Search

Michael Williams has been Assistant Principal at a Church of England middle school in Redditch, Worcestershire, for the past four years. In this chapter, he writes about how he, as an experienced school leader, believes in values-led leadership. This is understanding the role you play in the community and what your community needs from you. It can be in a speech in an assembly and it can be in the classroom. Values-led leadership is aspiring to embody more than just "tolerance and respect": it is celebrating. By being a successful, "out" teacher, you are showing young people that they are OK. You are giving them hope.

Doubt is often defined as a state of indecision or hesitancy with respect to accepting or rejecting a given proposition. Thus, doubt is opposed to belief. But doubt is also contrasted with certainty. Since it seems intelligible to say that there are many things we believe without being completely certain about them, it appears that we may not have a unitary concept of doubt. Although doubt is often associated in philosophy with scepticism, historically the relation between the two is complex. Moreover, some philosophers deny that sceptical arguments have any essential connection with inducing doubts. Sceptical doubts, as philosophers understand them, differ from ordinary doubts in their depth and generality. We all have doubts about some things. But the philosophical sceptic wonders whether we ever have the slightest reason to believe one thing rather than another. However, the reasonableness of such doubts – and even their intelligibility – remains controversial. The various attitudes philosophers adopt with respect to the status of sceptical doubts characterize the main approaches to epistemological theory.

Feyerabend was an Austrian philosopher of science who spent most of his academic career in the USA. He was an early, persistent and influential critic of the positivist interpretation of science. Though his views have some affinities with those of Thomas Kuhn, they are in important ways more radical. Not only did Feyerabend become famous (or notorious) for advocating ’epistemological anarchism’ – the position that there is no such thing as scientific method, so that in advancing scientific research ‘anything goes’ – he also argued that the scientific outlook is itself just one approach to dealing with the world, an approach that is not self-evidently superior in all respects to other approaches. This radicalism led to his being widely attacked as an irrationalist though perhaps he might better be seen as a sceptic in the humane and tolerant tradition of Sextus Empiricus and Montaigne.

American studies of wrongful conviction have revealed a disturbing pattern. For roughly 25 percent of such cases the defendant was wrongfully convicted in part as the result of a false confession or false guilty plea. In this chapter, we first discuss the evidence that false confessions are a problem. We then review the causes of false confession, with emphasis on police interrogation techniques and interrogation-induced false confession. In this context, we discuss the specific interrogation techniques most strongly implicated in the production of false confessions, as well as specific reforms widely suggested by interrogation scholars to reduce the incidence of interrogation-induced false confession. Finally, the main body of the chapter addresses the issue of how the courts have treated the difficult issues raised by the undeniable problem of false confession and the role of coercive interrogation practices in producing them. Specifically, we address the courts’ rulings regarding the acceptability of specific interrogation practices and the conditions under which a confession is to be regarded as “voluntary” and hence admissible as evidence in trial.

In the face of the continuously changing challenges of the digital age, it is difficult for quality news journalism to survive on any significant scale if a means for adequately funding it is not available. This new study, a follow-up to 2007s The Future of Journalism in the Advanced Democracies, includes a comparative analysis of possible alternative business models that may save the future of the quality news business across the developed, intermediate, and developing worlds. Its detailed evaluation encompasses also the different ways in which wider key issues are affecting the prospects for quality news as a core ingredient of effectively working democracies. It focuses on the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa, India, Kenya, and selected parts of the Arab World, providing a comprehensive cross-cultural survey of different approaches to addressing these various issues. To keep the study firmly rooted in the "real world" the contributors include distinguished practitioners as well as experienced academics.

Series Editor's Introduction Iver B. Neumann, NUPI Preface Emanuel Adler, University of Toronto Introduction Rebecca Adler-Nissen, University of Copenhagen 1. Bourdieu's concepts Vincent Pouliot, McGill University and Frederic Merand, University of Montreal 2. Methodology Vincent Pouliot, McGill University 3. Knowledges Trine Villumsen, University of Copenhagen 4. Power Stefano Guzzini, Danish Institute for International Affairs 5. Strategy Frederic Merand and Amelie Forget, University of Montreal 6. Security Didier Bigo, King's College London/Sciences Po Paris 7. Culture Michael C. Williams, University of Ottawa 8. Gender Vivienne Jabri, King's College London 9. Norms Charlotte Epstein, University of Sydney 10. Sovereignty Rebecca Adler-Nissen, University of Copenhagen 11. Integration Niilo Kauppi, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Strasbourg 12. Citizenship Virginie Guiraudon, Center for European Studies, Sciences Po, Paris

This volume aims to provide a new framework for the analysis of securitization processes, increasing our understanding of how security issues emerge, evolve and dissolve. Securitisation theory has become one of the key components of security studies and IR courses in recent years, and this book represents the first attempt to provide an integrated and rigorous overview of securitization practices within a coherent framework. To do so, it organizes securitization around three core assumptions which make the theory applicable to empirical studies: the centrality of audience, the co-dependency of agency and context and the structuring force of the dispositif. These assumptions are then investigated through discourse analysis, process-tracing, ethnographic research, and content analysis and discussed in relation to extensive case studies. This innovative new book will be of much interest to students of securitisation and critical security studies, as well as IR theory and sociology.

List of illustrations, Notes on contributors. Preface. Introduction: integration and the politics of community in the New Europe Morten Kelstrup and Michael Williams 1.Europe is not where its supposed to be R.B.J. Walker 2.International theory and European integration Steve Smith 3.European communities in a neo-medieval global polity: the dilemmas of faliryland? N.J. Rennger 4.The art of war and the construction of peace: toward a virtual theory of international relations James Der Derian 5.Sovereignty, anarchy and law in Europe: when legal norms turn into political facts Marlene Wind 6.Gendered communitites: the ambiguous attraction of Europe Lene Hansen 7.Contested community: migration and the question of the political in the EU Jef Huysmans 8.When two become one: internal and external securitisations in Europe Didier Bigo 9.The European Central Bank and the problem of authority Randall D. Germain 10.'And never the twain shall meet?' The EU's quest for legitimacy and enlargement Lykke Friis and Anna Murphy 11.The EU as a secutiry actor: reflections from a pessimistic constructivist on post-soverign security orders Ole Waever Index.

In this chapter, the author presents a reconstruction of a particular argument that he calls 'Ludwig Wittgenstein's Refutation of Idealism'. Wittgenstein conspicuously declines to offer a quick-and-dirty refutation. His intent is clear: the peculiar character of philosophical doubt is a not a refutation of scepticism, but it is an invitation to pursue a diagnostic enquiry. In its fine structure, Wittgenstein's refutation of idealism is complex, with numerous ideas in play throughout. Wittgenstein's response to idealism, the problem addressed in M G. E. Moore's 'Proof', must be distinguished from his discussion of Moore's 'Defense', which raises very different issues. While recognising bedrock certainties, Wittgenstein departs from the traditional foundationalist conception of basic beliefs. Wittgenstein never wavers in his conviction that they do not: the sceptic's doubts are wholly illusory. Wittgenstein's immediate concern is with the misuse itself, rather than with what it seems to reveal.

The expansion of Europe overseas 500 years ago was the prelude to what was probably the greatest change in the natural land cover of the world since the Ice Age. Events were put in train that had far-reaching consequences on the distribution of peoples, plants, animals, and diseases, all of which had knock-on effects on soils, hydrology and other biogeographical phenomena.