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The article analyzes the results of a survey that assesses the knowledge and attitude of Generation Y Polish representatives toward the functioning of the local currency. The empirical material consists of the results of surveys conducted among a group of 619 Polish residents belonging to Generation Y. The analysis of the survey results confirmed the research hypothesis, which assumes that despite the low level of knowledge of Generation Y representatives about the functioning of local currencies, their attitude towards such a means of payment allows us to conclude that the carrying out of a large-scale educational campaign may significantly impact the development of complementary currencies in Poland. The work is mainly directed at local government officials and local initiative groups that want to influence the development of local entrepreneurialism and increase the wealth of residents by introducing local currency into circulation.

This article presents an analysis of the behavior of Polish women in the banking services market. The empirical material is the results of surveys conducted among 1217 randomly selected Polish women. Using the collected and organized empirical material, developed in a descriptive, tabular, and graphical form, through the method of comparative analysis, the article estimates Polish women’s level of interest in basic banking products, and their preferred forms of payment. It determines the level of customer satisfaction with the current banking service (the product portfolio offered, service quality, and bank employees’ approaches to serving women). In addition, it examines the attitudes of Polish women to the need to create an offer dedicated to women and a bank that would serve only women. This confirms the research hypothesis that Polish women do not see the need to create a special bank for women, but they expect more interest from banks in providing them with an offer specially dedicated to women. The results presented in the article expand the state of knowledge about the behavior of Polish women in the banking services market.

The purpose of the paper is to identify and assess changes in the financial situation of municipalities without Polish towns in Poland against the background of the whole country in the years 2010–2021. The empirical material of the paper concerns both the whole country and all municipalities without poviat towns in Poland. The numerical data comes from the Warsaw Central Statistics Office Local Data Bank and cover the years 2010–2021. The collected and ordered empirical material was elaborated in descriptive, tabular, and graphical form, using the method of comparative analysis. Furthermore, a point evaluation of all diagnostic features was made that illustrates the financial situation of municipalities without cities in Poland against the background of the entire country for the years 2010–2021, which constitutes a new approach to the research problem undertaken in the article. The analysis of the statistical data confirmed the research hypothesis assuming that the presence of a city, especially a bigger one, is a significant factor positively and permanently influencing the financial situation of communes without cities with poviat rights in Poland.

The aim of this article was to identify and assess the financial situation of naturally valuable rural communes in Poland, set against the background of other rural communes and the entire country. The empirical material of the article concerns the whole of Poland, as well as all its rural communes. The figures concerning the years 2019–2021 were retrieved from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw. The collected and structured empirical material was developed in a descriptive, tabular, and graphic form, using a comparative analysis. Furthermore, all diagnostic characteristics were presented as a score, illustrating the financial situation of naturally valuable rural municipalities in Poland compared to other rural municipalities as well as the entire country for 2019–2021. This was an innovative approach to the discussed research problem. The analysis of statistical data confirmed the research hypothesis that the local governments of naturally valuable rural communes in Poland use the resources of the natural environment and successfully cope with existing difficulties related to the need to protect nature. Thus, they achieve similar economic and financial results to other rural communes in the country.

This article identifies and assesses the importance of informational factors in shaping consumer demand for organic food in Poland, using demographic segmentation criteria, including gender, age, education, place of residence, and wealth. The empirical data came from a survey conducted among 850 randomly selected organic food consumers in Poland in December 2020, using the CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) method, accessed via an internet panel. The collected and structured empirical data are presented in descriptive, tabular, and graphical form, using comparative analyses. The results of the research have allowed for the construction of three original models of organic food consumers, with regard to information credibility and reliability. Additionally, the results confirmed the research hypothesis, which assumes that consumers who recognize the credibility and reliability of information concerning organic food products purchase them more often and spend more on them. Thus, in the case of organic food, the impact of credible and reliable information on the process of shaping consumer demand is clear: it constitutes a significant factor that triggers demand.

The article assesses the material living conditions of the population in the eastern and western regions of Poland against the background of the country and its changes in 2010–2018. The spatial scope of the research covers the entire country, including the eastern and western regions of Poland, i.e., territorial government units (voivodships) where the administrative border is also the state border. The temporal scope of the research covers the years 2010 and 2018. The empirical material of the article consists of data from the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw, especially the Household Budget Survey. The empirical material was developed in a graphic form using the method of comparative analysis and a scoring method for all diagnostic features illustrating the material living conditions of residents in the studied regions of Poland against the background of the country in 2010–2018. The conducted analysis showed that there are regional disproportions in terms of the material living conditions of the inhabitants. Even though most of the studied regions improved in this regard over the period studied, the eastern regions of Poland are still falling short in comparison to the western regions. In addition, there are also discrepancies in this respect between individual eastern and western regions. The material living conditions of the inhabitants in most of the analyzed Polish regions should be treated, among other things, as the result of the implementation of the European Union cohesion policy, especially in the eastern regions, which are classified as the least economically developed in the EU.

Although the phenomenon of exclusion has been present in our reality for thousands of years, it only became the point of scientific interest a quarter of century ago. It seems a vital issue since it may concern any citizen in any of their walks of life. They may become financially excluded due to their educational background, income, financial status, nationality, sex or even lifestyle. In practice, excluded individuals are deprived of performing certain social activities despite their abilities or willingness to do so. This paper is aimed at identifying the awareness of issues concerning financial exclusion in a group of males in Poland. It provides the outcome of a survey held in a research group of 898 males on the topic of perceived financial exclusion. Moreover, the study elaborates on the determinants of financial exclusion in Poland, as well as individuals or whole social groups potentially at risk, in the opinion of the male respondents. The results enhance the wider knowledge of financial exclusion in Polish society.

The phenomenon of currency exchange first came into being approximately 2500 years ago. The Greeks are known to be the pioneers in currency exchange. General references to this kind of operations can also be traced to the Jesus Christ era and found in the Bible. Over centuries the demand for exchanging currency increased together with the growing number of countries issuing their own currencies. This clearly led to the development of an independent financial market segment and isolation of intermediaries dealing with this kind of services. Technical advances related to the launch of new distribution channels for Internet-based financial services did not circumvent the currency exchange market. In this field new alternative forms of foreign exchange offices were introduced at the beginning of 21th century which provided currency exchange referred to as online foreign exchange (online foreign exchange platforms). The article delivers main outcomes of conducted survey which attempted to specify customer preferences with regard to their online foreign exchange activities. The first part of the article introduces the reasons why customers decide to undertake foreign exchange operations via Internet. It elaborates on the determinants influencing customers’ choice of online exchange platforms as location of foreign currency exchange. The following part of the article elaborates on convertible currency types and exchange operations’ frequency with regard to online foreign exchange platforms. Finally, customers’ trust and its level is evaluated in the field of foreign currency exchange platforms.

Zjawisko wykluczenia finansowego będące wynikiem braku dostępu lub ograniczeniem dostępu dla indywidualnego konsumenta lub grupy konsumentów do określonego portfela produktów oferowanych na rynku finansowym jest znane w różnej postaci od tysięcy lat. Przez wieki najczęściej było ono związane z ograniczonym dostępem do pożyczek i kredytów. W wieku dwudziestym wraz z dynamicznym rozwojem rynków finansowych oraz oferowanych na nich produktów pojawiły się różne rodzaje wykluczenia finansowe (emerytalne, inwestycyjne, kredytowe, oszczędnościowe, płatnicze, ubezpieczeniowe). A od dwudziestu pięciu lat, kiedy to została opracowana pierwsza definicja tego zjawiska, wykluczenie finansowe stało się przedmiotem badań naukowych. W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wyniki badań ankietowych dotyczących postrzegania zjawiska wykluczenia finansowego przeprowadzonych na grupie respondentów, którzy w oparciu o kryterium wieku zaliczani są do pokolenia X. Celem tych badań było podjęcie próby oceny znajomości zagadnień związanych ze zjawiskiem wykluczenia finansowego w analizowanej grupie wiekowej Polaków oraz wskazanie determinantów, które ich zdaniem w sposób bezpośredni wpływają na występowanie tego zjawiska.W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono poziom znajomości zagadnień związanych z wykluczeniem finansowym wśród przedstawicieli pokolenia X. Następnie zaprezentowano wskazane przez respondentów przyczyny oraz osoby potencjalnie zagrożone możliwością wykluczenia. W dalszej części omówiono wyniki przeprowadzonej przez ankietowanych oceny poziomu tego zjawiska oraz wskazano kto ich zdaniem jest odpowiedzialny za przeciwdziałanie zjawisku wykluczenia finansowego.