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Aims: We examined the development of research articles published in the Scandinavian Journal of Public Health and its predecessors Acta Socio-Medica Scandinavica and the Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine from 1969 until 2020 to be able to identify the place of international comparisons of socioeconomic inequalities in health in the journal. Methods: Altogether 3237 research articles were screened to yield 126 comparative research articles. Examining full texts of the comparative articles led to 13 articles reporting comparisons of health inequalities. Results: The first one came out in 1972, but the rest only after the mid-1990s. The most common socioeconomic indicator was education, but also occupational class and income was used. The most common health indicator was self-rated health. The articles compared Nordic countries with each other, but also with non-Nordic countries. Although the number of comparative studies on health inequalities was relatively small, there were examples of well-designed studies using advanced methodology. We examined only published journal articles over the past five decades, not submitted but rejected papers. Conclusions: In the Scandinavian Journal of Public Health and its predecessors, comparisons of health inequalities were few and emerged relatively late, that is, during the past two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: There are substantial differences in remaining life expectancy at higher ages between occupational groups. These differences may be the effect of work-related exposures, lifestyle factors of workers in specific occupations, socioeconomic position or a combination of this. The scope of this paper is the extent to which occupational differences in remaining life expectancy persist after retirement, which would suggest that occupational exposures alone are not likely to explain all the difference. Methods: All individuals born between 1925 and 1939 who reported occupational information in the Census 1985 and were residents in Sweden to the end of 2020 or who died were included and followed for death until 2020. The Nordic Classification of Occupations was used to create nine occupational groups. Partial life expectancy and age-specific death rates were applied to examine mortality differentials. Results: This study showed substantial differences in partial life expectancy across the occupational cohorts with the biggest difference being about 2 years. The mortality differences persisted with increasing age, both when measured as absolute numbers as well as relative numbers. Conclusions: The lack of convergence in mortality at high ages suggests that factors associated with lifestyle may play a larger role than occupational factors for the mortality differences between occupational groups at high ages. However, it cannot be ruled out that long-lasting effects of earlier occupational exposures also contribute. Regardless of the exact mechanism, we conclude that there is room for further reduction in mortality at high ages and, thus, for further improvement in life expectancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to technological change and growing digitalization of the workplaces, the post-pandemic economic recovery offers opportunities for workers to upgrade their industry-specific skills in different sectors, including tourism, where an increasing shortage in the seasonal tier of the labor market is emerging. Various barriers have been identified as key factors preventing both tourism firms from implementing skill development interventions, and workers from co-investing in training. An under-investigated possible barrier is women's occupational segregation, both horizontal and vertical. This paper looks at the former type of segregation, the most frequent in the tourism industry, by showing that this condition penalizes women's willingness to invest in specific training. Data come from a dedicated survey administered to a sample of seasonal employees who worked in the Rimini Province (Italy) during the summer of 2019 and applies a twofold regression analysis followed by an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Our findings contribute to the debate on gender equality in the tourism industry and on the gendered impact of COVID-19 on workers' careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the number of sex workers in Scotland and England who are in contact with specialist services for sex workers. Then, using methods and multipliers derived from the frequently quoted Kinnell study (1999) the paper provides various updated estimates of the wider population of sex workers. We point out the limits of our estimates and the methodological difficulties of estimating the size of this hidden population. The paper argues that many claims about sex work made by politicians and the media are misleading especially where they conflate sex work with trafficking and abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The section presents a bulletin board for future journal issues. Among the themes that will be featured are "The urban agenda; what is it and where is it in the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)" and "Urban livelihoods." All papers published in the journal are available at http;//eau.sagepub.com.

This paper examines the social life and sociality of urban infrastructure. Drawing on a case study of land occupations and informal settlements in the city of Belo Horizonte in Brazil, where the staples of life such as water, electricity, shelter and sanitation are co-constructed by the poor, the paper argues that infrastructures – visible and invisible – are deeply implicated in not only the making and unmaking of individual lives, but also in the experience of community, solidarity and struggle for recognition. Infrastructure is proposed as a gathering force and political intermediary of considerable significance in shaping the rights of the poor to the city and their capacity to claim those rights. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the application to Italy of Goldin's hypothesis that the unexplained gender pay gap is crucially linked to firms' incentive to disproportionately reward individuals who work long and particular hours. The study draws mainly on Italian responses to the 2014 European Structure of Earnings Survey for data on earnings and the individual characteristics of employees and their employer, but also uses data from the Occupational Information Network and the Italian Sample Survey on Professions to measure characteristics reflecting the work context within occupations. For graduate and non-graduate workers, the results reveal a positive relationship between various measures of the unexplained gender pay gap and the elasticity of earnings with respect to work hours. For graduate workers, in accordance with Goldin's hypothesis, both these variables are correlated with the occupational characteristics that impose earnings penalties on workers seeking more workplace flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed real-time systems play an increasingly vital role in our society. The most important aspect of such systems is the scheduling algorithm, which must guarantee that every job in the system will meet its deadline, providing high-quality (precise) results. In this paper we evaluate by simulation the performance of strategies for the scheduling of parallel jobs (gangs) in a homogeneous distributed real-time system with possible software faults. For each scheduling policy we provide an alternative version which allows imprecise computations. We propose a performance metric applicable to our problem, which takes into account the number of jobs guaranteed, as well as the precision of the results of each guaranteed job. The simulation results show that the alternative versions of the algorithms outperform their respective counterparts. To the best of our knowledge, a real-time gang scheduling approach that utilizes imprecise computations has never been discussed in the literature before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies dynamically the direct effect of social origin on occupational destinations among men in Italy over the career. It aims at investigating the existence, the pattern over time and the heterogeneity of differences in occupational achievement related to social origins, net of education (DESO) and occupational allocation at first job. It also analyses if the change of the DESO over the career is related to the effect of specific job change episodes (voluntary job change, involuntary job change, internal career move). Results based on growth curve models show the relevance of first job in shaping the DESO, which also slightly increases over the career. The DESO is stronger among highly educated individuals, confirming a boosting pattern primarily driven by a better allocation at first job. The (smaller) DESO among the low-educated, increasing over the career, depends from the higher probabilities to benefit from voluntary and internal career job changes for the children of the service class. The (stronger) DESO among the highly educated is driven by the higher probabilities of experiencing internal career mobility for the children of the service class as well as by their ability to benefit also from an involuntary job change (e.g. dismissal). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The job demands–control/support (JDC/JDCS) models are highly influential in the HRM and employee well-being literature. Despite the high face validity, however, research has failed to find convincing empirical support for the 'buffer' hypothesis suggested by the JDC/JDCS models. In this article the authors explore this issue from three perspectives. First, they test the controversial 'buffer' hypothesis using a large nationally representative matched employer–employee sample from Britain. Second, they examine the role of teamwork HRM practices as a moderator of the buffering effect of job control against job demands on employee well-being. Finally, incorporating occupational level data into the analysis, the authors further explore the moderating effects of teamwork under different occupation-specific work intensity. The analysis suggests that there is strong evidence supporting the 'buffering' hypothesis. Also, it was found that teamwork moderates the buffering effect for employee intrinsic job satisfaction. Finally, the moderating effect of teamwork differs between occupations with different levels of work intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sociological study of popular cinema provides an analytic entry point for exploring how economic realities are given meaning through cultural products. In this paper, I compare how two Hollywood movies about bike messengers, Quicksilver and Premium Rush, position their main characters in relationship to the new economy. Both films provide commentaries on work and social class, but, as products of unique socio-historical periods, I argue that their commentaries differ significantly. Produced in the 1980s, Quicksilver uses messengering as a form of middle-class redemption, allowing the protagonist to return to the world of capitalist finance. By contrast, as a product of the Great Recession, Premium Rush offers a utopian vision of self-determination for low-wage service workers at the same time that it reifies the uncertainty, unpredictability, and riskiness that increasingly characterize American labor. I also show that both films converge in their portrayal of women and working-class blacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore what aspects of work-life affect healthcare professionals' well-being and if these aspects may explain a possible categorization considering different professional status. We administered a slightly altered version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire to assess the well-being of patient care workers in a government-funded healthcare organization in Southern Italy. Then, we run an analysis of variance test to explore the aspects affecting the well-being of patient care workers, and to understand if these aspects vary per different professional status (physicians, nurses, and health technicians). Results show important differences among the various professional categories of patient care workers, thus providing the basis for reflections and interventions to improve employee well-being, relevant from a theoretical, practical, and above all policy-making perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines variations in wages for tourism and tourism-associated industries in the USA for the period 2004-2009. It critically assesses the extent to which tourism and tourism-associated activities conform to their low-wage stereotype and finds this to be true in general, but not universally. It then considers the possibility that wages in US tourism and tourism-associated industries can be explained by observable characteristics of these industries. Recent research suggests that the use of wage data at the level of highly detailed occupations is an effective alternative to other ways of capturing underlying skill differences. Accordingly, data from the US Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) were used to provide this detail. The results strongly support the importance of difference in wages between occupations in understanding differences between industries. They also support the importance of a number of industry characteristics, including profitability, multi-factor productivity and demand growth. The paper also considers the relevance of an industry wage premium or discount for tourism and tourism-associated activities in the USA over the same period. It estimates an industry wage model separately for five individual occupations across all industries that employ for the occupation concerned. The analysis shows that workers in the two more highly paid occupations exhibit evidence of a tourism and tourism-associated discount but that workers in the three more lowly paid occupations exhibit a tourism and tourism-associated wage premium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including complexity of understanding job quality and its improvement; policy conceptions and rehabilitation campaigns related to jobs in Great Britain; and combined care of working with bereaved families.

This paper examines the agglomeration of people working in jobs with similar knowledge requirements, ranging from groups of artists and scientists to service providers and low-skilled labourers. Empirical results from the US suggest that agglomeration enhances earnings in innovation- and creative-based occupations such as artists, engineers, financial executives and information technology workers. In contrast, medical workers, personal service providers and low-skilled labourers do not appear to benefit from agglomeration. Positive agglomeration effects, however, need not lead to a high geographical concentration of economic activity. Rather, an occupation’s ability to concentrate in a few places also depends on the way in which knowledge is disseminated to people outside the occupational cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Typically, the high level of aggregation in conventional analysis of urban commuting may obscure meaningful differences among groups of commuters. This paper disaggregates US census datasets, taking commuters’ gender and occupation into consideration. Refined measures—jobs/workers ratio, average commuting distance and the number of in- and out-commuters—are introduced through the disaggregate approach and are tested for gender differences. Using US Census Transport Planning Package (CTPP) data for Rochester, MN, this study shows the spatial structure of the labour market among 18 worker groups. The results bear important implications for regional labour market plans considering the spatial mismatch between jobs and housing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Accessibility is a fundamental concept in theories of metropolitan spatial structure. Urban economic models explain urban structure as a function of access to jobs; accessibility is capitalised into land values, which in turn explain the population distribution. Studies of residential land values show that many factors contribute to the value of a given location: the characteristics of the housing unit, its location with respect to social and environmental amenities, as well as access to jobs, services and other economic opportunities. Empirical studies typically use job access as a proxy for more generalised access to economic activities. However, jobs represent many different activities, from retail shopping to heavy manufacturing, and the value of access to these activities may be positive or negative. In this paper, accessibility measures based on industry sectors have been developed, allowing the separating out of possible different effects. Their impacts are tested on residential land values using data from the Los Angeles region. A multilevel modelling approach is used in order to control for neighbourhood-level attributes common to multiple properties. It is found that the various access measures have different and significant effects on land values, but attributes of the dwelling unit, together with access to the coast, explain most of the variation. The multilevel model is confirmed; there is significant correlation among properties within the same neighbourhood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There is no consensus on the relationship between urban form and commuting behaviour in the international literature. However, there has been limited Australian research on commuting patterns. In this paper, an integrated spatial econometric model which utilises a number of proxies for urban form is employed to analyse the determinants of average commuting distance by occupation across Statistical Local Areas in the Sydney metropolitan area of New South Wales. It is found that, in contrast to a number of US studies, the jobs to residents ratio is an inadequate proxy for urban form and that both the minimum commute and measures of job proximity have superior explanatory power in concert with a range of socioeconomic variables, including occupational prestige, educational attainment and weekly hours of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divisions between variable oriented and person-oriented approaches in social and behavioral research are newly drawn. Yet few person oriented approaches have been fully articulated; those that have are predominantly quantitative This work presents an argument for a qualitative, person oriented study of careers; an approach identified as careers in context Based on a national study of scientists, this contextualist approach is grounded by three interacting, but analytically distinct, emphases to suggest how careers can be studied in and beyond science: (1) an emphasis on time and place as under-utilized dimensions on which to direct further study of careers; (2) an emphasis on the subjective career as a concept that qualitatively encapsulates temporal and spatial dimensions; and (3) an emphasis on career study in life course perspective. Subjectively (and objectively), careers are, of course, not static. By situating subjective careers in the times and places in which they occur, we are drawn to how those careers ‘play out’ over the course of the lives of the people leading them. This paper concludes by stressing ways in which contextual studies of careers in and beyond science will advance our understanding in five larger domains of social process: identity construction; institution building; social psychological differentiation; job satisfaction; and mystification of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author presents his views on work, employment and society today. As a mirror and conscience of society, sociology defines, promotes and informs public debate about class and racial inequalities, new gender regimes, environmental degradation, multiculturalism, technological revolutions, market fundamentalism, and state and non-state violence. More than ever the world needs public sociologies, sociologies that transcend the academy and engage wider audiences. Richard Brown made the point that the journal "Work, Employment and Society," would have a special role to play in British sociology because its intended focus on labor, employment and unemployment would allow deep channels to be cut into the way sociology as a discipline might make sense of structural change. The journal should become, as he put it, an "essential key to the understanding of social relations in any society." To achieve this aim, the journal should seek to be a journal that addresses everything "concerned with economic life," even though there would nevertheless need to be certain limits on what the journal was concerned with.

This paper describes a working conference 'Professional and Managerial Dilemmas Working in and with Organizations' that has been run annually since 1995 at the Institute of Group Analysis with the specific objective of building a bridge between group analysis and organizational consultancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses two conflicting discourses about the role of temporary work agencies. Some labour market analysts argue that they mobilize the unemployed labour reserve to undercut established employees' pay and conditions, thus offering the unemployed worse opportunities than they could obtain through other channels. By contrast, current UK policy on the reintegration of the unemployed assumes that any job is better than no job and encourages them to use agencies as a job search channel. This tiny segment of the labour market demands our attention for its rapid growth and particular importance in the experience of those moving in and out of unemployment. This paper examines the paradox that whilst employers increasingly turn to agencies to reduce labour costs, agencies seek to maximize the value of the labour they sell, in some circumstances acting as 'levellers' of pay and prospects for disadvantaged jobseekers. It then considered how the unemployed will be affected by the response of agency employment to the proposed European directive on temporary work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community care assessments and individual service reviews are intended to empower people with learning disabilities. The research study reported in this paper investigated the effects of the Carers Act on families that include people with a learning disability, and sought the views of 51 carers and the people they cared for. This paper focuses on the views of the people with learning disabilities themselves, who reported that their assessments were often hard to understand, disempowering and inaccessible. In addition, less than half of the services discussed at the assessment were provided one year later. However, carrying out a separate assessment of the carer's needs was generally empowering, both to the carer and to the cared-for person. The paper concludes with some recommendations to improve practice in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian researchers have used ANU status scales for over two decades to assign socioeconomic status scores to occupations coded into the occupational classifications produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). When the ABS has released new occupational classifications in the past, the ANU scale has been updated accordingly. The most recent status scale, the ANU3 scale, was developed in 1989 for use with the First Edition of the Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO). In 1996, however, the ABS released the Second Edition of ASCO. In this paper, we report an adaptation of the ANU3 scale for use with this modified classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the drivers of preferences about tax progressivity and redistribution are well identified, the study of willingness to pay taxes remains underdeveloped. This article uses the 2016 ISSP on the Role of Government and the 2018 OECD Risks that Matter surveys to identify which groups of voters are more likely to be willing to pay taxes. It shows that ideology mediates the correlations between education or income and willingness to pay. Among the left, income and education tend to have a positive association with willingness to pay taxes, whereas both variables are negatively associated with willingness to pay among the right. Thus, the core constituencies of left-wing parties composed of socio-cultural professionals and of production and service workers have different tax policy preferences. Socio-cultural professionals, with their higher education and income, are significantly more willing to pay taxes than production and service workers, who share lower education and income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role which multinational corporation (MNC) branch plants play in the development and maintenance of the boundaries between technical occupations in the Irish Republic. in doing so, it examines recent attempts to characterise such workers as incumbents of `high-discretion high-trust' work roles and also as `trusted workers'. This paper argues that such attempts are Lacking in explanatory power because they fail to account for other factors. In the Irish case, these include levels of qualification, the higher status of theoretical and abstract knowledge, the fusion of technical and managerial functions and the greater organisational importance of the more senior technical positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of occupational segregation as an area of investigation concerned with understanding women's employment status, pay levels, and promotional prospects during the last 20 years, there has been relatively little attention paid to the problems of trying to measure segregation levels in quantitative data. This paper argues that there are serious measurement problems which it illustrates by showing that two of the principal indices, the widely-used Index of Dissimilarity and the OECD's WE Index are highly flawed and produce unreliable results. It demonstrates the importance of these deficiencies using cross-national data from 9 countries for the period 1970-1982. The paper introduces a new way of analysing the form of these indices in the Basic Segregation Table, which is a 2 × 2 table of gendered occupations by sex. The paper suggests a new approach to measuring occupational segregation which provides more consistent and valid results. This is called Marginal Matching. The paper ends with an analysis of occupational gender segregation in England and Wales from 1951 to 1981. It concludes that, in contrast to research claims to date, the trend in segregation over this period is one of overall stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, task data from the German Qualification and Career Survey (BIBB/IAB) is matched against the Sample of Integrated Labour Market Biographies (SIAB) to investigate what patterns are discernible in retirement between 1985 and 2005 in Western Germany. Set against a background of pension reforms and substantial structural change, the article asks whether the nature of occupational tasks has any significant effect on the timing of retirement. Through the use of event history analysis, the article reveals that having a large percentage of routine manual tasks in one's job is associated with a greater likelihood of a job holder leaving employment, while having medium to high percentages of non-routine manual tasks in one's job will tend to decrease that likelihood. There is also evidence that holding a job that includes a medium to high concentration of analytical and interactive tasks will tend to reduce the likelihood of early retirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the interest content of all 1016 Australian occupations. These were classified according to vocational interests (i.e. outdoor, practical, scientific, creative, business, office, people contact, health, community, and computing), educational qualifications, and skill level, as well as in terms of the six Holland (RIASEC) types. Just over half of all occupations in Australia involve a practical interest. Creative interest was the least common occupational interest (9.2% of occupations). Some 80% of occupations covered more than one interest content, and in four instances, as many as six interests. Practical and people contact interests were negatively correlated (r = −.50). Occupational interest categories were consistent with the Holland types except that outdoor and practical interests in Australia did not correlate meaningfully with realistic. Occupational interests were related to educational requirements and skill levels. Outdoor and practical occupations were focused at the lower skill levels. Scientific and computing included the highest skill levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social scientists have made predictions about the automation of jobs, as well as the negative consequences that technology has on job quality, but not how these phenomena are connected. Are occupations with a higher susceptibility of automation associated with lower job quality? This study involves an empirical examination of automation-related measures from Frey and Osborne and applies them to job quality variables (job satisfaction and self-rated health) drawn from the US General Social Survey (GSS), Quality of Working Life and Work Orientation Panel from five different waves (2002 to 2018 every 4 years; N = 7240). The finding is that highly automatable occupations have lower level of job satisfaction and health and, hence, less job quality. This has implications on the future of work, which could be but not necessarily characterised by fewer bad quality jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous explorations of Russia's mixed electoral system uncovered conflicting results on party discipline in legislative voting. The effect in recent convocations is modest, with single-member district deputies expressing slightly less factional loyalty than those elected under proportional representation. However, factors other than electoral mandate may also affect party cohesion. In particular, a definitive connection exists between holding public office in Russia and the opportunity to maximize personal profit-seeking. Using individual-level reading voting data on budgetary bills from the 7th State Duma, I examine how the profit-seeking behavior of deputies who previously held business positions at the executive level influences party cohesion. I find significant evidence that deputies with previous executive business positions defect from their party more frequently than those without. The effect is marginally greater for deputies elected from single-member districts rather than the party-list. These findings have greater implications for party cohesion and the involvement of businesspeople in national legislatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the effects of modernization processes on occupational career attainment. We ask whether modernization processes increased the success of occupational careers, and whether the effect of social background varies by regional level of modernization. We analyse a unique data set with information about the careers of around 7000 men who were active in the labour market in the Netherlands between 1865 and 1928. Modernization processes are measured at the municipality level (e.g. presence of post office and train station, educational expansion). The results of cross-classified multilevel growth models show that in municipalities with more advanced modernization, men enjoy higher social status at the beginning of their career, but that their status grows more slowly over the course of their career. The effect of social background hardly varies in response to modernization processes. Our results indicate that regional modernization processes have had restricted impact on individual mobility outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the Swedish labour market, recent research has revealed tendencies of both dualisation – implying growth in temporary employment – and polarisation – referring to increased employment in both low- and high-paid jobs, while middle-paid jobs decrease. This study explores the relationships between changes in the occupational structure and the distribution of temporary employment. Using the Labour Force Survey and comparing changes between 2000 and 2015, the study shows a main pattern of upgrading. However, splitting the analysis into permanent and temporary employment, tendencies of polarisation are revealed: growth at the low-paid end consists of temporary employment, while the increase at the high-paid end is mainly of open-ended contracts. Different kinds of temporary contracts matter – on-call employees are more likely to be found at the low end, and project workers at the high end. The study shows increasing precariousness in the lower end of the occupational structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates employment and occupational transitions that are behind structural changes in European labour markets before, during and after the Great Recession. The study introduces a new methodological approach for studying labour market flows considering the quality of the jobs from and into which the flows are taking place by differentiating them into wage quintiles. The analysis compares six European countries that are usually associated with different institutional clusters – France, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the UK. It tracks the transitions of their working age populations into and out of inactivity, unemployment and employment (in five wage categories). The findings show the extent to which employment and occupational mobility patterns differ across European countries, resulting in very different outcomes in terms of employment opportunities and life chances. Results also suggest that the countries studied fall into three distinct categories based on the degree of occupational mobility characterising their economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses social interactions between detailed occupational positions as a means of exploring social and occupational inequalities. Two methods are employed: descriptive techniques of social network analysis, and a well-established modelling approach (the 'CAMSIS' method of 'Social Interaction Distance' analysis). New results on occupational connections are presented for four countries - the United States, Romania, the Philippines and Venezuela – illustrative of a range of socio-economic regimes. Our analyses use detailed occupational measures based upon census data from 2000 to 2002, and we also use data on educational attainment, cross-classified by occupational positions. A broad, singular dimension of social stratification is shown to be the principal element of the structure of social interactions between occupations, but the methods also reveal the social role of various boundaries in occupational interaction patterns (defined by work location, education, and gender). We argue that such distinctions imply that occupational data at a disaggregated level can provide a more thorough understanding of social structure than is observable using amalgamated occupational schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of the conditions in library and information science careers in the United States and Canada. The discrepancy between the promotion of alternative and innovative applications of information science careers by higher institutions and the domestic occupational demographics is discussed. An in-depth analysis of career pattern research and statistics is provided, focusing on the published literature of successful alternative careers in the field, highlighting the possibilities of growth in international venues.

This paper examines the perspectives of young people about their parents' paid and unpaid work, their preferences for time or money through more parental work, and their views about how their parents' jobs affect them. It analyses qualitative empirical data collected in Australia in late 2003, by means of focus groups among 10–12 and 16–18-year-old males and females in urban and rural locations in two Australian states, in both high and low socioeconomic areas. It finds that more Australian children are looking for more time from parents than more money from more parental work, though this varies by income level, location and parental hours. This preference for‘time over more money’ is consistent in single- and dual-earner couple households as well as sole parent/earner households. Children are acute observers of parents and their jobs. Both positive and negative spillovers are widely observed. Negative spillovers from long or unsocial hours are especially marked, reinforcing other findings in support of policy interventions to contain long or unsocial hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contrast between the service class and the working class is central to much class analysis. This structural distinction, based on differences in the employment relationship, is analytically powerful, has validity, and is not in question here. The working class, however; is not homogeneous in all respects. This paper focuses on a sizeable group within the working class who perceive themselves as having (or having had) a career. As well as having this perception, they exhibit a forward-looking perspective, both in the world of employment and with regard to more general planning. They demonstrate degrees of planning, in work and non-work areas, strikingly comparable to service class respondents, and significantly greater than working class respondents without career perceptions. They believe that they can achieve their plans and indeed some have done so successfully. This exercise of forethought is materially aided by this group's possession of rather greater resources of various kinds than the rest of the working class. But this is by no means the whole story. The findings suggest strongly that a willingness to exercise or not to exercise forethought sharply distinguishes two groups within the working class, and may indicate a significant and hitherto unreported cleavage worthy of worthy of future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent debates surrounding the future of work and non-standard forms of employment have, especially in the United States, used the film industry as an exemplar and signifier of future industrial change. Much research conducted in the film industry implicitly or explicitly draws on the flexible specialisation framework to understand industrial organisation and labour market operation. It is the contention of this paper, however, that the dual labour market analysis associated with flexible specialisation explanations is too simplistic, failing to reflect the range of factors affecting labour market organisation and operation. The resulting static and atomised analysis is, as such, ill- equipped to conceptualise the complex patterns of organisation and movement evident in the highly uncertain context of film making. Furthermore, the operation and organisation of the labour market cannot be understood independently of the management of labour within the labour process. Production company management set the context and targets of work (in terms of work scheduling, pay, and conditions) and departmental heads retain method autonomy and control the recruitment and performance of`their' group members. However, this is the case within a context in which people need to continually re- secure work and maintain positions within groups and contact Therefore, a seeming lack of control over tasks at the point of production is reinforced by the use of labour market mechanisms and influences their form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines professional work and professional careers and the extent to which professionals face change, uncertainty and risk in their careers. The key issue is whether the power and privilege of the professions is being undermined. It draws on research from Manchester's business and financial sector including accountancy, law, actuarial work and corporate finance. Interviews with senior partners and managers in a range of organisations indicate that important changes in the professions are taking place including diversification, inter-professional competition, organisational change and specialisation. There has also been a change in relationships with clients and an intensification of work. Interviews with junior professionals show that job mobility is high in the early career although most envisaged staying with one organisation for the majority of their careers. Hours of work were long but not necessarily seen as onerous. They were well remunerated in commanding high salaries at a relatively young age with the prospect of greatly enhanced rewards in the future. Few had experiences of redundancy and none of unemployment although the consensus of opinion was that the professions are no longer a job for life. Perceptions of insecurity were greater than experiences of it. It is argued that the privilege and power of the professions can only be understood in the context of the organisations in which they are employed and the political economy in which those organisations operate. Increased economic competitiveness has led to changes in professional work but professionals continue to enjoy advantaged careers in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuing expansion of women's employment has increasingly focused attention on the question of how the caring work traditionally carried out by unpaid women will be accomplished. In particular, how can caring responsibilities be combined with a long-term career? In this paper, we assess the significance of the national context through a comparison of the biographies of career bank managers, male and female, in Britain and Norway. We find that although the (considerably) more family-friendly policies of the Norwegian state do have a positive impact, particularly in somewhat exceptional cases, nevertheless in general in both countries, individuals have difficulties in combining employment with caring and no examples of a 'two career' household were found in either country. These findings emphasise the continuing tension between market forces and social reproduction, which has been exacerbated by the erosion of the 'male breadwinner' model of family caring and has yet to be resolved in a satisfactory manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official counts of unemployment in the coalfields have not reflected the large-scale losses of thousands of jobs from the mining industry in the 1980s and 1990s. Recent studies have suggested that there are indeed high incidences of unemployment among examiners and that much of the unemployment in the coalfields is `hidden', masked by the removal of miners from the official unemploy- ment register through early retirement or being classed permanently sick. This paper examines how miners have been absorbed into the labour market over a tene year period, between 1981 and 1991. Using data from the ONS Longitudinal Study a sample of miners are identified in 1981 and their labour market position in 1991 examined. The data are used to highlight changes in occupation, employ- ment status and social class. In addition, regional differences in unemployment and joblessness are assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the I per cent household file from the Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs) for the 1991 Census and the ONS Longitudinal Study (LS) to explore variations in patterns of employment and occupational attainment among women from different ethnic groups. The analysis of the SARs focuses on the impact of lifecycle events on women's employment status and economic activity. The presence of a partner is identified as having the greatest impact on Pakistani and Bangladeshi women's employment, while the presence a pre-school child is most significant for White women's economic activity. White women also have a higher rate of partethne working than all other ethnic groups. These patterns are formalised in two models, one for economic activity and a second for full-time/part-time work. The LS is used to investigate the impact of these employment patterns on women's occupational attainment over a ten-year period. The analysis demonstrates that, while minority ethnic women in non- manual occupations have similar longitudinal occupational profiles to White women, those in manual occupations fare worse than their White counterparts, despite the fact that a larger propotion of minority ethnic women are in full-time employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of caring for a disabled teenager or young adult on mothers' employment patterns. Cross-sectional data on over 900 mothers of a nationally representative sample of young people were obtained by personal interview in early 1987. The sample was stratified between mothers with and without a disabled young person. The mothers of severely disabled young people were less than half as likely as their counterparts in the general population to be in paid work, after controlling for age, family size, and their partners' economic activity. Mothers with a less than severely disabled young person were just as likely to be working as mothers in the general population. There was no evidence that mothers with a disabled young person were limited to part-time, lower-paid jobs. These findings help to reconcile some of the discrepancies apparent in previous research. They also have important implications for the living standards of families with a disabled teenager and for the role of social security provision for informal carers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the work of a widely seen but little known occupation, the racing lad. It relates some changes which have taken place in the organisation of work and the subjective responses to these of a significant minority of the occupation in the locality studied. Such changes as are apparent are accounted for in terms of developments in the local labour market which have served to erode the traditionalist framework within which work has been organised. At root, the core activity is seen to depend on some particularly intangible qualities which working class youngsters have typically brought to this form of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pneumonia and influenza are major health concerns and constitute a high economic burden. However, few data are available on the associated risk of pneumonia and influenza and work exposure on a large population scale. Aim: This study aimed to examine the associated risk of pneumonia and influenza by type of work exposure. Methods: By cross-linking administrative Danish registries, we classified people in 10 different profession types. The main outcome was hospitalisation with pneumonia or influenza. A multivariable Poisson regression analysis was used to assess the associated incidence rate ratio (IRR) of being hospitalised with pneumonia or influenza by type of profession. Results: A total of 1,327,606 people added risk time to the analyses. In a multivariable model, work in day care, public transportation, sewers and nursing home care was associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation with pneumonia compared to work within public administration: IRR=1.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.28), IRR=1.21 (95% CI 1.09–1.34), IRR=1.61 (95% CI 1.19–2.19) and IRR=1.10 (95% CI 1.03–1.18), respectively. In a multivariable analysis, people working within public transportation were associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation with influenza compared to people working within public administration: IRR=2.54 (95% CI 1.79–3.58). Conclusions: Working in day care, public transportation, sewers and nursing home care increased the associated risk of hospitalisation with pneumonia, and working within public transportation increased the associated risk of being hospitalised with influenza compared to working within public administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the extent to which occupations within a sector differ in their experiences of employer-led flexibility and in their responses through collective power. Three occupations are analysed in the Irish education sector – academics, school teachers and school secretaries. It might be expected that higher-level occupations would have greater sources of occupational power to resist employer-led flexibility. We find varying levels of employer-led flexibility through non-standard employment across and within occupations. We conclude that trade unions have achieved varying levels of success in negotiating regulations on casualisation, but that the effectiveness of union responses is likely to be dependent on the particular conditions which gave rise to casualisation amongst occupations. In terms of the propensity for each occupation to have standard or non-standard employment over a lifetime of employment, we conclude that school teachers can be categorised as an 'insider' occupation, that school secretaries have evolved to an 'outsider' occupation, while lecturing academics are most at risk of transitioning from an insider to an outsider occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to contribute to a better understanding of the role that occupations played in recent trends in wage inequality in some European countries. Using EU-SILC data, we observe that most of the changes in wage inequality between 2005 and 2014 were the result of changes in the distribution of wages within occupations. A longer term approximation using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) shows similar patterns. We conclude that occupational dynamics did not drive recent trends in wage inequality in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers suggestions for job seekers on how to make a presentable curriculum vitae (CV). It suggests that the CV should always include main headings such as personal details, educational qualifications and previous work experience of the job applicant. There should be regular updation of CVs. It is also advised that headings should be written in bold letters and should be coloured too.

This article presents several abstracts published in the December 2003 issue of the periodical "Work, Employment and Society." One of them is "Re-reading the Beveridge Report: William Beveridge in Historical Perspective," by Noel Whiteside. The literature documenting the growth of state welfare since the second world war, commonly differentiates Bismarckean from Beveridgean systems of social support. The former offer insurance based schemes administered by the social partners, while the latter are widely assumed to offer tax funded benefits to all citizens. This paper takes this interpretation of Beveridge to task. By examining the foundations of his social policy ideas, it demonstrates: first, that his Plan owed more to Bismarck and social insurance principles than often assumed and that, second, the administrative structure of his proposals was less democratic than the Bismarckean alternative. In the first place, Beveridge always associated rights to state benefits with social insurance contributions and thus labour market participation.