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Mechanoluminescence (ML) materials, for the advantage of real-time kinetic energy to light energy conversion, are expected to have broad application prospects in the fields of stress sensing and visualization, lighting, and nondestructive stress detection. However, the deficiencies in luminescence intensity and stability limit the further application of this kind of material. In this work, a high valence ion doping strategy based on charge compensation is applied to rare-earth doped ZrO2. The enhancement of PL, afterglow, and ML properties is successfully achieved by introducing Nb5+ into the ZrO2:Sm3+ phosphor. The sample ZrO2:0.005Sm3+,0.003Nb5+ was obtained with great enhancement in ML intensity, 75 times higher than that of the non-doped sample. In addition, stable Tribo-ML can also be observed with the naked eye. The lifetime and intensity of AG were enhanced after co-doping with Nb5+. The afterglow emission intensity of the sample ZrO2:0.005Sm3+,0.003Nb5+ is about 50 times larger than that of the single-doped sample. Nb5+ not only plays the role of a charge compensator in the enhancement of luminescence intensity, but also changes the trap distribution. The proportion of the traps related to the afterglow increases, generating a new kind of deep trap suitable for ML, enhancing AG and ML as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocatalytic regio- and stereo-selective functionalization of renewable fatty acids for sustainable synthesis of value-added chiral chemicals is highly desirable but remains a great challenge. Herein, a three-step one-pot multienzyme cascade for the asymmetric synthesis of D -amino acids from renewable fatty acids was developed. Combination of P450 peroxygenase with two enantiocomplementary hydroxyacid oxidase(s) enabled the regioselective oxyfunctionalization of fatty acids into prochiral α-ketoacids with internal H2O2 recycling. An engineered D -amino acid dehydrogenase with formate dehydrogenase for self-recycling of the expensive cofactor NADPH was adopted for the reductive amination of α-ketoacids to D -amino acids. Various fatty acids (C6–C10) with different chain lengths can be efficiently converted into the corresponding D -amino acids with high yield (up to 99%) and excellent ee value (>99%). This study exploits the advantage of cascades and showcases the potential for synthesizing valuable chiral chemicals from inexpensive renewable feedstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of Sc3+ can stabilize calcite-phase LuBO3:Ce3+ to grow large-sized single crystals but leads to the significant degradation of scintillation performance. In the present work, alkali metal ion (A+ = Li+, Na+, K+)-incorporated (Lu, A, Sc)BO3:Ce was rapidly synthesized in batches via a high-throughput sol–gel method. The aliovalent substitution of Lu3+ with A+ is balanced by the generation of oxygen vacancies by forming complexes. Thanks to the increased oxygen vacancies, the luminescence and XEL intensity of (Lu, Li, Sc)BO3:Ce are significantly enhanced by 2.2 times and 1.9 times, respectively. Further, the incorporation of A+ is attributed to the improved transition efficiency of charge carriers. The prepared scintillation screen fabricated with LASBO:Ce and PMMA shows that the spatial resolution can reach 8.6 lp mm−1, indicating its potential application in efficient and low-cost non-destructive X-ray detection. This work is of great significance in improving the luminescence and scintillation performance of (Lu, Sc)BO3:Ce single crystals and thin films and their application in the scintillation field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, BaAl2O4:Eu2+–Al2O3 ceramics were successfully prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The optical properties of the multiphase ceramics doped with different concentrations of alumina were studied. Under excitation with 365 nm ultraviolet light, the luminescent color of the samples can be adjusted by changing the sintering temperature and the contents of alumina addition. The temperature dependent fluorescence spectra in the temperature range of 4 K–434 K were measured, and the temperature dependent fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) was calculated. The FIR monotonically increased with the increase of temperature, indicating that the material could be used for temperature sensing. The absolute sensitivity Sa of the temperature sensing fluorescent material is larger than 0.005 K−1 at 334 K–434 K, and the relative sensitivity Sr is larger than 0.75% K−1 at 304 K–434 K. The results show that the BaAl2O4:Eu2+–Al2O3 ceramic is a promising non-contact temperature sensing material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An N-modified carbon dots/graphitic carbon nitride (NCDs/g-C3N4) aerogel was successfully prepared by simple electrostatic self-assembly of NCDs and g-C3N4 nanosheets without any harmful solvents or cross-linking agents. The prepared aerogel has a larger specific surface area compared to pure g-C3N4. As the NCD content increased, the NCDs/g-C3N4 aerogel exhibited a wider visible spectral response range and higher photo-generated carrier separation efficiency. It is of note that the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of the NCDs/g-C3N4 aerogel can reach up to 13 499 μmol h−1 g−1, which is 1.6 times that of pure g-C3N4, because of the advantages of the 3D aerogel structure and the effect of NCDs on photocatalytic activity. The design realizes the control of the morphology of g-C3N4 by NCDs and provides a new strategy for the design of aerogels for highly efficient photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Bi3+ and Mn2+ co-doped CaZnOS phosphors with a tunable emission color have been synthesized by a high temperature solid-state reaction method. Their crystal structure, spectroscopic properties, energy transfer and thermal quenching have been investigated systematically. An intense blue-green emission band at 485 nm and a red emission band at 616 nm were observed at an excitation wavelength of 375 nm, owing to the 3P1,0 → 1S0 transition of Bi3+ and the 4T1(4G) → 6A1(6S) transition of Mn2+, respectively. The tunable color from blue-green, white light to red light can be obtained by varying the Mn2+ ion concentration from 0.005 to 0.015 in CaZnOS:Bi3+. The decay time decreased from 642 to 273 ns with the Mn2+ ion concentration x increasing from 0.005 to 0.015, and the energy transfer efficiency ηT can reach up to 65% in the CaZnOS:Bi3+,0.015Mn2+ phosphor. As the temperature increases from 300 to 420 K, the emission intensity is maintained at 67%, and the activation energy Ea is estimated to be 0.28 eV. An LED fabricated using CaZnOS:Bi3+,0.01Mn2+ exhibited the chromaticity coordinates and corrected color temperature (CCT) of (0.338, 0.364) and 4655 K, respectively. These results validate the promising applications of the CaZnOS:Bi3+,Mn2+ phosphor in UV white LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A (Lu1−xScx)0.99Ce0.01BO3 (LSBO:Ce, x = 0–1) material library is successfully prepared via combinatorial materials technology, and the crystal structures are characterized via a high-throughput XRD platform at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). The angular distortion increases upon the substitution of Lu3+ with Sc3+, as shown through crystal structure analysis of as-prepared LSBO:Ce, obtained via the Rietveld refinement method. LSBO:Ce shows obvious red shifts in its PLE and PL spectra with increasing Sc concentration because of an increased Stokes shift originating from an increased crystal field splitting effect and angular distortion. Owing to reduced symmetry, increased strain and the nephelauxetic effect will reduce energy transfer from charge carriers to Ce3+ as luminescent centers. Due to greater loss during the energy conversion process, the PL intensity and decay time decrease with an increase in the Sc3+/Lu3+ ratio. Based on high-throughput rapid and efficient screening, the optimized LSBO:Ce (x = 0.2) material was selected to fabricate a scintillation screen with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in order to study its scintillation properties. As the powder concentration increases from 0.5 to 10 wt%, the transmittance of the scintillation screen drops from 86 to 73.5%. It is of note that the integrated XEL intensity of the LSBO:Ce@PMMA scintillation screen is 1.36 times higher than that of a BGO single crystal. The spatial resolution of the scintillation screen can reach as high as 300 μm thanks to the intense XEL intensity and 80% transmittance in the visible light range. This study is of great significance for the potential application of LSBO:Ce in the fields of X-ray detection and imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanoluminescent (ML) materials have become a novel and excellent fluorescent material in the field of luminescence for demonstrating potential applications in stress detection, biological imaging and optical displays. Through some trivial modifications between the constituent atoms and the crystal structures, these luminescent materials exhibit different ML performances for various applications. Herein, a series of novel red emitting Mn2+-activated (Ca, Sr)ZnOS shows strong fluorescence emission under the mechanical actions of compression or ultrasonic effect. The traps in (Ca, Sr)ZnOS:Mn2+ become deeper and the optical band gap decreases from 3.75 to 3.15 eV with the increase of the Sr2+ content. It is worth noting that the ML intensity of Ca0.7Sr0.3ZnOS:Mn2+ is about one order of magnitude stronger than that of CaZnOS:Mn2+ under the same conditions. The enhanced ML performance can be attributed to the fact that when the trap depths become deeper, the trap energy level greatly increases. In addition to conventional stress monitoring, (Ca, Sr)ZnOS:Mn2+ was successfully used for determining the ultrasonic intensity distribution through ML. The work not only provides a facile and effective method for facile synthesis of (Ca, Sr)ZnOS:Mn2+ solid solution, but also demonstrates its extraordinary ML properties and applications in the field of ultrasound monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure-guided engineering of Pseudomonas dacunhae L -aspartate β-decarboxylase (AspBDC) resulted in a double mutant (R37A/T382G) with remarkable 15 400-fold improvement in specific activity reaching 216 mU mg−1, towards the target substrate 3(R)-benzyl- L -aspartate. A novel strategy for enzymatic synthesis of L -homophenylalanine was developed by using the variant as a biocatalyst affording 75% product yield within 12 h. Our results underscore the potential of engineered AspBDC for the biocatalytic synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant and value added unnatural L -amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report blue to green emission mechanoluminescence (ML) in CaZnOS:Bi3+,Li+with about 50 times greater ML intensity than that of the strong ML material ZnS:Cu+. The ML spectrum showed an intense emission band peaking at 485 nm and a red-shift of about 9 nm on increasing the stress or friction. In addition, the preferable threshold of CaZnOS:Bi3+,Li+ was below 1 N due to its excellent strain sensitivity. The depths of the traps responsible for ML were estimated to be in the range of 0.68–1.2 eV. The as-prepared CaZnOS:Bi3+,Li+ phosphors were successfully used for the fabrication of homemade ink and flexible thin films, which could be further used for anticounterfeiting and stress mapping. These findings reveal its great potential for application in an advanced anticounterfeiting technology and visualization of stress distribution for damage diagnosis due to its ultra-high efficiency, low threshold and color tunability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to overcome the disadvantages of uncontrollable particle size, slow speed and high energy consumption existing in traditional phosphor preparation methods, we successfully prepared YAG:Ce and YAG:Dy phosphors rapidly and conveniently by using a laser sintering method with low energy consumption. The influence of different laser powers (3–27 W), scanning rates (50–800 mm s−1), powder thicknesses (50–800 μm), doping concentrations (0.25–1%), and post-treatments on their phase purity, morphology and optics was investigated. Spherical YAG phosphors with controllable particle size could be obtained through selecting appropriate parameters, and their PL intensity was enhanced by 300% after annealing; the average particle size was decreased to 46 μm after reducing the powder thickness to 50 μm. These results suggest that the reaction temperature and preparation period are greatly reduced compared with the conventional solid-state reaction method. A luminous efficiency (LE) of 80 lm W−1 and color rendering index (CRI) of 76.4 can be reached for the fabricated WLED using YAG:Ce phosphor, demonstrating its great potential applications in WLEDs. Interestingly, it is found that YAG:Dy phosphors exhibit red, pink, orange-yellow and pale-yellow emission color under various excitation wavelengths, showing significant potential application in the fields of anti-counterfeiting and fluorescent labeling. In short, according to our research, the laser sintering method has been proved to have a great potential application in the field of phosphor preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel red emitting Mn2+-activated SrZnSO phosphors were successfully synthesized by solid-state reaction at high temperature. The photoluminescence (PL) and mechanoluminescence (ML) properties of these Mn2+-activated SrZnSO phosphors with different Mn2+ concentrations were investigated. With increasing the concentration of Mn2+ from x = 0 to 0.04, the unit cell volume increased from 153.82 to 154.19 Å3 while the optical band gap decreased from 3.74 to 3.43 eV. The site occupation of Mn2+ in the host lattice was demonstrated by Rietveld refinement, the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum, and the spectroscopic properties. A broad band emission peak at 603 nm of SrZn1−xMnxSO (0.001 ≤x≤ 0.04) with an excitation wavelength of 318 nm was attributed to electronic transitions of Mn2+ from the 4T1(4G) level to the 6A1(6S) level. The lifetime of SrZn1−xMnxSO (0.001 ≤x≤ 0.04) decreased monotonously from 2.97 to 0.82 ms with increasing Mn2+ concentration. In particular, intense emission of red light from SrZn1−xMnxSO (0.001 ≤x≤ 0.04) under compressive load could be observed even with the naked eye, indicating that SrZn1−xMnxSO could be used for stress sensors or stress imaging. There was a linear correlation between the ML intensity and external load in SrZn1−xMnxSO, and the ML intensity could be recovered under UV light irradiation. Considering its advantages of non-destruction, reproducibility, and high ML intensity, SrZn1−xMnxSO might be useful for non-destructive detection of stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exploring the optimal reaction temperature and the ratio of Na2SO4 to the precursor, highly symmetrical rhombic dodecahedral yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) microcrystals with a good dispersity were successfully prepared using improved hydrothermal methods. YAG microcrystals exhibit well-developed crystal faces, high crystallinity and a controllable crystal size, from hundreds of nanometers to approximately 4 μm. The morphology and crystal size of the YAG microcrystals can be controlled by changing the reaction temperature and the ratio of Na2SO4 to the precursor. After analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), the growth mechanism of the YAG crystals was studied in detail. Cerium doped YAG (YAG:Ce3+) microcrystals exhibit an intense broad band emission at approximately 523 nm. Considering the high crystallinity, controllable size and strong emission of YAG microcrystals, one has reason to assume that they could have wide applications in many areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication reports the synthesis of C=C functionalized oleophilic carbon dots (FOCDs). The as-prepared FOCDs could enhance the stability of optical polymer against UV aging while no obvious effect on optical transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RE3+ (RE = Pr, Sm, and Tb)-doped SrAlSi4N7 samples were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method at high temperature, and their photoluminescence properties were investigated. It is noticeable that the 5d bands of Pr3+ and Tb3+ are at rather low energy in SrAlSi4N7 compared to oxides. Typical 4f2→ 4f2 emission lines (480–800 nm) of Pr3+ under 4f2→ 4f15d1 excitation were observed in Pr3+-doped SrAlSi4N7. Sm3+-doped SrAlSi4N7 shows red emission originating from 4G5/2→6HJ (J = 5/2, 7/2 and 9/2) transitions, and the charge transfer band of Sm3+ was observed at an unusually low energy of 3.98 eV. The Tb3+-doped sample exhibits 5D3→7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1) (blue) and 5D4→7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3) (green) line emissions in the wavelength range of 375–650 nm under the direct Tb3+ 4f8→ 4f75d1 excitation. The bands at about 256 nm in the excitation spectra are attributed to the host lattice absorption. In addition, there is energy transfer from the host lattice to the luminescent activators (Pr3+, Sm3+, and Tb3+). The energy level diagram containing the position of the 4f and 5d levels of all divalent and trivalent lanthanide ions relative to the valence and conduction band of SrAlSi4N7 has been constructed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report a multifunctional supramolecular hydrogel based on host–guest inclusion for loading two different anticancer drugs with different controlled release profiles. The resulting hydrogels are characterized by possessing dual phase drug release behavior and producing a dose and cell type dependent synergetic cytotoxicity to cancer cells, which can be used for cancer combination therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient route to construct a three-dimensional crystal structure is stacking of two-dimensional building blocks (2D-BBs). The crystal structures of potential thermoelectric compounds REOZnSb (RE= La, Ce, Pr, Nd) were virtually constructed from insulating [REO] and conducting [ZnSb] layers. Further optimizations performed by means of first-principles calculations show that REOZnSb should exhibit semimetal or narrow band-gap semiconductor behaviors, which is a prerequisite for high thermoelectric efficiency. The analysis of the electron localizability indicator for LaOZnSb reveals mostly covalent polar interactions between all four kinds of atoms. The electron density yields completely balanced ionic-like electronic formula La1.7+O1.2−Zn0.4+Sb0.9−. Furthermore, the samples of REOZnSb have been synthesized viasolid-state reaction, and their crystal structures were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. The differences in cell parameters between the theoretically optimized and the experimental values are smaller than 2%. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility shows that LaOZnSb is diamagnetic above 40 K, whereas CeOZnSb, PrOZnSb and NdOZnSb are Curie–Weiss-type paramagnets. Electrical conductivity and Seebeck effect measurements indicate that REOZnSb are p-type semiconductors. A considerably high Seebeck coefficient and low thermal conductivity were obtained for pure LaOZnSb, but its low electrical conductivity leads to a small ZT. The high adjustability of the crystal structure as well as properties by optimization of the chemical composition in the compounds REOZnSb provide good prospects for achieving high thermoelectric efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) Y2WO6and Y2WO6: Ln3+microspheres with novel controllable morphology have been obtained by the hierarchical self-assembly viaa hydrothermal synthesis route with a subsequent heat treatment. The amount of citric acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) play crucial roles in the controlling of the morphologies. Hollow, core/shell as well as waxberry-shape Y2WO6microspheres can be prepared in different reaction systems under the same facile hydrothermal conditions. Metastable phases of the samples form when they are crystallized at low temperature, which transfer to the thermodynamically stable counterpart above 1100 °C. This phase transformation is irreversible. The mechanism of reaction and self-assembly evolution process are proposed. The as-prepared Y2WO6:Ln3+(Ln = Eu, Er, Sm, and Dy) samples show strong multi-color visible light emission under ultraviolet-visible light excitation. Compared with the monoclinic one, this metastable Y2WO6: Eu3+phase exhibits different luminescent properties. Due to multi-color luminescent properties, these Ln3+-doped (Ln = Eu, Er, Sm, and Dy) metastable Y2WO6morophologies controllable microspherical samples may be promising for further fundamental research and find applications in color displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative strategy of fabricating electrode material by layered assembling two kinds of one-atom-thick sheets, carboxylated graphene oxide (GO) and Co–Al layered double hydroxide nanosheet (Co–Al LDH-NS) for the application as a pseudocapacitor is reported. The Co–Al LDH-NS/GO composite exhibits good energy storage properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of Sc 3+ can stabilize calcite-phase LuBO 3 :Ce 3+ to grow large-sized single crystals but leads to the significant degradation of scintillation performance. In the present work, alkali metal ion (A + = Li + , Na + , K + )-incorporated (Lu, A, Sc)BO 3 :Ce was rapidly synthesized in batches via a high-throughput sol-gel method. The aliovalent substitution of Lu 3+ with A + is balanced by the generation of oxygen vacancies by forming complexes. Thanks to the increased oxygen vacancies, the luminescence and XEL intensity of (Lu, Li, Sc)BO 3 :Ce are significantly enhanced by 2.2 times and 1.9 times, respectively. Further, the incorporation of A + is attributed to the improved transition efficiency of charge carriers. The prepared scintillation screen fabricated with LASBO:Ce and PMMA shows that the spatial resolution can reach 8.6 lp mm -1 , indicating its potential application in efficient and low-cost non-destructive X-ray detection. This work is of great significance in improving the luminescence and scintillation performance of (Lu, Sc)BO 3 :Ce single crystals and thin films and their application in the scintillation field.

In this paper, BaAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ -Al 2 O 3 ceramics were successfully prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The optical properties of the multiphase ceramics doped with different concentrations of alumina were studied. Under excitation with 365 nm ultraviolet light, the luminescent color of the samples can be adjusted by changing the sintering temperature and the contents of alumina addition. The temperature dependent fluorescence spectra in the temperature range of 4 K-434 K were measured, and the temperature dependent fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) was calculated. The FIR monotonically increased with the increase of temperature, indicating that the material could be used for temperature sensing. The absolute sensitivity S a of the temperature sensing fluorescent material is larger than 0.005 K -1 at 334 K-434 K, and the relative sensitivity S r is larger than 0.75% K -1 at 304 K-434 K. The results show that the BaAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ -Al 2 O 3 ceramic is a promising non-contact temperature sensing material.

A series of Bi 3+ and Mn 2+ co-doped CaZnOS phosphors with a tunable emission color have been synthesized by a high temperature solid-state reaction method. Their crystal structure, spectroscopic properties, energy transfer and thermal quenching have been investigated systematically. An intense blue-green emission band at 485 nm and a red emission band at 616 nm were observed at an excitation wavelength of 375 nm, owing to the 3 P 1,0 → 1 S 0 transition of Bi 3+ and the 4 T 1 ( 4 G) → 6 A 1 ( 6 S) transition of Mn 2+ , respectively. The tunable color from blue-green, white light to red light can be obtained by varying the Mn 2+ ion concentration from 0.005 to 0.015 in CaZnOS:Bi 3+ . The decay time decreased from 642 to 273 ns with the Mn 2+ ion concentration x increasing from 0.005 to 0.015, and the energy transfer efficiency η T can reach up to 65% in the CaZnOS:Bi 3+ ,0.015Mn 2+ phosphor. As the temperature increases from 300 to 420 K, the emission intensity is maintained at 67%, and the activation energy E a is estimated to be 0.28 eV. An LED fabricated using CaZnOS:Bi 3+ ,0.01Mn 2+ exhibited the chromaticity coordinates and corrected color temperature (CCT) of (0.338, 0.364) and 4655 K, respectively. These results validate the promising applications of the CaZnOS:Bi 3+ ,Mn 2+ phosphor in UV white LEDs.

An efficient route to construct a three-dimensional crystal structure is stacking of two-dimensional building blocks (2D-BBs). The crystal structures of potential thermoelectric compounds REOZnSb (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) were virtually constructed from insulating [REO] and conducting [ZnSb] layers. Further optimizations performed by means of first-principles calculations show that REOZnSb should exhibit semimetal or narrow band-gap semiconductor behaviors, which is a prerequisite for high thermoelectric efficiency. The analysis of the electron localizability indicator for LaOZnSb reveals mostly covalent polar interactions between all four kinds of atoms. The electron density yields completely balanced ionic-like electronic formula La(1.7+)O(1.2-)Zn(0.4+)Sb(0.9-). Furthermore, the samples of REOZnSb have been synthesized via solid-state reaction, and their crystal structures were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. The differences in cell parameters between the theoretically optimized and the experimental values are smaller than 2%. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility shows that LaOZnSb is diamagnetic above 40 K, whereas CeOZnSb, PrOZnSb and NdOZnSb are Curie-Weiss-type paramagnets. Electrical conductivity and Seebeck effect measurements indicate that REOZnSb are p-type semiconductors. A considerably high Seebeck coefficient and low thermal conductivity were obtained for pure LaOZnSb, but its low electrical conductivity leads to a small ZT. The high adjustability of the crystal structure as well as properties by optimization of the chemical composition in the compounds REOZnSb provide good prospects for achieving high thermoelectric efficiency., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011)

Coating a layer of PEG functionalized porous silica shell onto doxorubicin-conjugated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles, we demonstrated, provides a number of combined advantages in view of the magnetic carrier's therapeutic functionality to treat tumors.