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This chapter discusses senior housing to support the well-being of older individuals through the provision of physical and social resources. The authors show how digital services contribute to these developments by increasing the resources available and the capacity of older people to integrate resources and take advantage of the value-creating opportunities offered by senior housing solutions. They point out that senior users play a crucial role as active co-creators of their own well-being and contributors to both service innovation and service delivery. As digital services become essential for how older people manage their daily lives, they need to be more integrated in the physical spaces where the actions and memories that shape the lives of seniors take place. Digital services have the potential to both create and deliver new services that will enhance these experiences, which makes their integration with the physical space an important and inseparable component of service innovation and delivery in the context of senior housing.

Rather, older adults' psychological adjustment to widowhood varies widely based on characteristics of the marriage, the nature of the death, the co-occurrence of other stressful events and losses, and one's personal and social resources including social support, economic resources, personality, and prior mental health. Given that clinical depression is the exception rather than the norm in the face of late-life spousal loss, practitioners and researchers are devoting their efforts to identifying risk and resilience factors among the recently bereaved, and developing targeted interventions that take into account the highly individualized nature of spousal bereavement. Authors conclude by providing clinical applications, arranged within each of four tasks of mourning; these provide a helpful guide for practitioners and caregivers who are helping older bereaved spouses to cope with their loss.

Through translanguaging pedagogy, the whole child is invited into engaging in literacies. While translanguaging is incorporated more frequently into day to day literacy instruction such as read alouds and writing, the area of assessment has been remained largely untouched by translanguaging pedagogy. In this essay, the critical connections between translanguaging, assessment, and teacher agency are explored. The transgressive elements of translanguaging pedagogy which are linked to equity are only possible if teachers take a critical and active stance—the learning edge. Teachers' knowledge of emergent bilinguals, reading, and translanguaging along with agency can pave the way for translanguaging in assessment. When teachers open up a space for translanguaging within reading assessment, they invite the entire child to demonstrate what they know. When assessments incorporate student translanguaging, an accurate view of emergent bilinguals' reading is possible because students can enable all of their language and social resources while reading.

This chapter aims to review the operational dimensions of small and medium enterprise retailers in the UK and highlight the difficult retailing issues faced by these retailers in the fast changing and competitive UK retail environment. The lack of ‘know-how’ at the start and expertise in merchandising or stock control in the succeeding years can cause a small retailer to feel isolated and uncompetitive. Small and medium enterprise retailing has long been a feature of the British economy, providing valuable local economic and social resources. The small and medium enterprise retail sector in general is a traditional feature of the British economy. The global economic downturn has affected small and medium size retailers severely more than the large chains in the UK. Specific to small business retailing is the concern with respect to the age of owner-managers.

Descriptions of children and adolescents placed in foster care have indicated that they have behavior problems in excess of the general population, and that these problems are more severe in older children and adolescents. Support for examining structural and functional components of families in relation to various noncommunity settings is found in the conceptualization of numerous therapeutic programs designed for adolescents. Across the adolescent years, the role that the family plays for the youth may change. Many of the adolescents live in “substitute” families or have continuing fluid relationships with their families of origin and return intermittently to these families. In addition, these adolescents face a similar range of developmental challenges as do youth in more traditional families, and the social resources marshalled in these traditional homes may be created, re-created, substituted, or potentially lacking for adolescents in alternative living situations.

The term ”education sponsored by social resources” has been in formal use since the promulgation of the Regulations on Education Sponsored by Social Resources. It includes all non-government-sponsored schools and educational facilities. Such schools did not exist in mainland China for nearly thirty years, but began to reappear in 1982. The state government originally did not take a clear stance toward them, so they remained in the budding stage during the 1980s, but since 1992, Beijing has begun to encourage their development and issue related stipulations and regulations for their enhancement. Although they have encountered difficulties and hindrances, their growth proves that they have an important role to play in mainland China's educational system.

This chapter addresses the under-researched area of young children’s experiences when Web searching, with a predominant focus on Web searching in home and school contexts. It focuses on understandings that children are agentic in their interactions, and that they competently manage their social interactions with others, including with family members, teachers and peers. The chapter considers the digital and social resources that young children draw on to support their Web searching practices as they negotiate Internet and Web explorations, often in social contexts that include the participation of educators, peers and family members. Searching and selecting information from the Web involves learning and practising numerous skills. The earliest studies of young children’s interactions during Web searching include Davidson’s detailed examination of one family’s Web searching. The young children’s Web searches that involve co-locating real-life experiences with the topic of the Web search produce a hybrid relationship bringing together virtual and physical spaces.

Scandinavian welfare will be compared to the development in the rest of Western Europe with a view to the future. The break-down of total social expenditure on transfers and services reveals that the Scandinavian countries have a significantly larger share of social resources communicated in the form of personal social services. The Scandinavian countries are affected by the consequences of globalization, and that the “Scandinavian model of welfare” so far it has existed, in the future will take on a more mixed character. In the Scandinavian countries, the public sector pays a larger share and the employers a smaller share. When discussing perspectives of Scandinavian welfare in a European context, it is, however, unavoidable to dig into the welfare modeling business, since future solidarities are already being thematized with reference to different regimes. Market imperatives are reflected; but the solutions recommended are not of a universal, Scandinavian Model type.

Societies across the globe have advanced because of the efficient and reliable technologies designed to solve problems or specific practical issues. Technology provides valuable health care options, social options, and our existence in the world. Throughout humankind’s recorded history, technologies have played a role in the shaping of our societies and the individuals with them. The technology that promotes social media has done a lot to make sure the transition from want to need remains a conditioned part of human existence. The social worker is immediately impacted at the macro level by the overwhelming support that may disenfranchise some and alienate others from the benefits of technology. The education of professional social workers must stay to keep up with the advances in technology to ensure social workers provide compassionate and caring helping relationships. Technology harnessed can become a very effective and efficient means of redistribution of access and use of social resources.

This chapter focuses on the behaviors of the parent toward their children. In much parenting research, a parent’s cognitive ability has been measured by proxy variable using the demographic information on the parent’s education attainment. The chapter reviews why this one variable is important for understanding both parenting beliefs and behaviors and subsequent influence on child development. It deals with an overview of the important role parent education provides as a demographic variable that relays information on the social resources that may be available for parenting children. The chapter outlines the literature on parent and school interactions and how parent educational attainment relates to parental educational involvement in school and home. Parental educational attainment appears to also increase positive parenting behavior across a wide spectrum of child outcomes. The relation between parents’ educational attainment and child development has been established in the parenting literature.

As people live longer, there is an increasing number of men and women struggling with chronic illnesses. Diabetes (Type 2) is one chronic condition that is on the rise. Millions of new diabetes cases are diagnosed each year. The number of individuals in the USA living with this debilitating disease is 26 million; of these 10.9 million are over the age of 65 (Briscoe, 2014). An even greater number of older adults are diagnosed with pre-diabetes (Bernstein & Munoz, 2016). This chapter addresses factors that influence the successful management of chronic conditions, such as Type 2 diabetes. While Type 2 diabetes is a condition often managed by a healthy lifestyle, researchers suggest that it is also one of the most difficult chronic illnesses to manage (Samuel-Hodge et. al., 2000). Coping and adjusting to any chronic condition is dependent upon personal and social resources available to the individual (Ridder, Geenen, Kuijer, & Middendorp, 2008).

The concept of charity industry network was initially put forth in 2006. China's charity network was still far from being born, the relations between donors and beneficiaries were unclear, and the multiple actors in the industry were still not very influential. The charity industry network can be divided into three parts: the core, through which donations flow; internal support institutions; and external industry support. Social media became a new addition to charity fundraising in 2011. In July 2011, the Social Resources Institute, a private think tank, introduced a tool to evaluate the social impact of nonprofit organizations. The tool measured social return on investment. The charity industry's external communication platform is a professional platform where charity organizations reveal information and display and promote themselves to outside industries. In 2011, breakthroughs were made in both off-line and online platforms. The assessment of charity projects is a venue for improving the transparency of, public trust in, and professional capacity of charity organizations.

The relationship between optimism and well-being has been studied in widely varying contexts over the past 30 years and more. Optimism has been associated with diverse aspects of human experience, including goal pursuit behavior, the developing of social networks and relationships, emotional well-being, and physical health. The relationship between optimism and goal pursuit also applies to the realm of social resources. Optimism is related to the building of social networks, which have far-reaching beneficial effects through both lessening the impact of negative events and promoting positive events. The relationship between optimism and emotional well-being has been studied extensively in multiple contexts, and greater optimism is indeed associated with better emotional well-being. One of the most likely reasons optimists experience better health is that they engage in more positive health behaviors, while pessimists tend to engage in health-damaging behaviors.

In Chinese society, guanxi, or interpersonal connections that facilitate favor exchanges, is developed and maintained through social eating: eating a meal with other people. This chapter reviews three theoretical models about the nature of guanxi, each having different implications for the relational bases oi guanxi, sources and forms of guanxi capital, and strategies of accumulating guanxi capital, or the capacity to mobilize social resources through network ties to others. According to Model I, guanxi is the web of extended familial obligations; guanxi capital accumulates when one invests time and energy to extend the ties of familial sentiments and obligations. Model II implies different expectations about patterns of social eating. Model III projects guanxi as a type of social-exchange network of asymmetric transaction. The chapter analyses some empirical implications of these models for social eating, using data from a 1998 urban consumer project in Chinese cities.

This chapter describes the way in which the intersection of networks can be a social and informal mechanism that contributes to organizational governance. Specifically, it is about a mechanism that helps the organization deal with potentially negative effects of status competition between members. Sutton and Hargadon provided rich descriptions of "bounded" or "segregated" status auctions in design firms; the status auction they describe is confined to the brainstorming room and designated brainstorming sessions. Cooperation between members of an organization can be seen as involving routine transfers or exchanges of various kinds of resources. Structural analysis of cooperation and management of various types of social resources enhances understanding of effective participation in collective action by explores the relationship between choices of important sources of resources in a specific type of organization. This approach helps identify generic social mechanisms that can be seen as constituting a form of corporate social capital.

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. Several scholars in the field of volunteering emphasized the pivotal role of psychological contract (PC) violation in explaining maladaptive behavioural reactions—such as counterproductive work behaviour (CWB)—of volunteers. Reactions to violation feelings are, however, interrelated and may intensify over time. Extending this dynamic perspective, we introduce momentary leader–member exchange (LMX) as a buffering social resource in the relationship between violation feelings and (1) CWB and (2) the likelihood to perceive a PC breach. Using weekly diary survey data from 247 volunteers (827 observations), we conducted a moderated multilevel zero-inflated Poisson regression analysis. As hypothesized, experiencing feelings of violation during one week related positively to CWB towards the organization (CWB-O), but not to CWB towards individuals (CWB-I) during the next week. Moreover, experiencing violation feelings during one week increased the likelihood to perceive a PC breach during the subsequent week. Finally, experiencing a high-quality LMX relationship effectively mitigated the positive relationship between violation feelings during one week and (1) CWB-O, and (2) the likelihood to perceive a PC breach during the next week. Our study highlights momentary LMX as an effective redressing mechanism in the relationship between violation feelings and undesirable employee outcomes. peerreview_statement: The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope. aims_and_scope_url: http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=pewo20 ispartof: European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology vol:25 issue:2 pages:254-271 status: published

This book, first published in 1985, provides an overview of resource management, together with a geographical treatment of physical, landscape and social resources. Drawing on British, European and North American material, the book has three main objectives: to offer an integrated review of the rural resource system, to isolate potential and actual conflicts between resources in the countryside with the aid of detailed case studies, and to explore various broad management techniques and their applicability to differing types of resource use and resource conflict. This title will provide important insight for students of geography, resource management, environmental planning and conservation.

There is growing evidence that health inequalities are not only a function of the maldistribution of economic and social resources that lie outside the health system but are also exacerbated by differential access to health services. Any comprehensive strategy to reduce avoidable inequalities in health must therefore try to improve equality of access to healthcare. Unfortunately, evidence about the existence of such inequality is easier to find than is detailed guidance about effective interventions that tackle the problem. This chapter therefore has two main aims, first, to summarize some of the most recent or compelling evidence about inequalities in access to healthcare, and second, to outline some of the approaches that have been advocated to improve it.

Contents: Preface. R.G. Tedeschi, C.L. Park, L.G. Calhoun, Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Issues. L.H. Cohen, T.R. Hettler, N. Pane, Assessment of Posttraumatic Growth. C.M. Aldwin, K.J. Sutton, A Developmental Perspective on Posttraumatic Growth. H. Tennen, G. Affleck, Personality and Transformation in the Face of Adversity. J.A. Schaefer, R.H. Moos, The Context for Posttraumatic Growth: Life Crises, Individual and Social Resources, and Coping. V.E. O'Leary, C.S. Alday, J.R. Ickovics, Models of Life Change and Posttraumatic Growth. C.L. Park, Implications of Posttraumatic Growth for Individuals. S.L. Bloom, By the Crowd They Have Been Broken, By the Crowd They Shall Be Healed: The Social Transformation of Trauma. L.G. Calhoun, R.G. Tedeschi, Posttraumatic Growth: Future Directions.