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1. Severe Chronic Allergic (and Related) Diseases: A Uniform Approach – A MeDALL – GA2LEN – ARIA Position Paper

Author

J Rosado-Pinto, Valérie Siroux, Cynthia Hohmann, A. Mazon, Olivier Vandenplas, A. Mohammadi, M. P. Orru, W. J. Fokkens, K-H. Carlsen, G. Khayat, Jean Bousquet, Ronald Dahl, Gailen D. Marshall, Jan Brozek, Stefan Wöhrl, J. Ratomaharo, Nanshan Zhong, Paulo Augusto Moreira Camargos, Mario Sánchez-Borges, A. Yorgancioglu, Mariona Pinart, Mika J. Mäkelä, A. Bedbrook, Jordi Sunyer, Philippe-Jean Bousquet, G. Passalacqua, Raphaëlle Varraso, G. S. Ouedraogo, Ingrid Terreehorst, G.W. Canonica, Bianca Beghe, John Wright, Josep M. Antó, I. Pin, J. Ring, F. Kauffmann, Gerard H. Koppelman, William K. Dolen, B. Koffi N'Goran, K. C. Lødrup Carlsen, Brian J. Lipworth, Alkis Togias, A. Ben Kheder, Ruby Pawankar, Christophe Pison, Dennis M. Williams, Osman M. Yusuf, Eugene R. Bleecker, Holger J. Schünemann, M. Roman Rodriguez, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Elina Toskala, B. Hellquist-Dahl, Sergio Bonini, Bénédicte Jacquemin, Eleni Fthenou, E.H.D. Bel, Michael A. Kaliner, Ruta Dubakiene, C. S. Ang, E. Melen, Isabelle Momas, Elena Gimeno-Santos, Klaus F. Rabe, Ferran Ballester, Barbara Rogala, Antonino Romano, Stefano Guerra, Sam Oddie, E.D. Bateman, H. Douagui, Renato T. Stein, Claus Bachert, Robert M. Naclerio, Fernando D. Martinez, Talant Sooronbaev, Rudolph Valenta, K. C. Bergmann, Inger Kull, M. Morais-Almeida, Marjan Kerkhof, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Josep Roca, L.-P. Boulet, L. T. Le, Daniela Porta, F. Martin, K. S. Bennoor, Alfredo Cesario, Piotr Kuna, William W. Busse, S. Nafti, Mübeccel Akdis, Dirkje S. Postma, Phil Lieberman, Désirée Larenas, Aziz Sheikh, Y. Z. Chen, J Mullol, T. Didi, D. Y. Wang, Marta Benet, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, David Price, Tari Haahtela, Dominique Valeyre, F. E. R. Simons, I. Annesi-Maesano, Magnus Wickman, A. Andrianarisoa, Giovanni Viegi, Pascal Demoly, A. El-Meziane, C. E. Baena-Cagnani, Ulf Darsow, S. Palkonen, F. Berrissoul, X. Basagana, R. Gerth van Wijk, J. O. B. Hourihane, B. Pigearias, A. L. Boner, T. D. Nyembue, B. Samolinski, Y. Okamoto, W. Carr, C. van Weel, Marek L. Kowalski, Christopher E. Brightling, Thomas Keil, D. Rezagui, D. J. Costa, Todor A. Popov, Eli O. Meltzer, Ioana Agache, Marcus Maurer, Thomas B. Casale, T. Bieber, Charles Auffray, Antonella Muraro, K. Ohta, T. Zuberbier, Yousser Mohammad, Henriette A. Smit, Manolis Kogevinas, Dermot Ryan, Iris Lavi, Marc Humbert, Sakari Reitamo, J. Just, Martijn C. Nawijn, M. Beji, Bassam Mahboub, F. Mihaltan, Peter H. Howarth, Alvaro A. Cruz, Cevdet Ozdemir, L. Namazova-Baranova, Y. Tremblay, M. E. Zernotti, Adnan Custovic, C. Bindslev Jensen, João Fonseca, Robyn E O'Hehir, O. Kalayci, H. Haddad, Andrew Bush, L. Cox, Mihaela Zidarn, Anca-Mirela Chiriac, H. J. Zar, Judith Garcia-Aymerich, G. K. Scadding, Peter J. Sterk, Richard G. Roberts, Maria Vassilaki, P. Panzner, and P W Hellings

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Public health, Immunology, macromolecular substances, General Medicine, Atopic dermatitis, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030228 respiratory system, Disease severity, Epidemiology, medicine, Physical therapy, Immunology and Allergy, Position paper, Disease process, 030212 general & internal medicine, Intensive care medicine, business, Chronic urticaria, Asthma
Abstract

Concepts of disease severity, activity, control and responsiveness to treatment are linked but different. Severity refers to the loss of function of the organs induced by the disease process or to the occurrence of severe acute exacerbations. Severity may vary over time and needs regular follow-up. Control is the degree to which therapy goals are currently met. These concepts have evolved over time for asthma in guidelines, task forces or consensus meetings. The aim of this paper is to generalize the approach of the uniform definition of severe asthma presented to WHO for chronic allergic and associated diseases (rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis) in order to have a uniform definition of severity, control and risk, usable in most situations. It is based on the appropriate diagnosis, availability and accessibility of treatments, treatment responsiveness and associated factors such as comorbidities and risk factors. This uniform definition will allow a better definition of the phenotypes of severe allergic (and related) diseases for clinical practice, research (including epidemiology), public health purposes, education and the discovery of novel therapies.

Published
2012
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2. Role of Mast Cells and Basophils in Asthma

Author

Stephen T. Holgate, Andrew F. Walls, Peter H. Howarth, Riccardo Polosa, and Anthony E. Redington

Subjects
Interleukin 33, biology, business.industry, Immunology, biology.protein, Medicine, Mast (botany), Immunoglobulin E, business, medicine.disease, Asthma
Published
2015
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3. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Airway Inflammation in Asthma

Author

Martin K. Church, Peter H. Howarth, Newton E. Morton, Ratko Djukanovic, Anthony J. Frew, and Stephen T. Holgate

Subjects
Genetic Linkage, Biopsy, Immunology, Bronchi, Inflammation, Biology, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Genetic linkage, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Mast Cells, Allele, Asthma, Mucous Membrane, Interleukin-9, Models, Immunological, Airway inflammation, Infant, Environmental Exposure, General Medicine, Allergens, Immunoglobulin E, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, medicine.disease, Chemotaxis, Leukocyte, Child, Preschool, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, Cytokines, medicine.symptom, E-Selectin, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Autacoids
Abstract

The clear recognition that asthma has an inflammatory basis has led to a search for genetic and environmental causes. Genetic linkage studies provide evidence for allelic association between polymorphic markers of interleukin-9 on chromosome 5 and a principal component of the allergic phenotype, log IgE. Further studies that intrauterine environmental factors are an important determinant of the allergic phenotype in addition to allergen exposure during the first year of life. Once sensitised, the respiratory mucosa provides the allergic interface between the environment and internal milieux involving autacoid and cytokine release from mast cells. Up-regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, specifically E-selectin and ICAM-1, is responsible for the leucocyte recruitment of the late-phase asthmatic response, while recruitment of T cells and their subsequent activation contribute to the ongoing inflammatory response of asthma. The epithelium is the origin and target tissue for the inflammatory response, resulting in detachment of suprabasal cells, up-regulation of adhesion molecules and enhanced mediator and cytokine secretion. These latter findings, being more evident in severe chronic disease, suggest that the 'formed' airway elements are also important in mediating the ongoing inflammation characteristic of asthma.

Published
1995
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4. Allergic Inflammation and Its Pharmacological Modulation in Asthma

Author

William R. Roche, KM Britten, Stephen T. Holgate, Peter H. Howarth, John W Wilson, and Ratko Djukanovic

Subjects
Immunology, Allergic inflammation, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Mast Cells, Inflammation, Leukotriene C4, business.industry, General Medicine, Smooth muscle contraction, Allergens, Eosinophil, Mast cell, Asthma, Eosinophils, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Cytokines, Bronchoconstriction, Prostaglandin D2, medicine.symptom, business, Histamine
Abstract

While most asthma occurs in association with atopy, the relationship of this to clinical expression of the disease is not clearly understood. Allergen provocation causes an immediate bronchoconstriction (early asthmatic reaction) due to the release of mast-cell-derived histamine, prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C4. The late reaction and attendent increase in bronchial responsiveness are associated with eosinophil influx, activation and mediator secretion, resulting in mucosal swelling in addition to smooth muscle contraction. Endobronchial biopsy and broncho-alveolar lavage have provided compelling evidence that both mast cells and eosinophils contribute to disordered airway function in ‘clinical’ asthma and that these cells are under the control of T lymphocytes. Topical corticosteroids which produce beneficial clinical effects probably do so by inhibiting those factors that maintain mast cell and eosinophil populations and their enhanced activation. The most likely contenders for these regulatory functions are the cytokines, particularly interleukin-3, -4 and -5.

Published
1991
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5. Contents, Vol. 94, 1991

Author

Graham S. LeGros, Hiroshi Yamakawa, K. Takatsu, Ratko Djukanovic, P.G. Holt, J. Bujanowski-Weber, P. Oehme, S. Bianchj, William Roche, I. Knöller, G. Delespesse, Toru Ando, Reinhold Penner, D. Macchia, R. Djukanovic, George W. Ward, Thomas Bieber, T. Furitsu, Makoto Dohi, Susan M. MacDonald, Martin D. Chapman, F. Chavarria, R. Robert Schellenberg, Michiko Haida, Makoto Nogami, John R. Brashler, J. Brom, Pascal Chanez, A. Ciccarelli, T.D. Whalley, M.J. Carmona, E. Saito, Mamoru Ito, H. Behrendt, W. Zachgo, Gabriele Zwadlo-Klarwasser, Philip J. Thompson, Sylvia Miescher, N.P. Siemensma, A. de Paulis, G. Schultze-Werninghaus, J.-P. Kinet, B.D. Gomperts, Takeo Juji, Ikuo Akutsu, Richard J. Simpson, S. Wilson, T.H. Lee, Suhad El-Lati, Bernhard Przybilla, J. Oliver, Sesha Reddigari, Monique Vogel, Koki Takahashi, Thomas Iff, L. Mugnai, E. Neher, Nathalie Paul-Eugène, Ph. Lassalle, Takeshi Fukuda, Dean D. Metcalfe, V. Lagente, C.E. O’Neil, Go Matsuzaki, C. McMenamin, Jordan N. Fink, G. Burow, Ch. Lemmermann, Ch. Schweiger, H. Wagner, K. Kurihara, D.R. Springall, Karin Pettenburger, A. Capron, H.Y.A. Lau, R. Wahl, G.J. Gleich, K. Rother, Shigeru Takafuji, W.R. Roche, Kurt Blaser, F. Gambassi, A. Pistelli, M. Bubak, Andrew F. Walls, Jeffrey M. Drazen, S.J. Lane, Johann-Christian Virchow, Akio Mori, J.M. Polak, Dietrich Kraft, Hans L. Spiegelberg, L. Lipponer, Friederike von zur Mühlen, R. zur Strassen, Rihoux Jean-Pierre, Susanne Spitzauer, Werner J. Pichler, Karen Britten, M. Schon-Hegrad, Barbara K. Stout, John Wilson, Hirokazu Okudaira, Otto Scheiner, Mitsuko Kondo, Akira Ishii, Richard Sporik, Daniel Weinreich, M. Keating, W. Dorsch, Manel Jordana, Ch.H. Heusser, Ingrid Enander, Massimo Triggiani, T. Ishizaka, Colin J. Sanderson, Dieter Vieluf, Stephanie A. Shore, J. Anrather, S. Terrados, Claus Bachert, Rosa M. Ten, E.W. Rauterberg, E. Masini, H. Rumpold, Jean Yves Lacoste, T.H.W. Lillie, K. Ohno, Alison M. Campbell, E. Gutierrez, F.L. Pearce, Stephan C. Bischoff, R. Suau, Miguel Blanca, P.H. Howarth, P.K. Jeffery, Robert L. Barker, E. Perez, M. Pfenning, Marshall Plaut, Piotr Kuna, T. Abe, H. Rotermund, Michael A. Lett-Brown, Herbert G. Johnson, Thomas Brunner, C. Ra, U. Ganzer, N. Hyslop, Kazuhiko Akiyoshi, Alain L. de Weck, J. Bews, A. Hartnell, J. Dry, K. Nosbüsch, Rafeul Alam, G. Le Gros, V. Brinkmann, Jacqueline M. Langdon, B. Thomas, P. Heap, Corinne Petit-Frère, A.G. Fernández, Wolfgang Schmutzler, Gianni Marone, Matsunobu Suko, R.W. Gristwood, D. Kraft, G.M. Walsh, A.G. Palma-Carlos, B. Bradley, N.S. Sakaguchi, J.M. Vega, O.-H. Wilhelms, R. Wiewrodt, A. Brini, Stephen R. Durham, M. Lupini, M.A. Reed, Thierry Maisonnet, A. Witzel, Peter J. Barnes, Ch. Brander, Lawrence M. Lichtenstein, A. Koffer, Y. Delneste, Laura Palma-Carlos, Jennifer Cairns, T. Brunnee, Elliott Homer, Diana J. Quint, F. Bettens, Monique Capron, Sohei Makino, Luanda Beck, T. Imai, Takayuki Ohtoshi, A. Akasawa, Lore Koller, Yoji Iikura, Naohiro Watanabe, Ahuva Nissim, J.W. Coleman, A. Ohgimi, D. Befus, J.R. Wilkinson, H. Küster, T. Katsunuma, Ch. Ebner, K.J. Turner, M.P. Piccinni, F. Ledermann, Michael Breitenbach, Bradley J. Undem, A.B. Kay, John E. Salvaggio, Carvalho de Sousa, S.T. Holgate, B. Girn, P. Berga, S. Bent, Gerald J. Gleich, Arnold S. Kirshenbaum, P.B. Boulos, Yoshitaka Ino, M. Breitenbach, R. Rathsack, May Azzawi, Sun Ying, Philippe Godard, J.H. Widdicombe, Rudolf Valenta, Christopher Corrigan, S. Romagnani, D.M. Kemeny, Bernard Dugas, Samuel B. Lehrer, Y. Churcher, John Gordon, C. Brom, F. Leynadier, Gert Kunkel, Gerard Cox, B.F. Weber, D. Diaz-Sanchez, Shinji Motojima, J.W. Wilson, Pieter L.B. Bruijnzeel, P.F. Mannaioni, K. Britten, Allen P. Kaplan, Yutaka Morita, K. Ishida, Erika Jensen-Jarolim, Jack Gauldie, Fiona R. Lake, S. Raspanti, Andrew Grant, R. Fadel, S. Dunnette, Jean Bousquet, Ivan Aebischer, Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills, T. Wyss, Richard D. O’Connor, Larry D. Ward, A.G. Morris, Clemens A. Dahinden, Toshifumi Yuuki, P. Parronchi, Hiroyuki Mochizuki, Gail M. McNutt, D.C. Reason, Martin Krieger, Lawrence E. Gelber, Naoki Inagaki, E. Kilchherr, Elisabeth Boichot, Qiu Gang, F. Gabl, Alec H. Sehon, J.V. Collins, Shiro Kasuya, J. Blomgren, Bernadette Pignol, Motohiro Ebisawa, N. Sakaguchi, Jacalyn H. Pierce, U. Blank, Fu-Tong Liu, Robert A. Seder, R. Hilger, Richard P. Bransford, M. Linssen, Jörg Kleine-Tebbe, P.D. Pare, Kazuhiko Yamamoto, Jean Michel Mencia-Huerta, Michael K. Bach, Pierre Braquet, J. Salvaggio, Reuben J.M. Falkoff, R. Merget, J. Hards, B.J. Holt, D. Strickland, P.E.R. Tatham, A.B. Tonnel, H. Saito, François-B. Michel, K. Akimoto, Jerry Dolovich, Brian M. Greenlee, Carl G. A. Persson, Anne Kagey-Sobotka, Tim R. Mosmann, Zelig Eshhar, N. Wallen, Maria Baeza, A.J. Wardlaw, Peter H. Howarth, Robin N. Poston, W. König, R.C. Benyon, M. Lopez, D. Mijic, E. Jarolim, William E. Paul, John P. Caulfield, B. Kunz, Milton A. Martins, Yasushi Okumura, J. Knöller, R. Ciriilo, K. Nieber, Geoffrey A. Stewart, Allen C. Myers, Zami Ben-Sasson, U. Hauser, M. G. Di Bello, Michael Duchêne, C. Baumgarten, C.J. Sanderson, Koji Ito, R. Valenta, M.-H. Jouvin, Menachem Rottem, F. Carswell, A. Miranda, K.R. Tainsh, Kimm J. Hamann, Judah A. Denburg, K. Wagner, Martin K. Church, Qutayba Hamid, O. Mejan, Johannes Ring, J. Fernandez, L. Juhlin, Kiyoshi Takatsu, Martin E. Sanders, Peter W. Heymann, C.E. Reed, P. Wentz-Murtha, Fred D. Finkelman, J. Llupiá, Helmut Rumpold, Stephen T. Holgate, Conceição B. Santos, G.M. Hänsch, W.L. Liu, Christoph Walker, M. Ricci, Ph. Gosset, E. Maggi, J. Wilson, R. Moqbel, and Beda M. Stadler

Subjects
business.industry, Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, General Medicine, business
Published
1991
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6. Airway Inflammation and Atopic Asthma: A Comparative Bronchoscopic Investigation

Author

William R. Roche, Stephen T. Holgate, Andrew F. Walls, John W Wilson, Ratko Djukanovic, KM Britten, Peter H. Howarth, and Susan J. Wilson

Subjects
T-Lymphocytes, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Bronchi, Inflammation, Lymphocyte Activation, Atopy, Bronchoscopy, Respiratory Hypersensitivity, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Eosinophilia, Mast Cells, Bronchitis, Asthma, business.industry, Respiratory disease, General Medicine, Immunoglobulin E, respiratory system, Eosinophil, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, Eosinophils, body regions, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cytokine, medicine.symptom, Airway, business
Abstract

Flexible fibre-optic bronchoscopy under local anaesthesia has been used to investigate the cellular airway events in atopic asthma. The findings have been compared to those from atopic individuals without asthma and non-atopic healthy controls, in an attempt to discern those changes relevant to clinical disease expression. Immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic analyses of airway biopsies identified that an atopic diathesis is associated with tissue eosinophil infiltration and mast cell degranulation. The eosinophilia was greatest in those atopic individuals with asthma. Flow-cytometric analysis of airway lavage revealed significantly enhanced T lymphocyte activation in clinical asthma. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that T lymphocyte activation, through cytokine release, amplifies the tissue eosinophilia in asthma and that this combination is associated with clinical disease expression.

Published
1991
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7. Urinary Glycosaminoglycan Levels Are Increased in Acute Severe Asthma – a Role for Eosinophil-Derived Gelatinase B?

Author

Jasvir Parmar, Peter H. Howarth, Janis K. Shute, and Stephen T. Holgate

Subjects
business.industry, Urinary system, Gelatinase B, Immunology, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases, General Medicine, Eosinophil, medicine.disease, Asthma, Eosinophils, Extracellular matrix, Glycosaminoglycan, medicine.anatomical_structure, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, Acute severe asthma, medicine, Matrix metalloproteases, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Collagenases, business, Glycoproteins, Glycosaminoglycans
Published
1997
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8. Neutrophil Influx and lnterleukin-8 Release after Segmental Allergen or Saline Challenge in Asthmatics

Author

Donna E. Davies, Mary P. Carroll, Anthony J. Frew, Stephen Montefort, Martin K. Church, Stephen T. Holgate, Peter H. Howarth, Luis M. Teran, Ivan J. Lindley, and Laurie C.K. Lau

Subjects
Neutrophils, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Interleukin-8, Immunology, General Medicine, Allergens, Sodium Chloride, respiratory system, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Asthma, Bronchial Provocation Tests, respiratory tract diseases, Chemotaxis, Leukocyte, Allergen, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Interleukin 8, business, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Saline
Abstract

Neutrophils have been associated with the late asthmatic reaction. However, their role in this disease is not well understood. In this study, we have measured neutrophil influx and release of interleukin-8 into asthmatic airways after endobronchial challenge with either allergen or saline solution.

Published
1995
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9. Biographical Sketch of Dr. Alec H. Sehon

Author

Matsunobu Suko, R.W. Gristwood, A.G. Palma-Carlos, T.H.W. Lillie, K. Ohno, R. Wiewrodt, K. Nosbüsch, Jacqueline M. Langdon, A. Brini, Zelig Eshhar, E. Kilchherr, V. Lagente, C.E. O’Neil, T. Katsunuma, Jean Michel Mencia-Huerta, M. Lopez, Michael K. Bach, D. Mijic, E. Jarolim, F.L. Pearce, E. Perez, Beda M. Stadler, Pierre Braquet, E. Saito, Mamoru Ito, H. Behrendt, N. Wallen, Maria Baeza, A.J. Wardlaw, Ch. Lemmermann, Ch. Schweiger, Bernadette Pignol, A. de Paulis, J. Salvaggio, Reuben J.M. Falkoff, J. Hards, William E. Paul, B.J. Holt, P. Berga, R. Djukanovic, Philip J. Thompson, Sylvia Miescher, N.P. Siemensma, Graham S. LeGros, Hiroshi Yamakawa, Yoshitaka Ino, M. Breitenbach, D. Strickland, K. Wagner, Martin K. Church, B. Bradley, Gert Kunkel, Gerard Cox, John P. Caulfield, Milton A. Martins, Yasushi Okumura, Daniel Weinreich, C.E. Reed, M.A. Reed, Thierry Maisonnet, Sesha Reddigari, Monique Vogel, Philippe Godard, J.H. Widdicombe, Robert A. Seder, F. Gabl, Christopher Corrigan, S. Romagnani, J.V. Collins, Jacalyn H. Pierce, O. Mejan, J. Fernandez, Fred D. Finkelman, J. Llupiá, O.-H. Wilhelms, H. Saito, François-B. Michel, A. Witzel, Jean Bousquet, Ivan Aebischer, Lawrence E. Gelber, Naoki Inagaki, Fu-Tong Liu, Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills, T. Wyss, D.M. Kemeny, Elisabeth Boichot, T. Imai, Y. Delneste, Ch. Brander, Stephanie A. Shore, John R. Brashler, Wolfgang Schmutzler, Richard P. Bransford, Fiona R. Lake, Ingrid Enander, W. Zachgo, Gabriele Zwadlo-Klarwasser, S. Terrados, Jennifer Cairns, Rosa M. Ten, R.C. Benyon, J.W. Coleman, Bernard Dugas, Samuel B. Lehrer, Y. Churcher, Shiro Kasuya, Takayuki Ohtoshi, G. Le Gros, D. Diaz-Sanchez, A.B. Tonnel, J. Brom, Pascal Chanez, J. Blomgren, John Gordon, P. Heap, M. Linssen, Jörg Kleine-Tebbe, Manel Jordana, Ch.H. Heusser, K. Akimoto, Jerry Dolovich, T. Ishizaka, Ratko Djukanovic, I. Knöller, Thomas Bieber, Peter H. Howarth, Helmut Rumpold, H. Rumpold, Motohiro Ebisawa, Jean Yves Lacoste, Gianni Marone, P.G. Holt, Pieter L.B. Bruijnzeel, Massimo Triggiani, Karen Britten, D.C. Reason, N. Sakaguchi, N.S. Sakaguchi, Ikuo Akutsu, G. Schultze-Werninghaus, R. Valenta, U. Blank, J.M. Vega, F. Leynadier, C. Ra, Bernhard Przybilla, K. Takatsu, Robin N. Poston, Larry D. Ward, P.K. Jeffery, Stephen R. Durham, J. Bujanowski-Weber, Nathalie Paul-Eugène, J. Dry, E.W. Rauterberg, B. Kunz, Christoph Walker, Richard J. Simpson, S. Wilson, V. Brinkmann, Ph. Lassalle, G. Burow, P.D. Pare, P. Oehme, Rafeul Alam, J. Knöller, R. Ciriilo, Conceição B. Santos, W. König, S. Bianchj, Allen C. Myers, K.R. Tainsh, Thomas Iff, E. Maggi, A. Miranda, T.D. Whalley, William Roche, Kimm J. Hamann, Lawrence M. Lichtenstein, Herbert G. Johnson, Kazuhiko Akiyoshi, Allen P. Kaplan, G. Delespesse, M.J. Carmona, H.Y.A. Lau, Kazuhiko Yamamoto, C. McMenamin, J. Wilson, Peter J. Barnes, Laura Palma-Carlos, A. Akasawa, G.M. Walsh, A. Capron, Toru Ando, W.R. Roche, Qiu Gang, Andrew F. Walls, Monique Capron, Sohei Makino, M. Lupini, Luanda Beck, J. Oliver, C. Baumgarten, L. Mugnai, C.J. Sanderson, Naohiro Watanabe, L. Lipponer, Alec H. Sehon, T. Furitsu, A. Ohgimi, Makoto Dohi, T. Brunnee, Elliott Homer, Diana J. Quint, A. Koffer, Friederike von zur Mühlen, R. Moqbel, Bradley J. Undem, Barbara K. Stout, Arnold S. Kirshenbaum, P.B. Boulos, Judah A. Denburg, M.-H. Jouvin, Werner J. Pichler, Shigeru Takafuji, M. Schon-Hegrad, Michael Breitenbach, G.M. Hänsch, Johannes Ring, J. Anrather, Robert L. Barker, Reinhold Penner, Otto Scheiner, L. Juhlin, Johann-Christian Virchow, Hirokazu Okudaira, E. Masini, S. Dunnette, Gerald J. Gleich, E. Gutierrez, Marshall Plaut, K. Nieber, F. Carswell, Piotr Kuna, R. Hilger, H. Küster, Clemens A. Dahinden, D. Macchia, W.L. Liu, M.P. Piccinni, Colin J. Sanderson, F. Gambassi, Jeffrey M. Drazen, Geoffrey A. Stewart, R. Wahl, G.J. Gleich, R. zur Strassen, R. Merget, M. Ricci, Menachem Rottem, John E. Salvaggio, Qutayba Hamid, Go Matsuzaki, Peter W. Heymann, Martin D. Chapman, P.E.R. Tatham, F. Chavarria, P. Wentz-Murtha, H. Wagner, S.J. Lane, Ph. Gosset, Akio Mori, K. Rother, Dietrich Kraft, Hans L. Spiegelberg, Kurt Blaser, A. Pistelli, Koki Takahashi, Kiyoshi Takatsu, D. Kraft, Martin E. Sanders, R. Suau, Stephen T. Holgate, T. Abe, Thomas Brunner, John Wilson, N. Hyslop, Alain L. de Weck, A. Hartnell, Corinne Petit-Frère, Zami Ben-Sasson, F. Bettens, Lore Koller, Yoji Iikura, U. Hauser, May Azzawi, Yutaka Morita, K. Ishida, M. G. Di Bello, Michael Duchêne, Koji Ito, Martin Krieger, D.R. Springall, Karin Pettenburger, J.M. Polak, Ahuva Nissim, Susanne Spitzauer, D. Befus, J.R. Wilkinson, Ch. Ebner, K.J. Turner, M. Bubak, F. Ledermann, Akira Ishii, Richard Sporik, M. Keating, A.B. Kay, Carvalho de Sousa, S.T. Holgate, B. Girn, S. Bent, Dieter Vieluf, Rihoux Jean-Pierre, W. Dorsch, Mitsuko Kondo, Claus Bachert, T.H. Lee, Suhad El-Lati, George W. Ward, E. Neher, R. Robert Schellenberg, Michiko Haida, Makoto Nogami, Brian M. Greenlee, Carl G. A. Persson, Anne Kagey-Sobotka, M. Pfenning, Dean D. Metcalfe, B.F. Weber, H. Rotermund, Shinji Motojima, J.W. Wilson, Tim R. Mosmann, Michael A. Lett-Brown, K. Kurihara, P.F. Mannaioni, Erika Jensen-Jarolim, Jack Gauldie, S. Raspanti, Andrew Grant, U. Ganzer, R. Fadel, R. Rathsack, Susan M. MacDonald, Toshifumi Yuuki, Sun Ying, B. Thomas, Rudolf Valenta, P. Parronchi, A. Ciccarelli, J.-P. Kinet, B.D. Gomperts, Takeo Juji, C. Brom, Hiroyuki Mochizuki, Gail M. McNutt, Alison M. Campbell, Takeshi Fukuda, K. Britten, Jordan N. Fink, J. Bews, Richard D. O’Connor, Stephan C. Bischoff, Miguel Blanca, P.H. Howarth, A.G. Morris, and A.G. Fernández

Subjects
Gerontology, media_common.quotation_subject, Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, Art history, General Medicine, Art, Biographical sketch, media_common
Published
1991
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10. Determinants of Asthma Severity

Author

Peter H. Howarth, Peter Bradding, Stephen T. Holgate, Amanda E. Semper, Ratko Djukanovic, R. Aalbers, B. Vrugt, and Susan J. Wilson

Subjects
Hypersensitivity, Immediate, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, T-Lymphocytes, Immunology, Asthma severity, Bronchi, General Medicine, Asthma, Eosinophils, Text mining, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Mast Cells, business
Published
1995
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