts of clips are more likely to be watched and understood and circulated, and why, becomes critical. This chapter argues that how the combination of the topic, the viewer, the properties of the clip itself, and how they interact requires greater investment from the field of health-related communication.

Filmmakers from mainland China and South Korea have been actively collaborating with each other since the early 2000s, and the long-established network was finally offered a formal framework by the inter-governmental co-production agreement signed in July 2014. This chapter aims to discuss the “win-win” rhetoric surrounding Chinese-Korean film co-production, paying special attention to what the partners respectively “won” at the expenses of others’ interest. Predated the official agreement, Chinese and Korean filmmakers had developed their informal co-production networks since the early 2000s, resulted in a number of “pan-Asian big pictures”. The development of Chinese-Korean film co-production through the 2010s, which featured an ever-stronger orientation toward the Chinese market, only further affirms his remarks. Korean manpower and expertise, foremostly, are brought to China by a belief that they can enhance the quality and thus profitability of Chinese stories. Two Chinese-Korean films Tik Tok and Scandal Maker are to be drawn for case studies.

This chapter focuses on the collaboration between a talented, prolific musician, Chou Lan-ping, and a pioneering entrepreneur, Liao Chien-yuan, who founded Four Seas Records in 1955. The close cooperation and partnership between Chou Lan-ping and Liao Chien-yuan initiated Mandopop production in Taiwan and laid the groundwork for its next stage of development. As early as 1960, Four Seas had created an innovative scheme—developing a new product line by producing original Mandopop. Mandopop actually had been exported to Southeast Asia and was well perceived among the Chinese diaspora there since its rise in Shanghai in the late 1920s. Shanghai served as the center of the industry from the late 1920s until the hub for Mandopop was transferred to Hong Kong after 1949, owing to the political circumstances in mainland China. Chou was immediately engaged as the general producer of Four Seas to plan and conduct a pioneering project in the music industry in Taiwan.

The term ”education sponsored by social resources” has been in formal use since the promulgation of the Regulations on Education Sponsored by Social Resources. It includes all non-government-sponsored schools and educational facilities. Such schools did not exist in mainland China for nearly thirty years, but began to reappear in 1982. The state government originally did not take a clear stance toward them, so they remained in the budding stage during the 1980s, but since 1992, Beijing has begun to encourage their development and issue related stipulations and regulations for their enhancement. Although they have encountered difficulties and hindrances, their growth proves that they have an important role to play in mainland China's educational system.

This chapter draws on various case studies and ethnographic videos gathered throughout extensive Beijing-based fieldwork in order to describe how LGBT+ groups in Mainland China seek to create spaces as collective sites of interaction and performance, and how, throughout the process, they approach the engaging of LGBT+ people and allies. The chapter briefly hones in on the nascence of the LGBT+ movement in China and shows its initial focus on community building – its “inward” focus. It then discusses efforts of LGBT+ activists to empower and incite activism within their constituents, and to move “outward” to reclaim a more central space for LGBT+ issues and persons in society at large, a process informed by general attitudes and tendencies observed within their constituencies. Finally, the chapter indicates how organizational cultures within the LGBT+ world coexist and overlap against the background of the overall Chinese regulatory and political framework, giving insights into how spaces are claimed and appropriated by LGBT+ communities.