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In the current era of rapid population growth, there has been an increase in resource consumption and the subsequent release of organic pollutants into water bodies by various industries. To address this issue, we have developed a nanocomposite material, Bi 2 S 3 -TiO 2 /HNTs, for electrochemical sensors capable of simultaneously detecting nitrofurantoin (NFT) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) contaminants. The nanocomposite material was synthesized using a novel one-pot sol-gel method, and its structural morphology was characterized using techniques such as FE-SEM, FT-IR, HR-TEM, and XRD. The electrochemical sensor exhibited a remarkably low limit of detection (3.2 nM for NFT and 3.5 nM for 4-NP) and a wide concentration range from 0 μM to 260 μM for both NFT and 4-NP, demonstrating their high sensitivity and accuracy for pollutant detection, and furthermore its potential for real-world application was assessed considering pond and tap water as real samples.

N-Allyl-4-(N-2'-hydroxyethyl)amino-1,8-naphthalimide (AHEAN), a naphthalimide derivative, was synthesized as a new fluorophore for optical chemical sensor preparation. To prevent leakage of the fluorophore, AHEAN was photo-copolymerized with 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate on a glass surface treated with a silanizing agent. An optical chemical sensor based on AHEAN can be utilized for nitrofurantoin assay based on fluorescence quenching. The sensor shows sufficient repeatability, selectivity and a fast response of less than 30 s. Nitrofurantoin can be determined in the range between 1.00 x 10(-6) and 1.00 x 10(-3) mol l(-1) with a detection limit of 4.8 x 10(-7) mol l(-1). Most commonly co-existing drug substances and ions do not interfere with the nitrofurantoin assay. The sensor was applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical and urine samples.