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A novel carbon dot-based luminescence probe for singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) with a conventional optical detector has been implemented through the specific formation of electronically excited carbonyls from the breakdown of unstable endoperoxide intermediates, and its application in the real-time in vivo monitoring of 1 O 2 in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is achieved. More attractively, the relationship between the dynamics details of photosensitizer-generated 1 O 2 and the PDT efficacy has been established through a modified multiple-target survival model, enabling a direct and easy estimate of the surviving fraction of tumor cells from the generation dynamics of 1 O 2 . Both in vitro and in vivo therapy results revealed that the rapid generation dynamics of 1 O 2 rather than its cumulative amount is responsible for better treatment efficacy in PDT. Overall, the deeper insight into the important roles of the generation dynamics of 1 O 2 in the PDT efficacy is irreplaceably advantageous in substantially reduced risks from deleterious treatment-related side effects by screening advanced photosensitizers and determining the light exposure end point.

Herein, positively charged QDs were initially prepared by covalently linking to poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). The resulting PAH-modified QDs in conjunction with MMT nanosheets were utilized to fabricate QDs/MMT UTFs via LBL assembly. Strong photoluminescence, temperature responsiveness, long-term stability and high uniformity make these films potential candidates for a wide range of applications.

The ratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG ratio) is a greater first indication of disease risk than the total concentration of GSH. However, the interferences from thiolated biomolecules, especially cysteine (Cys), make the accurate detection of GSH/GSSG ratio a technical problem. In this work, we successfully used a mixture of quantum dots (QDs) and ZnAl-LDH nanosheets to fabricate a high electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ERET) efficiency sensor for GSH from the disturbances of amino acids, especially Cys and GSSG. The mechanisms of high ERET efficiency and selectivity were well investigated with spectroscopy analysis and theoretical calculation. The results showed that the interaction force between ZnAl-LDH nanosheets and molecules proved a long-range-ordered space and selective transmission for molecules. On the basis of these interesting phenomena, we successfully measured the GSH/GSSG ratio in whole blood and serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]